Reviews in cardiovascular medicine最新文献

{"title":"Functional Heterogeneity of Immune Cell Subpopulations in Atherosclerosis: From Basic Mechanisms to Precision Therapy.","authors":"Ming Li, Ce Bian, Bo Li","doi":"10.31083/RCM49094","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM49094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Accumulating evidence has established ASCVD as a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease in which the functional heterogeneity of immune cell subsets plays a pivotal role in plaque development and stability. This review systematically summarizes the dynamic immune microenvironment in atherosclerosis, moving beyond static cell categorization to explicitly link immune heterogeneity to the major stages of disease progression: lesion initiation, necrotic core expansion, fibrous cap weakening, and thrombotic complications. We further describe the continuous phenotypic shifts of key immune populations, particularly the transition of macrophages into specialized lipid-handling states and the context-dependent roles of distinct T-cell, B-cell, and innate immune cell subsets. By integrating recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics, we highlight how local molecular networks, cellular crosstalk, and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells govern plaque vulnerability. Furthermore, we critically evaluate spatiotemporal variations across vascular territories and the complex clinical implications of immune checkpoint regulation. Finally, this review discusses current barriers to clinical translation and explores the therapeutic potential of precision immunomodulatory strategies, aiming to bridge the gap between basic immunological mechanisms and targeted cardiovascular therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"49094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Metabolism as a Therapeutic Target in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: Emerging Therapeutic Implications of Lipid-Lowering Therapy.","authors":"Nicolò Pasini, Federico Barocelli, Alberto Bettella, Alessia Ristagno, Mattia Santoro, Eleonora Canu, Antonio Crocamo, Filippo Luca Gurgoglione, Laura Torlai Triglia, Francesca Russo, Angela Guidorossi, Nicola Gaibazzi, Maria Francesca Notarangelo, Gian Luca Gonzi, Giampaolo Niccoli","doi":"10.31083/RCM51364","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM51364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a hereditary myocardial disorder characterized by progressive replacement of ventricular myocardium with fibro-fatty tissue, leading to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure. Historically, management has focused on arrhythmia suppression and prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, recent advances in understanding disease mechanisms have redefined ACM as a structural-metabolic cardiomyopathy. Central to this evolving paradigm is the \"adipogenic switch\", driven by desmosomal dysfunction, impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathway. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of metabolic dysregulation, specifically the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)/cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)/PPARγ axis, in driving disease progression. Elevated oxLDL levels correlate with greater phenotypic severity, increased ventricular fat infiltration, and a higher arrhythmic risk. Translational models demonstrate that high-fat diets exacerbate the ACM phenotype, whereas lipid-lowering interventions, particularly statins, show potential to arrest fibro-fatty remodeling. In addition to the primary inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase associated with statins, these medications exert pleiotropic effects, including attenuation of systemic inflammation, stabilization of the intercalated disc via Rho GTPase modulation, and reduction of oxidative stress. Clinical data from non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) suggest that lipophilic statins such as atorvastatin, may confer significant mortality and antiarrhythmic benefits by stabilizing the myocardial electrical substrate. The ongoing SEARCH trial (NCT06922994) represents a landmark effort to translate these insights into clinical practice. Using high-dose atorvastatin and sensitive primary endpoints, such as right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain, this study aimed to determine whether lipid-lowering therapy can function as a true disease-modifying intervention in ACM. The integration of lipid-lowering agents into the therapeutic armamentarium for ACM could enable a transition toward precision medicine, contingent upon successful clinical validation. If clinical trials confirm the efficacy of these agents in slowing myocardial substrate decay, this approach could redefine the management of ACM, including the use of targeted molecular strategies to preserve myocardial identity and electrical stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"51364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Pulmonary Hypertension: Current State and Future Prospects.","authors":"Zechen Li, Xiaowei Xu, Jiahong Li, Yushen Fang, Yinru He, Jiaqing Tang, Zhuyang Yang, Huiru Xie, Haiyun Yuan","doi":"10.31083/RCM48114","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM48114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains diagnostically challenging due to the associated non-specific symptomatology and frequent diagnostic delays, both of which contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Meanwhile, right heart catheterization is the diagnostic gold standard; nonetheless, the invasive nature and limited accessibility of this technique limit its routine use, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This review evaluates computational approaches that may enhance PH diagnosis through advanced analysis of cardiovascular imaging data. We conducted a comprehensive literature review focusing on computer-assisted diagnostic methods in PH across multiple imaging modalities, including electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, and cardiac computed tomography (CCT). Eligible studies were analyzed for diagnostic performance, clinical applicability, and methodological rigor. Preliminary studies have demonstrated promising performance in detecting early or subclinical PH phenotypes across various imaging platforms. Advanced imaging modalities benefit from automated segmentation and quantitative analysis, and CMR- and CT-based approaches demonstrate high diagnostic accuracy. Current artificial intelligence (AI) models face significant challenges related to clinical interpretability, external validation across diverse populations, and seamless integration into existing diagnostic workflows. Most studies are based on single-center retrospective cohorts, underscoring the need for multicenter prospective validation. To address these challenges, future research must prioritize advancing methodological transparency through explainable AI (XAI) and ensuring data privacy via federated learning. Crucially, the next phase of innovation lies in synergistic multimodal fusion (MMF) architectures that synthesize heterogeneous data-ranging from imaging to hemodynamics-to enhance phenotypic precision. Furthermore, leveraging large language models (LLMs) for computational phenotyping from electronic health records offers a scalable solution for identifying undiagnosed patients. Finally, realizing clinical translation requires rigorous multicenter prospective validation and seamless integration into existing workflows to ensure these tools effectively support decision-making in real-world practice. While computational approaches in PH diagnostics show promise for improving early detection and diagnostic accuracy, significant challenges remain before widespread clinical adoption. Future development should prioritize multicenter validation, standardized frameworks integrating multi-parametric imaging with clinical biomarkers, and transparent methodologies to support clinical decision-making. The integration of these computational tools into conventional diagnostic pathways may enhance PH management through earlier detection and more precise risk stratification.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"48114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: Reconsidering Clinical Inconsistency Through the Mechanism-Endpoint Relationship.","authors":"Luca Bonanni, Nicola Ferri","doi":"10.31083/RCM52521","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM52521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy has been investigated for more than two decades as a regenerative approach in cardiovascular disease. Preclinical studies have shown reproducible biological activity; however, clinical translation has been less convincing. Trials in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF) have established feasibility and an acceptable safety profile; however, effects on functional and imaging parameters remain modest, and a consistent impact on mortality, hospitalization, and other hard clinical outcomes has not been demonstrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"52521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Procedural Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Older Patients.","authors":"Francis Jonathan Ha, Yan Zhao, Hui-Chen Han, Adam J Brown, Nitesh Nerlekar, Emily Kotschet","doi":"10.31083/RCM51902","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM51902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide because of population aging and the widespread availability of continuous rhythm monitoring. While medical therapy remains central to management, several procedural strategies are being considered for older patients, including catheter ablation with pulsed field ablation (PFA), atrioventricular node ablation with conduction system pacing (CSP), leadless pacemaker (LPM) implantation, and percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO). Catheter ablation is an established therapy that reduces AF burden and improves quality of life; however, the role of catheter ablation in older patients has historically been limited by higher complication rates and greater arrhythmia recurrence. The emergence of PFA may expand the role of ablation because of its procedural efficiency and favorable safety profile, although randomized data in older patients remain limited. A pace-and-ablate strategy with CSP offers an alternative for older patients with symptomatic persistent AF or tachy-brady syndrome. Indeed, by engaging the native conduction system, CSP provides more physiological ventricular activation and may reduce the risk of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy. LPMs avoid the lead- and pocket-related complications associated with transvenous pacemakers and may be especially advantageous in frail older patients with multiple comorbidities. LAAO is a potential strategy for stroke prevention that is often proposed for patients unable to tolerate long-term anticoagulation, although randomized data remain conflicting. This narrative review evaluates the current evidence supporting these procedures in older patients with AF.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"51902"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Surgical Approaches to Managing Infective Endocarditis With Aortic Root Abscess.","authors":"Lanxin Ye, Fanyu Chen, Weiteng Wang, Oudi Chen, Hongkun Qing, Lixi Gan, Xuhua Jian","doi":"10.31083/RCM47800","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM47800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aortic root abscess (ARA) is a life-threatening complication of infective endocarditis (IE) associated with high mortality despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. We conducted a focused review of the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, imaging modalities, causative pathogens, treatment strategies, and outcomes of ARA. This review summarizes results from studies evaluating different surgical approaches for ARA and discusses emerging diagnostic and therapeutic innovations. The mortality rate of ARA complicating IE ranges from 12.2% to 30%. Early diagnosis remains challenging, and multiple surgical approaches are available. The choice of surgical approach depends primarily on the extent and anatomical distribution of the abscess. This review underscores the need for improved diagnostic strategies and optimized surgical strategies to enhance outcomes and long-term prognosis in patients with ARA.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"47800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of the Aorto-Mitral Curtain in Complex Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Narrative Review of the Commando Procedure.","authors":"Yilin Lai, Junnan Zheng, Yu Han, Liang Ma, Yiming Ni, Haige Zhao","doi":"10.31083/RCM49123","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM49123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a life-threatening condition, particularly in complex cases with destruction of the aorto-mitral curtain (AMC), also known as the intervalvular fibrous body (IVFB). Multiple factors have contributed to an increased incidence of IE and more extensive destruction of the valvular apparatus, necessitating more aggressive surgical intervention. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role and outcomes of the Commando procedure in managing IE involving the AMC. A narrative literature review was conducted to provide a comprehensive overview of the Commando procedure in IE involving the AMC, focusing on recent trends, indications, operative strategies, and outcomes. The keywords \"infective endocarditis\", \"Commando procedure\", \"aorto-mitral curtain\", \"intervalvular fibrous body\", and \"double-valve replacement\" were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Only English language studies were included. Inclusion criteria comprised studies involving IE patients who underwent the Commando procedure or any associated modified version; studies reporting conventional double-valve replacement (DVR) performed for IE without AMC involvement were also included for comparison. Exclusion criteria included patients who underwent the Commando procedure for non-infection indications, such as small annuli or calcification. Commando surgery was associated with a 30-day mortality of 9-32%, with 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates of 55.4-92.9%, 37.7-68%, and 37-48%, respectively. High-risk factors included infection by specific microorganisms and the need for emergency surgery. The Hemi-Commando procedure demonstrated lower early mortality (8-13.6%), higher 1-year survival (77.5-91%), and 92.3% freedom from reoperation at 1-3 years. Compared with DVR, the Commando procedure had higher operative mortality but similar long-term survival after risk adjustment. Despite the associated high perioperative risks, the Commando surgical procedure remains critical for managing complex IE with AMC destruction. Modified techniques may balance infection control and functional preservation, potentially improving survival in selected patients. Future research should focus on standardized surgical protocols, long-term durability, and multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"49123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AAOCA and ALCAPA Are Distinct Congenital Coronary Anomalies With Different Pathophysiology and Management.","authors":"Zewen Chen, Xiaobing Liu, Shusheng Wen, Yong Zhang","doi":"10.31083/RCM49595","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM49595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"49595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of Left Atrial Strain in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Evidence.","authors":"Jiajun Chen, Guoxing Ling, Chen Fang, Zimin Wu, Shigao Ye, Zuyuan Huang, Cheng Luo, Baoshi Zheng","doi":"10.31083/RCM48668","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM48668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although left atrial (LA) function is of major clinical importance in cardiovascular diseases, traditional indicators such as LA volume struggle to promptly reflect functional changes. In recent years, the emerging technique of left atrial strain (LAS) has garnered widespread attention. As a quantitative metric based on speckle tracking echocardiography, LAS can detect subtle functional abnormalities in the LA myocardium at an early stage and independently assess atrial reservoir, conduit, and contraction functions beyond volume changes. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated the significant clinical utility of LAS across multiple cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and coronary artery disease. Furthermore, LAS exhibits prognostic value in cardiomyopathies and cancer therapy-related cardiotoxicity. This review summarizes recent advances in LAS across various cardiovascular diseases, objectively evaluates its clinical application prospects and limitations, and outlines future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"48668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical, Echocardiographic, and Procedural Characteristics of Eccentric Versus Circumferential Pericardial Effusions in a Symptomatic Drainage Cohort.","authors":"Dacheng Fu, Ling Liu, Leilei Guo, Guangxia Wang, Guoshu Wang, Chunchang Qin","doi":"10.31083/RCM48796","DOIUrl":"10.31083/RCM48796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eccentric pericardial effusions are non-circumferential fluid collections that may complicate conventional pericardiocentesis, yet the associated clinical characteristics remain poorly defined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective comparative cohort study included adult patients with symptomatic pericardial effusion of undetermined etiology who underwent percutaneous pericardiocentesis under transthoracic echocardiographic or fluoroscopic guidance or a surgical pericardial window procedure. Based on preprocedural multi-view transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), effusions were classified as eccentric or circumferential. Baseline characteristics, imaging features, procedural outcomes, pericardial fluid analyses, etiologies, and short-term outcomes were compared. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with eccentric distribution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 156 patients, 47 (30.1%) had eccentric pericardial effusions. In multivariable analysis, a chronic course (odds ratio (OR) 6.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.68-14.85; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and higher body temperature (per 1 °C increase: OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.13-5.63; <i>p</i> = 0.024) were independently associated with eccentric effusion. Compared with circumferential effusions, eccentric effusions showed a different distribution of dominant maximal-depth sites (overall <i>p</i> = 0.026), with a higher proportion of maximal depth located along the left ventricular lateral wall (57.45% vs. 33.03%). Eccentric effusions also had a shallower anterior echo-free space (5 [3-7] vs. 11 [7-15.9] mm, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and showed fewer classic tamponade signs, including right ventricular diastolic collapse (12.77% vs. 39.45%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Procedurally, eccentric effusions more frequently required fluoroscopic guidance (44.68% vs. 10.09%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), had lower drainage volumes (600 mL vs. 914 mL, <i>p</i> = 0.005), and showed a higher incidence of poor drainage (44.68% vs. 8.26%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). The etiologic spectrum of eccentric effusions was more heterogeneous and less likely to be malignant (31.91% vs. 55.96%). In-hospital and 90-day outcomes were comparable between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this symptomatic drainage cohort, eccentric pericardial effusions were associated with a chronic course and higher body temperature and were characterized by left ventricular lateral predominance, fewer classic echocardiographic signs of tamponade, and greater reliance on fluoroscopic guidance for drainage. The etiologic spectrum of eccentric effusions was more heterogeneous and less likely to be malignant.</p>","PeriodicalId":20989,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","volume":"27 8","pages":"48796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13540029/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}