Radiation Physics and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"High energy electron radiation inducing non-homogeneous structural changes on single layer graphene/SiO2/Si substrate","authors":"Hazim Guzali ,&nbsp;Nur Idayu Ayob ,&nbsp;Muhammad Naim Hanif Mohamad ,&nbsp;Ahmad Syahmi Zamzuri ,&nbsp;Cik Rohaida Che Hak ,&nbsp;Zuraida Ahmad ,&nbsp;Aliza ‘Aini Md Ralib","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene's performance under radiation is crucial for its potential applications in radiation-hardened electronics. In this study, we investigate the physical topology and lattice modification of single layer graphene (SLG) grown on a SiO₂/Si substrate when exposed to high energy (MeV) electron radiation. SLG samples, synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), were irradiated with a 3 MeV electron beam at doses of 50 kGy, 100 kGy, and 200 kGy. Raman microscopy and Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) were employed before and after radiation to analyze the microstructural and lattice changes. Our findings reveal that at 200 kGy, certain regions of the sample exhibit G band splitting in the Raman spectra, correlating with FESEM images showing wrinkles, ripples, and folded-like structures. This suggests interactions between surface charges and graphene phonons due to high-energy electron radiation, along with strain-induced lattice distortions in disordered graphene. Interestingly, other regions maintain the sharp shape of G and 2D bands, with a smaller D band peak, indicating minimal structural disorder. The weak defect peak suggests the early stages of amorphization caused by radiation-induced defects. These results highlight the non-homogeneous structural changes in SLG under high energy electron radiation, emphasizing the complex effects of radiation on graphene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112848"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the effect of CeO2 addition on optical, physical and radiation shielding efficiency in binary lead borate glasses","authors":"E.M. Abou Hussein ,&nbsp;S.E. Shaban ,&nbsp;Sayed A. Makhlouf","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binary systems comprising PbO–B₂O₃ glasses doped with CeO₂ were created using traditional melt-annealing techniques, and the XRD patterns confirmed their amorphous glassy nature. Optical and physical characteristics of some of the glasses were analyzed in relation to the effects of 95 kGy of gamma irradiation. The UV–visible absorption spectra indicated UV peaks below 245 nm associated with the absorption of Fe³⁺ ions that contaminated the chemicals used, along with two UV peaks at 360 and 440 nm related to Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺ ions, and the potential charge transfer from Ce⁴⁺ to Ce³⁺ through 4f→5d transitions. The optical spectra, as well as both indirect and direct optical energy gap (Eopt) values, demonstrated a high resistance to gamma irradiation. Various physical parameters of the glasses were also determined in relation to the influence of irradiation, such as density (ρ), molar volume (V_m), molar refraction (R^molar), electronic polarizability (α^molar), refraction loss (R^loss), optical transmission (T^optical), metallization criterion (M^criterion), static (ε^static) and optical dielectric (ε^optical) values, and the refractive index through various calculations. Additionally, experimental, simulated Monte Carlo, and theoretical Phy-X/PSD software were utilized to explore the radiation shielding parameters of the glasses under investigation, including LAC, MAC, Z_eff, N_eff, C_eff, HVL, TVL, and MFP. The comprehensive results indicate that the produced glasses could serve as promising candidates for practical radiation shielding applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112762"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Three-dimensional nanodosimetric characterisation of proton track structure”, [Braunroth et al. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 176 (2020) 109066]","authors":"Thomas Braunroth ,&nbsp;Heidi Nettelbeck ,&nbsp;Sonwabile A. Ngcezu ,&nbsp;Hans Rabus","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112826","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112826"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing occupational radiation exposure trends and safety interventions for healthcare professionals at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Zuhal Y. Hamd ,&nbsp;Haifa I. Alrebdi ,&nbsp;Melaf Alshammeri ,&nbsp;Alabdul-Monem Shahad ,&nbsp;Rawan Alhowaymel ,&nbsp;Al-dosari Mashael ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Abuzaid ,&nbsp;Mayeen Uddin Khandaker ,&nbsp;Hamid Osman","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the occupational radiation exposure levels among 50 healthcare professionals, including Radiographers, Nurses, and Radiologists, who were monitored for radiation doses across various operational scenarios within the Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine departments at a university hospital, consisting of approximately 54 % males and 46 % females, from 2020 to 2022. The lowest recorded radiation exposure was 0.11 mSv, and the highest was 0.88 mSv, with all values remaining below the recommended safety limit of 20 mSv. Results indicate that both departments experienced reduced radiation exposure in 2020 due to pandemic-related operational changes, with subsequent years showing divergent trends. The Diagnostic Radiology department stabilized radiation levels, suggesting effective refinement of safety protocols. In contrast, the Nuclear Medicine department observed a concerning increase in radiation exposure, highlighting areas needing enhanced safety measures. A Machine Learning Linear Regression model has been used to examine the relationship between various predictor variables and the radiation levels. The result shows that these predictors explain only about 9.2 % of the variance in radiation levels. This study underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and tailored interventions to ensure the health and safety of radiation workers, reflecting dynamic changes in healthcare practices and the critical need for robust radiation safety frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112817"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143854921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiolytic synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: A study on the importance of controlling precursor concentration, pH, polymer concentration and polymer molecular mass","authors":"Ivan Marić ,&nbsp;Ivana Landripet ,&nbsp;Ivan Ilakovac ,&nbsp;Anđela Pustak ,&nbsp;Marijan Gotić ,&nbsp;Tanja Jurkin","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study parameters influencing the radiolytic synthesis of iron oxides, namely the effect of precursor concentration, pH, polymer type, concentration, and molecular weight on generation of Fe²⁺ during gamma-irradiation of Fe(III) precursor suspensions were investigated. Results indicated that decreasing Fe³⁺ concentration enhanced the degree of reduction, with 100 % Fe³⁺ conversion achievable at doses as low as 10 kGy. Polymer concentration and molecular weight significantly influenced the Fe(III) precursor stabilization, degree of reduction, and phase composition and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. At low polymer concentrations (&lt;0.185 %) the precursor particles were not stabilized, resulting in large aggregates, while high polymer concentrations (10 %) impeded the interaction of reducing species with precursor particles; in both cases the degree of reduction was lower than with intermediate polymer concentration (1.85 %). Higher molecular weight dextrans (40,000 and 500,000 Da) yielded better stabilization, while low molecular weight polymer (6000 Da) could not stabilize precursor nanoparticles, confirming that precursor nanoparticles are sterically stabilized. The role of radiolytically generated polymer radicals in the reduction was found to be minor, in comparison to the role of electrons and isopropanol radicals. This work highlights the importance of precise control of synthesis parameters in order to obtain well-defined iron oxide nanoparticles by the radiolytic method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of electron beam (e-beam) irradiation upon anhydrous and hydrated quercetin","authors":"Elena Stancu ,&nbsp;Daniela Gheorghe ,&nbsp;Bogdan Bita ,&nbsp;Ion Calina ,&nbsp;Mihaela Gherendi ,&nbsp;Flaviu Baiasu ,&nbsp;Cornelia Marinescu ,&nbsp;Ancuta Sofronia ,&nbsp;Ana Neacsu","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quercetin belongs to natural flavonoid group found in plant pigment. It is well known their antioxidant proprieties and potential health benefits. By the other hand, the high energy electron beam processing is in trend for their usage in food preserve, sterilisation or material processing. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of high energy electron beam irradiation on two flavonoids such as anhydrous and hydrated quercetin in solid state. The samples were irradiated to high energy electron beam up to 400 kGy, to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the compounds. The studied compounds present biochemical importance (anhydrous quercetin, QA and quercetin hydrated, QH), and dehydration, fusion and decomposition processes arising from heating were revealed from the recorded thermal profiles in the temperature range (30–900)°C, using a coupled thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Morphology of these compounds was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microstructural identification by the X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). In the range of doses up to 50 kGy, quercetin was found to show high radiochemical stability. A complex characterisation and discussion about high energy electron beam irradiation effects upon the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of studied quercetins was performed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112836"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term analysis of the semiconductor HPGe detector system through internal quality control program-A Thirteen years Follow-up","authors":"Aleksandra Samolov,&nbsp;Aleksandar Kandić,&nbsp;Igor Čeliković,&nbsp;Tamara Milanović,&nbsp;Ivana Vukanac,&nbsp;Mirjana Đurašević","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quality control of a laboratory process has become a reliable tool for monitoring and obtaining results that provide evidence of the stability of a measuring system. Gamma spectrometry is no exception. Moreover, establishing an internal quality control program ensures valid results regarding the long-term stability of the semiconductor measuring system. In this paper, we present the results of internal quality control performed on the HPGe detector over the period from 2010 to 2022. During this time, net peak area, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHMs), Full Width at Tenth Maximum (FWTMs), and FWTM/FWHM ratio, as well as the total number of counts in the background were monitored and analysed. For this purpose, two point sources (⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs) were used. The obtained results demonstrate that adhering to good laboratory practice and implementing a properly established internal quality control program enables the identification of irregularities in the operation of the detector system and facilitates timely corrections, thereby ensuring the reliability of the HPGe detector system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of diffusion properties of polyethylene oxide (PEO) based dosimetric gel","authors":"Anna Luiza F. Silveira ,&nbsp;Iasmin V. Nishibayaski ,&nbsp;Rita C.O. Sebastião ,&nbsp;André L.S. Castro ,&nbsp;Luiz C. Meira-Belo","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volumetric chemical dosimetry with gel-based radiation detectors using Fricke or polymer-based materials provides a unique methodology for measuring dose distribution in three dimensions, positioning itself as a promising alternative to the use of radiographic films and ionization chambers in radiotherapy. However, problems such as the heterogeneity of natural gelatinous matrices and diffusion of ferric ions in traditional Fricke gels can lead to significant uncertainties in spatial dose measurements. Therefore, developing new dosimetric gel formulations based on synthetic matrices that offer high stability, sensitivity, reproducibility, and ease of production is crucial. The main objective of this study was to standardize the production method of a chemical dosimeter based on polyethylene oxide (FX-PEO) and analyze the stability of its response as well as other essential factors to validate its performance using UV-Vis spectrophotometry for optical absorbance and nuclear magnetic resonance. Preliminary results demonstrate that the diffusion coefficient of the PEO-based polymer Fricke gel is approximately 45 % lower than that of the Fricke Xylenol gel, significantly contributing to the enhanced performance of the detector in radiotherapy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma-irradiation-induced modifications in the structural and optical properties of Makroblend-UT3907 films","authors":"Sultan J. Alsufyani ,&nbsp;T.S. Soliman ,&nbsp;M. Khalid Hossain ,&nbsp;M.F. Zaki ,&nbsp;Tayseer I. Al-Naggar","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study aims to obtain information about how gamma-ray exposure affects Makroblend-UT3907 film properties. Makroblend-UT3907 film irradiated with a Co-60 source with doses of 0, 60, 90, 180, and 300 kGy. Gamma-ray exposure alters the structure of the polymer film; this is investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopies. The absorbance spectra of the irradiated samples showed a shift toward the high wavelength values in the absorption edge when compared to the unirradiated sample. This indicates a decrease in the energy gap and also enhances the optical parameters and refractive index of the irradiated samples. The direct and indirect band gaps of the unirradiated film are about 3.53 eV and 3.23 eV, which decreases to 3.45 eV and 3.12 eV after being exposed to 300 kGy, respectively. The band-tail width of the new states created by irradiation is increased from 0.14 eV to about 0.20 eV at 300 kGy. Refractive index and optical basicity increased from 2.3353 to 2.3582 and 1.373 to 1.377, respectively, following exposure to 300 kGy. The metallization criterion and electronegativity dropped from 0.420 to 0.415 and 0.949 to 0.927, respectively, indicating significant alterations in optical properties suitable for specialized applications. These results emphasize the possibility of irradiation films for using in potential optical applications, such as integrated optoelectronic applications in fields like optical waveguide production and antireflection coating. The photoluminescence (PL) studies show the hypochromic effect of the PL intensity alters the absorption spectra of the irradiated polymers and their molecules. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of gamma irradiation's impact on modifying the Makroblend-UT3907 film for enhanced performance in radiation-intense environments such as space exploration and medical imaging industries, showcasing the study's contribution to the advancement of materials science in high-stakes industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112829"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiolysis of ocean and crustal water initiated by the decay of radioactive natural isotopes (40K, 235U, 238U and 232Th): Implications for the chemical evolution of the early Earth","authors":"Boris G. Ershov","doi":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112843","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Radioactive isotopes have been an integral part of the Earth's matter since its formation 4.6 billion years ago (4.6 Ga). Long-lived and potent energy sources such as &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th, &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U, &lt;sup&gt;235&lt;/sup&gt;U, and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K have played an important role in the Earth formation. They determined, to a large extent, the chemical evolution of the early Earth and probably influenced the appearance and development of life. This study compares the contributions of various isotopes to energy release and to the effect on the radiation chemical reactions in the Earth near-surface layer, including the Global Ocean and the Earth's crust. The considerable difference in the isotope weights and distributions has a crucial influence on the mechanisms and efficiency of the occurring reactions. In particular, only dissolved &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K is present in the ocean, while the crust contains all heavy isotopes, together with &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K. The energy released in the Earth's crust considerably exceeds that released in the Global Ocean. Indeed, at 4.0 Ga, 3.2 × 10&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt; J was released in the ocean and 1.2 × 10&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt; J was released in the crust. Currently, due to the 12-fold decrease in the &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K weight, the decay of &lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U and &lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th started to predominate in the radiation transformations in the Earth's crust. Comparison of the energies and weights demonstrates that the specific activity of the crustal matter expressed as energy to weight ratio is approximately 100 times higher than that for sea water. It was shown that the radiation chemical transformations in the ocean and in the crust are mainly caused by water radiolysis. In the crust, the radiolysis occurs upon the direct action of radiation on water (content of ∼3 wt %). Heavy isotopes are characterized by a high linear energy transfer by the α-particles that are emitted upon their decay. As a result, molecular products, Н&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and Н&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;О&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, are mainly formed in the crust. Conversely, in the case of light &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K isotope, the linear energy transfer from the emitted γ-rays and β-particles is moderate. Therefore, ion and radical products, e&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;•&lt;/sup&gt;H, and &lt;sup&gt;•&lt;/sup&gt;OH, and mainly produced in the ocean. This circumstance dictates the difference between the radiation-induced chemical transformations that occur in the ocean and in the crust. The ocean served as the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;collector&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; for components of the early Earth's atmosphere and the products of their reactions that entered the ocean and simultaneously was the &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;converter&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; that hosted further radiation chemical transformations involving e&lt;sub&gt;aq&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;•&lt;/sup&gt;H, and &lt;sup&gt;•&lt;/sup&gt;OH. As a result, organic matter including prebiotic molecules and oxygen was generated in the Global Ocean. Hydrogen generation predominated in the crust. The calculated global rate of hydrogen formation was","PeriodicalId":20861,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Physics and Chemistry","volume":"235 ","pages":"Article 112843"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}