New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: "Geological responses to wildfires"最新文献

{"title":"Fluvial Propagation of Wildfire Disturbances From the Largest Wildfire Recorded in New Mexico","authors":"Justin Rae Nichols, Asmita Kaphle, P. Tunby, Dave Van Horne, R. González‐Pinzón","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2877","url":null,"abstract":"Wildfires within the Southwest are expected to increase in frequency and severity, and are known to change terrestrial ecosystems, soil hydrophobicity, and a watershed's runoff response to precipitation. While wildfires' impact on a watershed and its localized effect on nearby stream reaches are well documented, what remains uncertain is how wildfire disturbances on water quality and stream metabolism propagate longitudinally through a fluvial system. To further our understanding of wildfire longitudinal impacts, we utilized five high-frequency in-situ sonde sites downstream of the Hermits Peak Calf Canyon (HPCC) wildfire, the largest wildfire in New Mexico state history, covering 192 km of the Gallinas Creek that included the Las Vegas, NM municipality and Santa Rosa Lake. Our results show a significant increase in turbidity (p-values < 0.05) at monitoring sites upstream of Santa Rosa Lake during periods of high discharge. During these periods, a significant reduction was observed in gross primary production at all monitoring sites upstream of Santa Rosa Lake (p-value < 0.05). Unlike the monitoring sites upstream of Santa Rosa Lake, the site downstream did not experience a significant change in turbidity (p-value = 0.12) and had a significant increase in gross primary production (p-values < 0.05). Stream metabolic fingerprints also indicated increased scouring, DOC, and sediments at sites upstream of Santa Rosa Lake, while the site downstream remained relatively stable. Our novel results demonstrate how a large-scale wildfire can cause localized impacts to water quality and stream metabolism and propagate through a fluvial system spanning multiple stream orders impacting downstream water quality and ecosystem services, and how a large lake was able to buffer those disturbances halting their propagation.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117108978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olivine Mineral Chemistry of Volcanic Flows in the Northeastern Potrillo Volcanic Field","authors":"Mikayla Earnest, J. Thines","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2952","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"287 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121896447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential post-wildfire water quality effects in uranium-rich regions","authors":"J. Blake, S. Murphy, Elizabeth Tomaszewski, M. Hornberger","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2915","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125490111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NM Water data initiative project: Groundwater level monitoring network planning","authors":"S. Timmons, Rob Pine, J. Ross, G. Rawling, R. Hobbs, T. Newton","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2907","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123261998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry, kinematics, and timing of Proterozoic shear zones in New Mexico and northwestern Arizona: a record of multiple orogenic pulses?","authors":"John M. Bailey","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133974962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Measured Bedload with Predictions from Transport Equations in an Unarmored Ephemeral Channel","authors":"Rebecca Moskal, D. Cadol","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2942","url":null,"abstract":"The Arroyo de los Pinos is a tributary of the Rio Grande that transports relatively coarse sediment into the river annually through flash flood events. This coarse-grained sediment can lead to problems for downstream infrastructure, such as sedimentation in reservoirs and increased channel maintenance requirements for flow conveyance. Over the past five years, a comprehensive database of bedload, suspended sediment, and meteorological-hydrologic measurements have been developed at the confluence of the channel to the Rio Grande. Bedload flux is monitored by three Reid-type slot samplers at 1-minute resolution, flow stage is continuously monitored with pressure transducers, and surface flow velocity is measured periodically using large scale particle imagery velocimetry (LSPIV) to produce a stage-discharge rating curve. Bed material samples have been collected and sieved, and channel geometry has been mapped in detail using drone imagery and structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry. This dataset enables assessment of predicted bedload using a wide range of well-established equations including Meyer-Peter and Müller, Wilcock and Crowe, Einstein, Parker, Ackers-White, and Engelund-Hansen which are calculated and compared in HEC-RAS and BedloadWeb. Crucially, we can compare the quality of prediction from these methods against the observed bedload transport at a range of flow depths between 5 – 50 cm (discharge at 0.25 – 10 m3/s). The Pinos dataset provides an excellent opportunity to compare a range of transport equations and consider their relative performance in ephemeral, semi-arid, flash flood driven fluvial systems. Successful equation selection will enable the extension of our temporally-limited direct bedload measurements to approximate annual bedload yields from the Arroyos de los Pinos, as well as from other similar ephemeral tributaries to the Rio Grande and elsewhere. The best fitting bedload transport equations for the Arroyo de los Pinos are the Meyer-Peter and Müller and the Wilcock and Crowe equations.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116059524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing and Origin of Hree-Enriched Fluorite Mineralization in West Texas and Southern New Mexico, Including Sierra Blanca and the Franklin Mountains","authors":"J. Barker, M. Sandoval, A. Mahar, Jay Chapman, P. Goodell, A. Arribas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2905","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of this study is to determine the mineralization timing and origin of the unique Y+HREE (heavy rare earth element) deposit hosted by Round Top Mountain in the Sierra Blanca laccolith cluster in west Texas and compare it to fluorite deposits elsewhere in west Texas and southern New Mexico. Initial operations at the Round Top deposit are underway and the project is estimated to have a mine life of >20 years. Whole-rock geochemistry reveals that the magmatic rocks at the Sierra Blanca cluster are high-K, metaluminous rhyolites. A detailed mineralogical review shows that most of the Y + HREEs reside within the Ca-deficient yttrofluoride, yttrocerite, fluocerite, xenotime and cheralite. New zircon and xenotime U-Pb LA-ICP-MS geochronology data from the Sierra Blanca area indicate magmatism occurred from 38-34 Ma. Inherited zircon show a cluster of ~1.1 Ga dates, which suggest the involvement of granitic basement similar to the 1.1 Ga Red Bluff Granite exposed in the Franklin Mountains. Zircon Lu-Hf (-4 to -10 εHf t ) and zircon δ 18 O (5.5-6.5 ‰) isotopic data from the Sierra Blanca area suggest enriched mantle-derived magma sources. Fluorite from the Organ Mountains caldera (ca. 36 Ma) and the Red Bluff Granite was investigated using LA-ICP-MS for U-Pb dating and REE concentrations to compare with the Round Top deposit. Fluorite from the Organ Mountains contained significant common Pb and did not yield reliable ages, but the data suggests that mineralization occurred during the Cenozoic. Fluorite from the Red Bluff Granite is significantly more enriched in REE (~9000 ppm REE+Y) than the Organ Mountains fluorite (~400 ppm REE+Y). In addition to fluorite, another purple-colored, REE-bearing mineral was identified in the Red Bluff Granite that is tentatively thought to be hydrothermal zircon with up to 10 wt. % REE=Y. U-Pb analysis of this mineral yields an age of 1.05 ± 0.05 Ga. These new data and our ongoing investigations will help provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genesis of the Round Top HREEs deposit and the generation of REE-enriched fluorite mineralization throughout the region.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123162026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Segmentation Behavior Along the Alamogordo Fault Using Remote Sensing and Field-based Datasets","authors":"G. Pharris, V. Prush, J. Naliboff","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2927","url":null,"abstract":"Earthquake magnitude scales with the length of the ruptured fault plane (Wells and Coppersmith, 1994). Regional earthquake hazard assessments therefore require an understanding of how individual fault segments may link together to produce large earthquakes. Though fault segmentation’s impact on rupture has been explored along strike-slip faults, such as the San Andreas system in California (Schwartz and Coppersmith, 1984, Nishigami, 2000), similar studies along normal faults are limited (DuRoss et al., 2016). The Alamogordo fault is a segmented normal fault in the Tularosa Basin of south-central New Mexico with established seismogenic potential (Koning and Pazzaglia, 2002). A rupture along this fault would threaten critical infrastructure, such as the city of Alamogordo (population >30,000), White Sands Missile Range, and Holloman Air Force Base. Here we assess fault segmentation along the Alamogordo fault using a combination of remote sensing and field-based mapping techniques. Restricted access within the White Sands Missile Range has limited previous mapping efforts, but with the release of new statewide lidar datasets, we are able to conduct more detailed remote sensing-based neotectonic mapping. Our efforts have expanded the mapped extent of the fault by >15 km. Future work will include mapping of offset geomorphic surfaces at the northern and southern ends of the fault to verify remote mapping interpretations and integration of mapped fault geometries into the lithospheric dynamics code ASPECT to create a geodynamic model of the fault zone.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123699641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helium – Relationships to other reservoir gases and implications for exploration: the New Mexico example","authors":"R. Broadhead","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2878","url":null,"abstract":"Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen but is relatively rare on earth. Helium occurs as two stable isotopes, 3 He and 4 He. 4 He is the dominant isotope in crustal gases and is a radiogenic decay product of uranium and thorium mainly in granitic basement rocks. 3 He is dominantly primordial and primarily originates from the earth’s mantle. 3 He may also be formed by radiogenic decay of 6 Li which may be found in argillaceous sediments deposited in evaporitic settings. Although He occurs in most natural gases, it almost always occurs in extremely low, subeconomic concentrations, less than 0.1%. It is rare in concentrations more than 1%. A very few small reservoirs have gases with more than 7% helium. Other gases that constitute the dominant components of helium-bearing natural gases are hydrocarbons (HC’s), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrogen (N 2 ). The highest He concentrations occur where the dominant gas is N 2 but most He has historically been produced as a byproduct where the dominant gases are HC’s. HC’s are generated from petroleum source rocks. Their presence in a reservoir is dependent upon the presence of a mature source rock in the basin and a migration path between the source rock and the reservoir. Large accumulations of CO 2 in the southwestern U.S. resulted from the degassing of rising Tertiary magmas and subsequent migration of the gases into reservoirs. N 2 appears to originate mostly from degassing of the mantle but may also be formed by the thermal maturation of coals and subsequent the degradation of ammonia in pore waters. The presence of economic concentrations of He in reservoir gases is dependent not only on an adequate source of 4 He generated from granitic basement rocks but also on accommodating flux rates of HC’s, CO 2 and N 2 . These gases differ in their origins, places of generation and rates of generation. Economic concentrations of He occur where the reservoir is incompletely filled with either HC’s or CO 2 . These reservoirs contain elevated concentrations of N 2 in addition to the elevated concentrations of He. Exploratory drilling for He on Chupadera Mesa in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s encountered He-rich gases in Lower Permian and underlying Pennsylvanian clastic strata. Isotopic analyses suggest that 94% of Chupadera Mesa He originated from radiogenic decay in crustal rocks while 6% is derived from the mantle or possibly evaporitic Permian shales. Marked differences in the CO 2 concentrations in different strata indicate that some strata acted as carrier beds for CO 2 while N 2 -rich and CO 2 -poor reservoirs were isolated from CO 2 sources. Identification of CO 2 carrier beds is therefore pertinent to exploration in regions with substantial Tertiary or Quaternary volcanic activity.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122581531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting the Runoff Response of an Ephemeral Watershed to High-Intensity Rain: Arroyo De Los Pinos, NM","authors":"D. Cadol, Loc Luong, Sandra Glasgo, M. Richards","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2893","url":null,"abstract":"The relative influence of rainfall and watershed characteristics in controlling runoff in ephemeral channel systems is difficult to interrogate with current field datasets. First, runoff-producing rainstorms are rare in the environments that host ephemeral channels. Compounding this, there are at least three dimensions of variability in rainfall that affect runoff: rainfall intensity, total depth of high-intensity rainfall (or, equivalently, duration of high-intensity rainfall), and spatial extent of high-intensity rainfall. As a result, there is rarely enough field data to fully cover this variable space. Beyond this, influences such as lithology, vegetation, and soil and their effect on infiltration – both on hillslopes and in channels – are difficult to incorporate. We are developing a new runoff and rainfall monitoring dataset for the Arroyo de los Pinos watershed in central New Mexico to help bridge this gap. Our goal is to use the diverse geology of the basin to advance understanding of runoff generation and channel conveyance loss. The 32 km 2 watershed has three important lithologic classes: limestone bedrock, sandstone-shale bedrock, and weakly-lithified alluvial basin fill. Here, we present two years of monitoring data from this watershed. Runoff only occurs during the summer monsoon season, in instances when high-intensity thunderstorms linger long enough over the watershed. An approximate 15-minute intensity threshold for runoff production is 0.2 mm/min. Runoff is produced most readily in limestone sub-basins, followed by sandstone, and least readily in alluvial fill, a pattern that is consistent with the increasing hydraulic conductivity of the three lithologies. Rainfall intensity is a stronger predictor of the runoff ratio than rainfall depth, particularly in smaller subbasins and in limestone-dominated subbasins. This is consistent with observations of infiltration-excess overland flow throughout the watershed during high-intensity storms. In general, larger subbasins have lower runoff ratios, due to high transmission losses as bed infiltration in the ephemeral channel network. However, the mix of lithologies in the larger subbasins complicates the interpretation","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124295768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}