Progress in Neurobiology最新文献

{"title":"Lateralized visuotopic organization in the macaque superior colliculus revealed by fMRI","authors":"Alessia Sepe ,&nbsp;Matteo Panormita ,&nbsp;Qi Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaolian Li ,&nbsp;David A. Leopold ,&nbsp;Marco Tamietto ,&nbsp;Luca Bonini ,&nbsp;Wim Vanduffel","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The superior colliculus (SC) integrates multisensory inputs from retinal, subcortical, and cortical regions within a map of visual space to support orienting and interactive behaviors. While early models suggested that the SC primarily represents peripheral space for target detection, recent evidence highlights its significant foveal representation, essential for precisely targeting objects. Using ultra-high-resolution phase-encoding fMRI and spatially localized stimuli, we mapped the visuotopic organization of the SC in six macaques up to 40° eccentricity. In addition to confirming previous findings, we identified consistent interhemispheric asymmetries in the fMRI signal. The left SC, unlike the right, displayed a clear eccentricity map with a smooth rostro-caudal progression of responses to stimuli of increasing eccentricity from the fovea to the periphery. Conversely, the right SC showed no evidence of a pronounced eccentricity map and, instead, it exhibited more prominent polar angle maps and spatially broader fMRI responses to peripheral stimuli compared to the left SC. These lateralized responses were consistent across stimulus types and imaging protocols and were mirrored only in the intraparietal sulcus, a major cortical input to the SC. The observed asymmetry may derive from differences in magnification factor, intercollicular or surround inhibition between the left and right SC. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, our results suggest that functional lateralization in nonhuman primates may be more prevalent than previously recognized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 102842"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Layer 6b transcriptomic subtypes parcellate the cortical mantle","authors":"Margarita Kapustina ,&nbsp;Brianna N. Bristow ,&nbsp;Mark S. Cembrowski","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Layer 6b (L6b) neurons are a sparse population of deep neocortical neurons that govern both healthy and disordered brain states. L6b neurons have qualitatively been characterized as a thin lamina within the deepest layer of the cerebral cortex, yet the precise cell-type-specific properties and spatial organization of these neurons across the cortical mantle remain unresolved. Here, we combine single-cell RNA sequencing, highly multiplexed fluorescent <em>in situ</em> hybridization, and single-cell spatial transcriptomics to comprehensively characterize L6b cell-type identity, molecular heterogeneity, and spatial organization. In doing so, we identify and spatially resolve multiple distinct L6b subtypes with unique molecular signatures. To investigate the spatial organization of these subtypes across the brain, we generated a single-cell spatial transcriptomics dataset comprising 450,496 cells, offering the most extensive spatial mapping of L6b subtypes to date. Using a data-driven approach to analyze this dataset, we identify that the spatial patterning of L6b varies across the cortical mantle according to a patchwork-like composition of subtypes, which can notably extend beyond the classically defined deep location of L6b for some subtypes. We also find that L6b neurons can be transcriptionally separable but spatially intermingled with Layer 6a neurons, illustrating that a deep location within the cortex is neither sufficient nor necessary for assessing L6b identity. Our work provides the most comprehensive cellular phenotyping of L6b to date, reveals a cell-type-specific spatial-molecular framework for interpreting L6b properties and function, and will guide future investigations on the role of L6b cell subtypes and molecules in brain health and disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 102841"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145286844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for the involvement of a fronto-striatal pathway in the processing of social reward","authors":"Katrina Lin,&nbsp;Laurence Coutellier","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social interactions are a hallmark of animal behavior and is essential for survival, cooperation, and reproduction. Despite its necessity, the neural mechanisms that drive social behavior, particularly the rewarding nature of social interactions, are not fully understood. Social behaviors are inherently rewarding, and this intrinsic value plays a key role in reinforcing and shaping social engagement. A growing body of work has sought to quantify social reward in rodents using behavioral paradigms such as social conditioned place preference and operant social motivation tasks, offering translational tools to probe underlying circuit mechanisms. Historically, this research has centered on the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, particularly the ventral tegmental area and its projections to the nucleus accumbens. However, emerging evidence supports a complementary role for prefrontal cortical (PFC) circuits in modulating social motivation and reward. The PFC integrates contextual and social information via distinct neuronal populations and exerts top-down control over behavior through its projections to subcortical targets such as the ventral striatum (vSTR). While prior research has implicated the PFC-vSTR pathway in general aspects of social behavior, its specific contribution to the encoding of social reward remains poorly defined. Here, we synthesize existing findings and propose a novel mechanism in which prefrontal parvalbumin (PV) interneurons regulate social reward by modulating PFC-vSTR output. We further consider how neuromodulators such as oxytocin and dopamine interact with this circuit to further influence social behavior. Elucidating the microcircuit-level control of social reward has significant implications for neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, where social motivation and reward processing are often disrupted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 102834"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BNST-projecting histaminergic circuits mediate state-dependent anxiety behavior through post-synaptic histamine H3 receptors on GABAergic neurons","authors":"Wenkai Lin ,&nbsp;Xinyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Xuemin Yu ,&nbsp;Qinyan Xia ,&nbsp;Mengqi Yan,&nbsp;Yulan Li,&nbsp;Yanrong Zheng,&nbsp;Yi Wang,&nbsp;Heming Cheng,&nbsp;Zhong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the precise mechanisms underlying anxiety and anxiety disorders is crucial for identifying novel interventions. In this study, we report a histaminergic circuit targeting the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) that mediates anxiety-like behavior in mice. First, we observed a significant decrease in both histamine signaling and histaminergic fiber activity in the BNST when mice entered an anxious environment. Selective modulation of the BNST-projecting histaminergic circuit mediated state-dependent anxiety behaviors: activation directly induced an anxiogenic effect on naive mice, while inhibition produced a significant anxiolytic effect in mice in an anxious state rather than normal state. Pharmacological intervention revealed that the inhibition of histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs), rather than histamine H1 receptors (H1Rs) or histamine H2 receptors (H2Rs), in the BNST abolished the anxiogenic effect of histaminergic circuit activation. Finally, through optogenetic manipulation of spatial-specific H3Rs, we identified a critical role for anxiety regulation by post-synaptic H3Rs in the BNST GABAergic neurons, rather than pre-synaptic H3Rs from upstream inputs. Together, our results revealed a histaminergic circuit targeting the BNST that mediates state-dependent anxiety-like behaviors through post-synaptic H3Rs. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of anxiety and offer promising avenues for discovering novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of anxiety disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 102833"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEIL3 shapes hippocampal network dynamics and fear memory through modulation of PV+ interneurons","authors":"Marion Silvana Fernandez-Berrocal ,&nbsp;Dagny Sanden Døskeland ,&nbsp;Vidar Langseth Saasen ,&nbsp;Anna Maria Bugaj ,&nbsp;Nicolas Kunath ,&nbsp;Mina Heggedal ,&nbsp;Mouzuna Munir ,&nbsp;Robert Christoffer Marthinsen ,&nbsp;Milan Dekovic Ekeli ,&nbsp;Katja Scheffler ,&nbsp;Magnar Bjørås ,&nbsp;Jing Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) signaling is critical for hippocampal network function and memory processing. Here, we uncover a novel role for the DNA glycosylase Endonuclease VIII-like 3 (NEIL3) in maintaining this E/I balance through its impact on parvalbumin-positive (PV⁺) GABAergic interneurons. NEIL3 deficiency leads to a selective reduction in PV⁺ interneurons and impaired perineuronal net (PNN) integrity, likely contributing to further PV⁺ neuron dysfunction. These changes result in altered hippocampal oscillatory dynamics, including increased beta and low gamma power, and reduced high gamma and ripple activity. These network alterations are accompanied by distinct effects on fear memory, as demonstrated using contextual and trace fear conditioning paradigms. NEIL3-deficient mice exhibited enhanced extinction of contextual fear memory but impaired extinction of trace fear memory. These findings suggest that the integrity of inhibitory networks plays differential roles in the spatial versus temporal aspects of fear memory extinction. Transcriptomic analysis further reveals dysregulation of genes involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. Among these, <em>Gabra2</em> showed a marked downregulation, potentially driven by changes in promoter DNA methylation. This work identifies NEIL3 as an important regulator of the hippocampal inhibitory network, linking PV⁺ interneuron integrity and oscillatory coordination to distinct memory outcomes, and offers potential mechanistic insight into processes that may contribute to cognitive deficits in disorders characterized by E/I imbalance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 102832"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic shifts in Microtus ochrogaster neurogenic niches reveal psychiatric-risk pathways engaged by pair-bond formation","authors":"D. Ávila-González ,&nbsp;J. Lugo-Baca ,&nbsp;F. Camacho-Barrios ,&nbsp;A.E. Castro ,&nbsp;D.M. Arzate ,&nbsp;R. Paredes-Guerrero ,&nbsp;N.F. Díaz ,&nbsp;W. Portillo","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pair bonding (PB) is a stable affiliative relationship that confers profound behavioral and physiological advantages. The prairie vole (<em>Microtus ochrogaster</em>), one of the few socially monogamous mammals, provides a tractable model for dissecting the neurobiological substrates of social interactions. We previously showed that social co-habitation with mating (SCM) increases cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG), implicating adult neurogenesis in bond formation. Here, we characterized the underlying molecular programs by bulk RNA-seq of the SVZ, DG and nucleus accumbens (NAc) at two time points, 48 h and 120 h, following SCM or isolated (control) housing. Across ∼ 18000 expressed genes, 286 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) emerged in the female SVZ and 540 in the females DG (120 h vs 48 h SCM), whereas male niches displayed markedly fewer transcriptional shifts, confirming pronounced sexual dimorphism. Gene ontology analysis revealed sustained upregulation of mitochondrial and oxidative-phosphorylation modules, coupled with downregulation of neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration pathways in females at 120 h. In vitro, SVZ-derived neurospheres from females mirrored these signatures: SCM increased the sphere number at 48 h, but neuronal output normalized by 120 h, indicating a transient neurogenic surge. Numerous zinc-finger transcripts and unannotated long non-coding RNAs were also regulated, hinting at vole-specific epigenetic controls. Strikingly, &gt; 100 DEGs mapped to human psychiatric-risk loci. Autism disorder spectrum (ADS) and schizophrenia-associated orthologues (e.g., GRIN2A/B, KMT2A, UBE3A) were predominantly downregulated during bond consolidation in females, whereas isolation elevated major depressive disorder (MDD) markers (e.g., CACNA1H) in both sexes. These data suggest that pair-bond formation recruits transcriptional networks that overlap the genetic architecture of neuropsychiatric diseases, and that social isolation elicits an opposing, disorder-linked profile. Together, our results identified sex-specific, temporally phased molecular pathways that couple adult neurogenesis, energy metabolism, and psychiatric-risk gene networks to the establishment of enduring social bonds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 102831"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural entrainment by speech in human auditory cortex revealed by intracranial recordings","authors":"Serdar Akkol ,&nbsp;Akash Mishra ,&nbsp;Noah Markowitz ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Espinal ,&nbsp;Menoua Keshishian ,&nbsp;Nima Mesgarani ,&nbsp;Charles Schroeder ,&nbsp;Ashesh D. Mehta ,&nbsp;Stephan Bickel","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humans live in an environment that contains rich auditory stimuli, which must be processed efficiently. The entrainment of neural oscillations to acoustic inputs may support the processing of simple and complex sounds. However, the characteristics of this entrainment process have been shown to be inconsistent across species and experimental paradigms. It is imperative to establish whether neural activity in response to speech is a result of combination of simple evoked responses or of entrainment of neural oscillations in human participants. In this study, 12 participants with intracranial electrodes listened to natural speech and neural entrainment as evidenced by oscillatory activity persisting beyond the evoked responses was assessed. Neural activity was recorded from 165 contacts in Heschl’s gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. First, acoustic edges in the speech envelope induced coherence between speech and auditory cortex activity. Further, entrainment in the theta-alpha band outlasted the acoustic stimulation. This activity exceeded what could be expected from a simple evoked response. These findings suggest that speech has the potential to entrain neural oscillations in the human auditory cortex.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 102823"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145034119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PDGFR mediates lumbar spinal stenosis-induced neuropathic pain by regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling in activated macrophages","authors":"Kyung Jin Seo ,&nbsp;Chan Sol Park ,&nbsp;Mi So Park ,&nbsp;Won Ho Na ,&nbsp;Jee Youn Lee ,&nbsp;Tae Young Yune","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is one of the most common spinal disorders in elderly people and is often accompanied by neuropathic pain. Although our previous studies have demonstrated that infiltrating macrophage contribute to chronic neuropathic pain in LSS rat model, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage activation and infiltration have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the critical role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling pathway in neuropathic pain associated with macrophage infiltration and activation in LSS rats. The LSS rat model was induced by cauda equina compression using a silicone block placed within the epidural spaces of the L5-L6 vertebrae, with neuropathic pain developing four weeks after compression. We found that the PDGFR and Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathways were upregulated in infiltrated macrophages at 28 days in the LSS model. Administration of the PDGFR inhibitor imatinib significantly alleviated LSS-induced macrophages activation and infiltration. Imatinib also reduced LSS-induced chronic mechanical allodynia and inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, imatinib significantly alleviated the activation of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggest that PDGFR signaling mediates neuropathic pain by promoting macrophage infiltration and activation following cauda equina compression and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain in LSS patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 102822"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145008427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent models of Alzheimer's disease: Critical analysis of current hypotheses and pathways for future research","authors":"Pasindu Hansana Singhaarachchi ,&nbsp;Peter Antal ,&nbsp;Frédéric Calon ,&nbsp;Carsten Culmsee ,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Delpech ,&nbsp;Martin Feldotto ,&nbsp;Jorine Geertsema ,&nbsp;Emmy E. Hoeksema ,&nbsp;Aniko Korosi ,&nbsp;Sophie Layé ,&nbsp;Jonathan McQualter ,&nbsp;Susanne R. de Rooij ,&nbsp;Christoph Rummel ,&nbsp;Mary Slayo ,&nbsp;Luba Sominsky ,&nbsp;Sarah J. Spencer","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first described over a century ago. However, the mechanisms underlying the disease are not well understood to this day. This has negatively impacted our ability to create animal models to design and test targeted reliable treatments for the disease. Amyloid β plaque accumulation, aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and, of course, cognitive decline, are few of the many observed pathological features associated with AD. However, there is a concern that the animal models of AD that are based on these frameworks may not be accurately representing AD in people. As such, the results from preclinical trials have not historically translated well to the clinic. In this article, we review the current major hypotheses to describe AD; we outline the major strengths and weaknesses of the commonly used rodent models used to replicate features of these hypotheses; and we provide a strategy for the field for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 102821"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulus-driven rivalry among V1 neurons.","authors":"Jiayu Wang, Rui Zhang, Xingya Cai, Rendong Tang, Zhuoyue Dai, Haidong D Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Binocular rivalry (BR) is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs when the two eyes are presented with dissimilar images, causing observers to perceive continuous alternations between the two images. During BR, cortical activation relies on both stimulus factors (e.g., incongruency), and top-down cognitive factors (e.g., attention). However, differentiating the influences of these factors has been proven challenging. Anesthetized animals provide a valuable model for studying pure stimulus-driven neural activity, free from high-level cognitive and behavioral influences. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we recorded neuronal responses to BR stimuli in V1 and V2 of anesthetized macaques. Under BR stimulation, V1 neurons exhibited continuous fluctuations in response, with varying fluctuation strengths that similar to their activity under stimulus alternation (SA) conditions. The main features of the fluctuations mirrored those observed in BR perception. The fluctuation strength of different neurons was associated with their ocular dominance and orientation selectivity. Similar observations in V2 suggest that such rivalry activity was successfully propagated along the visual pathway. These findings indicate that stimulus processing mechanisms in V1 are capable of generating rivalry-like alternations in the absence of consciousness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20851,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Neurobiology","volume":" ","pages":"102820"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}