Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychotropic Drugs in Inpatient Psychiatry: Local Practice and Improvement.","authors":"Philippe Pfeifer, Beat Mathys, Emre Mustafa Alan, Tobias Bracht, Susanne Choinowski, Kristina Adorjan, Stefan Klöppel","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.24981","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.24981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an important tool to personalize psychopharmacotherapy, thereby optimizing its effectiveness and tolerability. Despite consensus on medications, indications, and implementation of TDM, reports indicate a substantial gap between theory and practice. To further investigate this gap, the current application of TDM was assessed in the adult inpatient settings of the University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of Bern, Switzerland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess current practice in TDM, drug level measurements were analyzed in 2022. In parallel, an online survey as well as standardized interviews were conducted with the clinic's physicians. To improve TDM applications, a handout was designed with the core items of the TDM guidelines, revised the orders for TDM in the hospital information system, and held an internal lecture on TDM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In clinical practice, TDM was primarily used for clozapine, lithium, and valproate. Other drugs appear to be underrepresented. Although physicians generally rated their knowledge of TDM as good, they identified the need for improvement in medical knowledge. The main source of error in TDM was the incorrect timing of blood samples. There was disagreement among the physicians about the number of TDMs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therapeutic drug monitoring is well established for clozapine, lithium, and valproate. Compared to the international consensus, physicians applied TDM to a narrower spectrum of psychotropic drugs. Efforts are needed to improve TDM. To optimize TDM, a handout was created, and the TDM request was adapted in the hospital according to guidelines recommendations based on findings of TDM requests, the survey, and interviews.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"35 4","pages":"389-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Eszopiclone Plus Acupuncture Therapy by Dispersing the Stagnated Liver-Qi and Regulating the Spirit for Treating Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Related Sleep Disorders.","authors":"Bing Huang, Yining Geng, Lanlan Liu","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251106","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To analyze the overall response of eszopiclone plus acupuncture therapy by dispersing the stagnated liver-qi and regulating the spirit (the acupuncture therapy) for treating chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-related sleep disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 107 patients with CFS-induced sleep disorders treated at the Hainan Provincial People's Hospital from February 2021 to February 2023. Among these, 50 patients who received eszopiclone tablets were collected as the control group. The remaining 57 patients who received the acupuncture therapy in addition to the treatment in the control group were collected as the observation group. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was adopted for evaluating sleep quality before and after treatment in both groups. Clinical overall response rate was compared between the 2 groups. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted for measuring fasting serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) prior to and post treatment. Adverse reactions in both groups were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The observation group got significantly lower PSQI scores than the control group (P < .05). The overall response rate of the observation group seemed to be higher than that of the control group (P=.063). The observation group showed significantly higher post-treatment 5-HT and BDNF levels than the control group (both P < .05). Safety profiles favored the observation group, with fewer adverse reactions reported (7.02% vs 22.00%) (P=.026).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eszopiclone plus the acupuncture therapy enhances the efficacy of treating CFS-induced sleep disorders, effectively improves serum 5-HT and BDNF levels in patients, and reduces adverse reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"35 4","pages":"418-424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Individualized Childbirth Education Program on Anxiety Levels, Mode of Delivery, and Postpartum Adaptation Among Advanced Maternal Age Primiparas.","authors":"Yan Zhu","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251128","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251128","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;To investigate the effects of an individualized childbirth education program on childbirth anxiety levels, delivery mode choices, and postpartum adaptation among advanced maternal age primiparas, providing scientific evidence for improving perinatal care quality in this population.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 104 advanced maternal age primiparas who registered at the Tianshui Wulin Subdistrict Community Health Service Center Community Health Service Center's obstetrics clinic (perinatal health care clinic) and delivered between January 2023 and December 2023 were enrolled as research subjects. Using a random number table method, participants were divided into an intervention group (n=55) and a control group (n=49). The control group received routine prenatal examinations and health education, while the intervention group additionally received an individualized childbirth education program, including: (1) customized knowledge instruction based on individual pregnant women's needs and cognitive levels; (2) virtual reality technology-assisted simulation of childbirth scenarios; (3) psychological support and relaxation training; (4) partner-involved joint learning; and (5) establishment of a personalized birth plan. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Childbirth SelfEfficacy Inventory (CBSEI), delivery mode, and postpartum adaptation (Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale, MPAS), postpartum depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS), and subjective well-being (General Well-Being Schedule, GWB) were assessed at 28 weeks, 36 weeks of gestation, and 42 days postpartum, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;At baseline (28 weeks gestation), there were no statistically significant differences in STAI and CBSEI scores between the 2 groups (P &gt; .05). Based on change score analysis, the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater anxiety reduction at 36 weeks gestation (change: -5.45 ± 3.21 vs. -0.48 ± 2.87, P &lt; .001, Cohen's d = 1.65) and improved childbirth self-efficacy (change: 25.47 ± 8.92 vs. 4.92 ± 7.34, P &lt; .001, Cohen's d = 2.51) compared to the control group. These large effect sizes indicate clinically meaningful improvements. The rate of vaginal delivery in the intervention group (72.73% vs. 44.90%) was significantly higher than that in the control group, while the cesarean section rate (21.82% vs. 46.94%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (both P &lt; .01). At 42 days postpartum, the MPAS score (83.46 ± 7.25 vs. 75.32 ± 8.14, Cohen's d = 1.06) and GWB score (85.73 ± 8.42 vs. 76.19 ± 9.15, Cohen's d = 1.09) in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the EPDS score (6.27 ± 2.31 vs. 9.45 ± 3.26, Cohen's d = 1.14) was significantly lower than that in the control group (all P &lt; .001). Anxiety reduction was sustained at 42 days postpartum (change: -8.74 ± 4.12 vs. 0.14 ± 3.95, P &lt; .001, Cohen's d = 2.19). ","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"35 4","pages":"396-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological Adaptation Issues and Nursing Strategies for Elderly Middle-Aged and Older Adults Patients with Diabetes.","authors":"Chunhua Diao","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5152/pcp.2025.251080","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Background: To investigate the effects of a comprehensive nursing intervention program oriented toward psychological adaptation on blood glucose control, psychological status, and self-management capabilities in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients and to analyze the correlations between patients' psychological status, glycemic control, and self-management ability. Methods: A total of 104 middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients were selected and randomly divided into a control group (n=50) and an intervention group (n=54) using a random number table. The control group received routine nursing intervention, including basic health education, blood glucose monitoring guidance, standardized dietary planning, and exercise instruction. The intervention group received an additional psychological adaptation-oriented comprehensive nursing program, comprising individualized disease management, multi-level psychosocial support, family support system construction (a quaternary model integrating patient-family-medical staff-community), and staged self-management capability training. The intervention period was 6 months, with assessments conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months post intervention. The Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to evaluate psychological status, while the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) assessed self-management ability. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were monitored. Medication adherence was evaluated using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), and follow-up rates were recorded. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess relationships between variables. Results: After 6 months of intervention, the intervention group showed significantly lower SDS scores (41.25 ± 8.43 vs 51.86 ± 9.12, P &lt; .001) and SAS scores (40.62 ± 7.83 vs 50.84 ± 7.98, P &lt; .001) compared to the control group. The intervention group demonstrated higher SDSCA scores (71.85 ± 6.42 vs 61.85 ± 7.26, P &lt; .001) than the control group. HbA1c levels (7.21 ± 0.78% vs 7.73 ± 0.84%, P &lt; .001) and FPG (7.13 ± 0.68 vs 7.82 ± 0.76 mmol/L, P &lt; .001) were significantly lower in the intervention group. Medication adherence (MMAS-8 ≥ 6 points: 88.89% vs 72.00%, P=.008) and follow-up completion rates (92.59% vs 78.00%, P=.018) were superior in the intervention group. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between patients' psychological status and both glycemic control (r=0.465- 0.486, P &lt; .05) and self-management ability (r =-0.512 to -0.534, P &lt; .01). Conclusion: A psychological adaptation-oriented comprehensive nursing intervention program effectively improves psychological status, enhances self-management ability, and optimizes glycemic control in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients. The close correlation between patients' psychological status, glycemic control, and self-management ability suggests that psychological intervention s","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Causal Relationships Between Psychiatric Disorders and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Qi Hu, Zhuoyu Hu, Zhimin Liu, Xiangdong Chen","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251164","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes that leads to vision\u0000impairment and blindness. This study aims to assess the causal relationships between genetically\u0000predicted psychiatric disorders and DR risk, as well as the reverse causal effect of DR on psychiatric\u0000disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using genetic\u0000variants from large-scale genome-wide association studies as instrumental variables. Exposures\u0000included genetically predicted anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression,\u0000bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), personality disorders, and schizophrenia. Causal\u0000effects were assessed using inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, and weighted median methods while\u0000addressing pleiotropy and confounding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MR analysis identified ADHD as a significant protective factor for DR (odds ratio [OR]=0.913,\u000095% confidence interval (CI): 0.870-0.957, P < .001). No evidence of a causal relationship was found\u0000between DR and other psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (P=.335), depression (P=.188),\u0000OCD (P=.931), personality disorders (P=.465), schizophrenia (P=.314), or genetically predicted\u0000anxiety (P=.374). Additionally, reverse MR analysis found no evidence that DR causally influences\u0000mental health disorders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that ADHD may exert a protective causal effect on the risk of\u0000diabetic retinopathy, underscoring the need to further investigate ADHD-related neuroendocrine and\u0000vascular mechanisms in DR pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"381-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145192696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Individualized Psychological Nursing on Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Lijuan Zhang","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251072","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to explore the influence of individualized psychological nursing\u0000on the quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single-center cohort study with an ambispective design was conducted. According to a\u00001:1 ratio, the retrospective cohort included 48 patients from January 2022 to December 2022, which\u0000was the control group (CG), and the prospective cohort included 48 patients from January 2023 to\u0000December 2023, which was the intervention group (IG). The IG carried out individualized psychological\u0000intervention on the basis of routine nursing. The blood glucose control status, blood lipid metabolism\u0000indicators, negative emotions, self-management ability, and quality of life were compared between\u0000groups. The correlation between negative emotions, self-management ability, and quality of life as\u0000well as mediating effect test were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 6 months of follow-up, the differences of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial\u0000blood glucose (2hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),\u0000high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), and triglyceride before and after intervention in IG were\u0000higher than those in CG (P < .05). The scores of Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression\u0000Scale (SDS), and Diabetes Specific Quality of Life Scale (DSQL) in IG after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of\u0000intervention and after 6 months of follow-up were lower than those in CG while the score of the Type\u00002 Diabetes Self-Care Scale (2DSCS) was higher than that in CG (P < .05). The SAS and SDS were positively\u0000correlated with DSQL (P < .001), and 2DSCS was negatively correlated with DSQL (P < .001). The SAS and\u0000SDS played a partial mediating role between 2DSCS and DSQL, and their mediating effects accounted\u0000for 23.08% and 18.25% of the total effects respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individualized psychological nursing can improve the negative emotions in patients with\u0000type 2 diabetes mellitus, and enhance self-management ability and quality of life. Negative emotions\u0000play a partial mediating role between self-management ability and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"370-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Neuromodulation Techniques in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yajie Wan, Kaili Fan, Xinwu Ye","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.241065","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.241065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression, particularly major depressive disorder, is a leading cause of disability, with limited diagnostic tools based on objective biomarkers. Advances in neurostimulation techniques, such as intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), show promise in improving treatment outcomes. However, their comparative efficacy and safety remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases (PubMed, Embase, Wiley, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Wanfang, and VIP) up to September 3, 2024. Data from eligible randomized controlled trials were pooled for meta-analysis, comparing iTBS and rTMS on remission and response rates, as well as adverse effects, using RevMan software. Sensitivity analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This meta-analysis included 10 studies. No significant difference was found between iTBS and rTMS in remission (OR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.72-1.42, P=.03) or response rates (OR=1.02, 95% CI: 0.76-1.35, P=.91). The incidence of adverse effects was similar (OR=1.17, 95% CI: 0.83-1.66, P=.38). Compared to sham stimulation, rTMS showed significantly higher remission (OR=4.84, 95% CI: 2.66-8.80, P < .001) and response rates (OR=3.92, 95% CI: 2.08-7.37, P < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both iTBS and rTMS have similar efficacy and safety. Further validation of multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers is needed to enhance personalized treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"35 4","pages":"336-344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Network Meta-Analysis of the Effects of the Choice of Exercise Mode on the Character of Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Lulu Dong, Binghai Ke, Liang Chen","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251129","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.251129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To compare the effects of different exercise modalities on personality development in\u0000children and adolescents, providing support for the design of physical education programs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1950 and 2023 were retrieved from\u0000the Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Quality\u0000assessment was conducted using Review Manager 5.3, and network meta-analysis was performed using\u0000R Studio/ADDIS 1.16.6.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The effects varied by age group. Children: Combined exercise-cognition training was most\u0000effective in reducing anxiety and depression; game-based activities enhanced vitality. Adolescents: Tai\u0000Chi and yoga reduced anxiety, while fitness training improved vitality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Psychology-movement training (PMT) significantly alleviates anxiety and depression in\u0000children (50-60 minutes/session, ≥6 months) but may exacerbate depressive symptoms in adolescents.\u0000Tai Chi/yoga combined with aerobic/strength exercises reduces anxiety in adolescents. Aerobic/\u0000strength training (4 sessions per week, 25-30 minutes per session, 50%-85% HRmax) boosts vitality and\u0000reduces hostility. Game-based activities and moderate Tai Chi/yoga (5 sessions per week, ≥30 minutes\u0000per session) significantly enhance vitality. Team training improves athletic competence but has no\u0000significant effect on emotional outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"322-335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12633483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linguistic Analysis of Patients' Labels During 3MDR Psychotherapy.","authors":"Eric Vermetten, Samantha Barcaro, Emmanuel Espejo, Paula Bellini, Michael J Roy, Suzette Bremault-Phillips","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.241024","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.241024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background: This study explores the role of linguistic labels expressed by patients during Motion-assisted Multi-modal Memory Desensitisation and Reconsolidation (3MDR) therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Labels represent a patient's key emotional, cognitive, and physical reactions to images associated with traumatic experiences. By analyzing labels, the goal is to provide insights into their progress throughout the therapeutic process. Methods: Data were collected from 6 patients who underwent 3MDR therapy across 6 sessions. A total of 1060 labels associated with trauma-related images were analyzed, with 91.3% of the data included after excluding irrelevant or ambiguous responses. Patient-generated labels were categorized and analyzed based on emotional tone, somatosensory processes, verb tense, and word count. The Friedman test was used to perform the statistical analysis. In case of significance, further comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The linguistic analysis revealed observable trends in patient progress. Use of present verb tense increased, indicating a shift towards present-moment awareness. Sentence word count also steadily increased, reflecting patients' improved ability to articulate their emotions. Results of positive and negative emotional tone, past and future verb tense usage, somatosensory processes, and single words were not significant, suggesting that further exploration of these aspects with a larger dataset could give further insights into their importance. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that linguistic analysis of patient-generated labels during 3MDR therapy can offer valuable insights into patient progress. The findings suggest that as therapy progresses, patients become more expressive and articulate, and are able to live more in the present. Further research with larger datasets is recommended to better understand the role of language in PTSD therapy and its potential for predicting therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"35 Suppl 1","pages":"S29-S35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12410231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief Manual for Multi-Modal Motion-Assisted Memory Desensitization and Reconsolidation Therapy for the Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.","authors":"Eric Vermetten, Lisa Burback, Phillip R Sevigny, Mirjam J Nijdam, Olga Winkler, Emmanuel Espejo, Pinata Sessoms, Katherine Bright, Michael J Roy, Suzette Brémault-Phillip","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2025.241028","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2025.241028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multi-Modal Motion-Assisted Memory Desensitization and Reconsolidation (3MDR) is an innovative exposure-based immersive psychotherapeutic intervention for the treatment of post-traumatic conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other related trauma disorders. This manual reviews the theoretical foundations, protocol, and key therapeutic processes of 3MDR, emphasizing its applicability across clinical and research settings. Developed to overcome barriers to traditional trauma-focused psychotherapies, 3MDR combines immersive virtual reality (VR), motion-assisted engagement, and personalized trauma cues to facilitate memory processing and emotional reconsolidation. The 3MDR integrates VR technology, treadmill-assisted movement, and dual-attention tasks to create a dynamic and interactive therapeutic environment. The intervention consists of 3 phases: pre-platform preparation, platform exposure, and post-platform reconsolidation, allowing for structured and progressive trauma processing. Patients engage with self-selected trauma-related images and music, guided by a therapist, to confront distressing memories, reduce avoidance, and foster emotional regulation. The dual-attention task and affect labeling enhance cognitive and emotional integration, while walking promotes a sense of agency and movement through trauma. Clinical research demonstrates 3MDR's efficacy in reducing PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety, with high acceptability and low dropout rates among military personnel, veterans, and first responders. Emerging evidence suggests its adaptability for diverse populations, including civilians and individuals with complex trauma histories. This manual provides detailed guidance for implementing 3MDR, underscoring the importance of therapist training, ethical considerations, and continued research to optimize its application and expand access to this promising intervention. This manual should be seen as a companion and not a replacement for training.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"35 Suppl 1","pages":"S122-S134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12410239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}