Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Improvement of Medical Students' Empathy Levels After an Intensive Experiential Training on Empathy Skills.","authors":"Efpraxia Avlogiari, Stella Maria Karagiannaki, Eleftherios Panteris, Anastasia Konsta, Ioannis Diakogiannis","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2021.21098","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2021.21098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>EMPATHY IN HEALTHCARE is an intensive 20-hour experiential training program based on mediation techniques and specialized healthcare role-play for clinicians and medical students. It is hypothesized that the training will improve empathy via the intensive experiential techniques implemented.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 50 medical students (25 males/25 females) took the course voluntarily. Empathy was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Medical Students Version (JSE-S) (Greek version), before and after the 20-hour training, along with a 6-month follow-up. Gender, age, preferred medical specialty and baseline empathy score were explored as possible moderator variables of the training effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Empathy increased after training, with a mean JSE-S score improvement of 11.25 points (±8.848) (<i>P</i> < .001). After 6 months, the mean JSE-S score maintained a difference of 6.514 points (±12.912) (<i>P</i> < .005). No differences were recorded with regard to gender, age group or medical specialty for the pooled data. Women in the 22-24 year-old age group had a 5-point mean difference (<i>P</i> = .05), and higher post-training scores than men. Lower initial scorers were the ones that mostly improved, with a 3-fold mean score difference from the higher scorers regardless of gender (<i>P</i> < .001), while also showing a smaller drop in empathy levels 6 months after the training compared to the higher scorers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intensive experiential training can improve empathy in a clinical setting. <b>EMPATHY IN HEALTHCARE</b> is a successful training program in improving empathy in medical students, as measured by the JSE-S. A score of 110 and below could be used for selecting medical student candidates who will benefit most from empathy training.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"31 4","pages":"392-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11079646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of the Reported and Intended Behavior Scale among Colombian Adolescents","authors":"A. Campo‐Arias, G. Ceballos-Ospino, E. Herazo","doi":"10.1101/2021.11.26.21266915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.26.21266915","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To establish the Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS) psychometric performance, a mental disorder-related stigma measurement, among Colombian adolescents. Methods: A validation study was carried out with 350 students aged between 10 and 17, 53.7% of whom were girls. The RIBS has two sub-scales -reported behaviors and intended behaviors, with four items each. Frequencies were estimated for reported behaviors, whereas internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were measured for intended behaviors. Results: The reported behavior sub-scale ranged from 10.0 to 24.9%, whereas the intended behavior sub-scale presented a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88 (CI95% 0.86-0.90) and a McDonald's omega of 0.88. For the CFA, KMO was 0.81; Bartlett chi squared, 771.1 (df=6, p=0.01); and Eigen value, 2.95 that explained 73.9% of the total variance. For the goodness-of-fit tests, chi squared was 21.9 (df=2, p=.001); RMSEA, 0.17 (CI90% 0.11-0.24); CFI, 0.97; TLI, 0.92; and SMSR, 0.03. Conclusions: The RIBS can measure reported behaviors, and the intended behavior sub-scale shows high internal consistency. However, the dimensionality of the intended behavior sub-scale presents modest goodness-of-fit indexes. These findings need further replications.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87168753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of Diagnostic Value of Bipolarity Index for Bipolar Disorder in China: Meta-analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity.","authors":"Sun Fengli, Zhu Jianfeng, Tao Hejian, Jin Weidong","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2021.21425","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2021.21425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Bipolarity index (BI) is one of the diagnostic scales that assist the diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD), and should be analyzed comprehensively for use in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG, and Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) in Chinese to find literature from July 31, 2004 to July 31, 2020, for results related to BI in the diagnosis for bipolar disorder (BD), among which results such as comments, letters, reviews, and case reports were excluded. The rates of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in diagnosis were synthesized and discussed.A total of 1237 patients were included in 5 studies. The criteria used for their selection were an anlysis of their results on the BI, and the diagnostic indexes of BI for BD in China.Thesensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of BI for BD in China were summarized in every study.<b>Results:</b> A total of 1237 subjects were included in 5 studies. The random effect model was used to account for the data with RevMan 5.2. The results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity of BI was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.93-1.00), and the specificity was 85% (95% CI: 0.69-0.96). The positive predictive value (PPV)was 74% (95% CI: 0.53-0.91). The negative predictive value (NPV) was 95% (95% CI: 0.81-1.00), and accuracy was 86% (95% CI: 0.77-0.93). Significant heterogeneity was detected across studies regarding these incidence estimates.<b>Conclusion:</b> The ideal diagnostic value of BI was found, although the studies showed significant heterogeneity. The results must be cautiously and attentively interpreted, in comparison to other diagnostic scales, to perfect the use of BI in clinical psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"31 2","pages":"173-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11079639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Effective Method to Facilitate Personalized and Precise Medicine for Schizophrenia Treatment Based on Pharmacogenomics.","authors":"Xiong Zhang, Xiaoping Gu, Chengchen Huang, Yue Zhang, Yixiang Shi, Dong-Dong Qi","doi":"10.5152/pcp.2021.20176","DOIUrl":"10.5152/pcp.2021.20176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting 0.3-0.7% of the world's population. It is a classic quantitative genetic disease and is affected by a variety of common and rare genetic variants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To facilitate personalized and precise medicine for schizophrenia treatment, we designed a program by genotyping a panel of related genes for schizophrenic patients using MassARRAY time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The program was tested in an observational clinical study conducted at the Hulunbuir Mental Health Center of China. In the study, a total of 254 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were recruited and genotyped. The genotyping results were used to generate reports listing where the 16 included antipsychotics should be placed: \"Use as directed,\" \"Use with caution,\" or \"Use with caution and with frequent blood concentration monitoring\" categories. Seventy-two of the patients completed the 24-week follow-up observation, during which their PANSS scores were assessed at eight time points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For all of the subjects who completed the study, the PANSS scores dropped significantly, showing the effectiveness of the treatment. During the 24-week study, PANSS scores of patients whose medications were consistent (<i>N</i> = 48) with their genetic test results dropped from 84.3 (SD = 12.4) to 58.8 (SD = 15.3), and average PANSS change rate reached 56.1% after 24 weeks. In contrast, PANSS scores of patients with genetic tests reported as \"Use with caution\" or \"Use with caution and with frequent blood concentration monitoring\" (<i>N</i> = 24) dropped from 81.1 (SD = 10.5) to 63.8 (SD = 10.1), and their average PANSS change rate was 37.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research indicates that our pharmacogenomic-based program could be a suitable and effective tool to facilitate precise medication in schizophrenia treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"31 2","pages":"148-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11079651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Infection on Mental Health in COVID-19 Positive Cases and its Relationship with Clinical Variables","authors":"G. Karlıdağ, Abdulkadir Kantarcioglu, Z. Toraman, Hale Nur Balcı, Esengul Gulmez, M. Atmaca","doi":"10.5152/PCP.2021.20165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5152/PCP.2021.20165","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While global attention has focused largely on the effects of the coronavirus on physical health, the effects of the coronavirus on mental health cannot be ignored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of COVID-19 disease on mental health and its relationship with other clinical variables. Methods: In this study, adult patients over 18 years of age who were diagnosed with COVID 19 by real time-polymerized chain reaction (RT-PCR) method in our city were included. By using some psychological scales, psychological influence was determined in the study subjects. Results: DASS-21 anxiety and total scores were higher in female patients than males. COVID-19 Fear Scale, DASS-21 anxiety, depression, and total scores were higher in married patients than single ones. Patients living in rural areas had higher Fear of COVID-19 scale, DASS-21, depression, and total scores and lower Life Satisfaction Scale scores compared to those living in city centers. Patients with any chronic illness and psychiatric disorder had higher COVID-19 Fear Scale, DASS-21 anxiety, and total scores. The presence of respiratory symptoms and positive CT pneumonia were closely associated with higher scale scores. Conclusions: We suggest that the COVID-19 outbreak seems to also affect patients psychologically. This influence is more in COVID-19 positive patients who were females, married, those living in rural areas, ones with chronic medical or psychiatric disorder, and ones with respiratory symptoms and positive CT findings. Future studies with face-to-face interviews are required to prove this observation further.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"136 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72444184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Relationship With Illness Risk Perceptions, Affect, Worry, and Public Trust: An Online Serial Cross-Sectional Survey From Turkey","authors":"M. Kucukkarapinar, F. Karadag, I. Budakoglu, S. Aslan, Onder Ucar, A. Yay, Utku Timurçin, Selim Tümkaya, Ç. Hocaoğlu, Ilknur Kiraz","doi":"10.5152/PCP.2021.21017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5152/PCP.2021.21017","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: A better understanding of public attitudes towards vaccination and recognition of associated factors with vaccine hesitancy or refusal is important regarding the control of the pandemic. Our aim was to analyze the public’s attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and to identify factors affecting them. Materials and Methods: Data were drawn from the Turkish COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring, between July-December 2020, a serial online cross-sectional survey. The sample comprised 3888 adult respondents. Attitudes to vaccines and trust were investigated in 3 periods corresponding to the timeline of pandemic-related events in Turkey. Results: In the third period of our study, in parallel with the increase in the spread of COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy/refusal increased significantly from 43.9% to 58.9% (P <.001). The significant predictors of vaccine refusal were female gender, being elder, and conspiracy thinking. Having a chronic illness, worrying more about loved ones and the health system being overloaded were significant predictors of vaccine willingness. Less compliance with preventive measures, less knowledge of prevention, reduced risk perception, and higher perception of media hype were COVID-19 variables that correlated with vaccine refusal. Trust in the Ministry of Health and medical professional organizations (e.g., Turkish Medical Association) was the lowest in the third period and vaccine refusal was significantly related to the decreased trust (P <.001, P =.002). Conclusion: Most respondents (approximately 60%) refused or hesitated to get a COVID-19 vaccine, though acceptability should be monitored when a vaccine becomes available. Health authorities should consider public trust, risk perception, and behavioral factors to improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptability.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86706347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing Readiness to Change Among Hazardous Drinkers in South Korea","authors":"Ok-Jin Jang, Yang-Tae Kim, Hyun-woo Park, Ho-Chan Kim","doi":"10.5152/PCP.2021.20104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5152/PCP.2021.20104","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to identify clinical factors influencing the readiness to change (RTC) among hazardous drinkers. The data were derived using the Korean Research for Development of Alcohol Addiction Diagnosis and Assessment System. We investigated RTC using a questionnaire on subjects who had never sought help for an alcohol problem. Subjects were then divided into two groups: the precontemplation group (those who had never considered that they had a problem) and the more than contemplation group (those who were at least open to the idea they might have a problem). Measured variables were personal characteristics, lifetime alcohol use history, and responses to the Drinker Inventory of Consequences, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Alcohol Dependence Scale, Motivational Structure Questionnaire for Alcoholics, and the Alcohol Outcome Expectancies Scale. Behavioral, psychiatric, and psychological factors were evaluated according to the responses to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The valid sample comprised 129 hazardous drinkers, of which 74 were classified as precontemplation, and 55 were in the contemplation group. The results of the binary logistic analysis showed that being unmarried or separated as well as having higher scores for impulse control and social responsibility were independently associated with an increased likelihood of hazardous drinkers being in the contemplation group, and the final model explained 30.5% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variation in membership of the contemplation group.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81015636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Schizophrenia with Glioblastoma Cells: In Vitro Analysis of Risperidone Treatment on Glial Spheroids","authors":"Ö. Somuncu, I. Karaman, Hilal Piril Saracoglu, E. Yılmaz, Demet Akın, Cellular","doi":"10.5152/PCP.2021.20181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5152/PCP.2021.20181","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Glioblastoma is the most malicious type of glioma presenting a genetic background via diverse mutations and exhibits differential sensitivity to treatment. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disease with a complex etiology. Studies report an elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with schizophrenia and changes in biochemical metabolism. In the present study, the tumor spheroid technology is applied to two different glioblastoma lines which resemble schizophrenia manifestation along with the investigation of the potential anti-tumor effect of an atypical antipsychotic drug, risperidone. Our hypothesis built on case reports showing patients with schizophrenia being treated with risperidone that turned out to have glioblastoma in post-mortem evaluation. Risperidone has been suggested to carry therapeutic effects for glioblastoma and elongated lifespan after the diagnosis of cancer. Materials and Methods: In this current study, 3D models using C6 and U87 glioblastoma cells and monocytes for representing the disease grown as multicellular spheroids were established. Spheroids were treated with the anti-schizophrenic agent risperidone and indicated almost similar results to the clinics suggesting that glioblastoma and schizophrenia share mutual physiological characteristics. Results: U87 and C6 spheroid systems were analyzed molecularly after the treatment of risperidone where U87 spheroid models were found highly resembling the overall behavior of schizophrenia. This present work correlated the stated two diseases in molecular level to encourage the efforts for personalized medicine. Conclusion: The anti-tumor effects of risperidone on glioblastoma is not very well established yet. It should not be missed that a picture of schizophrenia in clinics may be the result of an underlying lesion in a specific brain area. Thus, especially schizophrenia patients who may be at risk for developing brain tumors should be further investigated and treated accordingly.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86252480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of Diagnostic Value of Bipolarity Index for Bipolar Disorder in China: Meta-analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity","authors":"Fengli Sun, Zhu Jianfeng, Tao Hejian, J. Weidong","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-76951/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-76951/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 BackgroundThe diagnosis of bipolar disorder is still one of the key problems in psychiatric clinic. Although DSM-5 has made some important changes, it has not completely changed the missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder.It was very important that diagnostic scale was used in clinic.But the study results of assist diagnostic scale for bipolar disorder should been concluded and analyzed.Bipolarity index was one of assist diagnostic scale,which should be analyzed comprehensively.MethodsWe searched CBM, CNKI , WANFANG and CSSCI in Chinese to find literature from Julyr 31 2004 to July 31 2020 related to Bipolarity Index in diagnosis for bipolar disorder ,among which results such as comments, letters, reviews and case reports were excluded. The rate of sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value in diagnosis was synthesized and discussed.ResultsA total of 1237 subjects were included in 5 studies. Random effect model is used to account for the data by Revman 5.2. The results showed that the sensitivity of BI in diagnostic was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.93–1.00), the specificity was 85% (95% CI: 0.69–0.96). the positive predict value was 74% (95% CI: 0.53–0.91).the negative predict value was 95% (95% CI: 0.81–1.00).and accuracy was 86% (95% CI: 0.77–0.93). Significant heterogeneity was detected across studies regarding these incidence estimates. ConclusionThe idea diagnostic value of BI was found. although the significant heterogeneity detected in studies.We must interpret the results with caution and also put attention to this result,which include comparison to other diagnostic scale,perfecting sue of BI in clinical psychiatry.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87516280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Effective Method to Facilitate Personalized and Precise Medicine for Schizophrenia Treatment Based on Pharmacogenomics","authors":"Yixiang Shi, Xiong Zhang, Xiaoping Gu, Chen-ping Huang, Yue Zhang, Dong-dong Qi","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-64915/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-64915/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting 0.3% - 0.7% of people in the whole world. It is a classic quantitative genetic disease and is affected by a variety of common and rare genetic variants. Methods: To facilitate personalized and precise medicine for schizophrenia treatment, we designed a program by genotyping a panel of related genes, including cytochrome P450 genes CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, dopamine 2 receptor gene (DRD2), 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 1A and 2C genes (HTR1A and HTR2C) as well as melanocortin4 receptor (MC4R) gene, for the schizophrenia patients using MassArray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results: The program is tested in an observational clinical study conducted at the Hulunbuir Mental Health Center of China. In the study, a total of 254 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were recruited and genotyped. The genotyping results were used to generate reports listing where the 16 included antipsychotics should be placed: 'Use as directed', 'Use with caution' or 'Use with caution and with frequent blood concentration monitoring' columns. However, the medication would not change regardless. 72 of the patients completed the 24-week follow-up observation, during which their PANSS scores were assessed at eight time points. For all of them, the PANSS scores dropped significantly, showing the effectiveness of the treatments. The treatments for those cohorts initially in the 'Use with caution' or 'Use with caution and with frequent blood concentration monitoring' categories were more effective than those in the 'Use as directed' category in a shorter term sense, up to three months. However, in the longer term, it was still those who were initially in the 'Use as directed' column fared better, whose PANSS scores dropped more significantly. Conclusions: This research indicated that our pharmacogenomic-based program could be a suitable and effective tool to facilitate precise medicine in schizophrenia treatment.","PeriodicalId":20847,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90412992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}