{"title":"Bell state measurements in quantum optics: a review of recent progress and open challenges","authors":"Luca Bianchi, Carlo Marconi and Davide Bacco","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae609e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae609e","url":null,"abstract":"Bell state measurements, which project bipartite states onto the maximally entangled Bell basis, are central to a wide range of quantum information processing tasks, including quantum teleportation, entanglement swapping, and fusion-gate quantum computation. In photonic platforms, where information is encoded in optical degrees of freedom, the realization of efficient Bell state measurements is particularly challenging, especially when constrained to linear optical elements. In this review, we provide a comprehensive examination of existing proposals for the implementation of Bell state measurements, highlighting their fundamental limitations and the strategies developed to overcome them. Moreover, we survey recent advances and discuss open challenges, with a particular focus on Bell state measurements for high-dimensional systems, an area of growing interest due to its relevance for quantum repeaters and scalable quantum networks.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147753361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessandro Romancino, Jordi Romero-Pallejá, G Massimo Palma and Anna Sanpera
{"title":"Entanglement percolation in random quantum networks","authors":"Alessandro Romancino, Jordi Romero-Pallejá, G Massimo Palma and Anna Sanpera","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae5fca","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae5fca","url":null,"abstract":"Entanglement percolation aims at generating maximal entanglement between any two nodes of a quantum network (QN) by utilizing strategies based solely on local operations and classical communication between the nodes. As it happens in classical percolation theory, the topology of the network is crucial, but also the entanglement shared between the nodes of the network. In a network of identically partially entangled states, the network topology determines the minimum entanglement needed for percolation. In this work, we generalize the protocol to scenarios where the initial entanglement shared between any two nodes of the network is not the same but has some randomness. In such cases, we find that for classical entanglement percolation, only the average initial entanglement is relevant. In contrast, the quantum entanglement percolation protocol (within the q-swap framework) degrades under these more realistic conditions as the width of the distribution increases, suggesting that random classical entanglement percolation may become the optimal LOCC strategy in sufficiently heterogeneous QNs.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing quantum clocks and sensors with randomization and decoherence","authors":"Luis Pedro García-Pintos","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae5fc8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae5fc8","url":null,"abstract":"This letter shows how incoherent dynamics can lead to metrological advantages in quantum sensing. The results rely on the fact that incoherent dynamics lead to an additive contribution to the quantum Fisher information about time. Such an additive contribution can reduce the error of optimal estimation protocols, as implied by the quantum Cramér–Rao bound. I characterize regimes in which the estimation of a time interval or a frequency is enhanced by decoherence, thereby identifying cases in which incoherent dynamics serve as a metrological resource. The decoherence processes that yield enhanced precision of quantum sensors can be engineered by randomized Hamiltonian dynamics. I illustrate the results with protocols that display improved sensing of time intervals or global fields by qubit and photonic sensors. Enhanced precision of time intervals is achieved with Hamiltonians that include randomized global parameters. Enhanced precision in field estimation is obtained by randomized sensing times.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Davide Cugini, Giacomo Guarnieri, Mario Motta and Dario Gerace
{"title":"Symmetry-guided quantum state preparation: branched-subspaces adiabatic preparation (B-SAP)","authors":"Davide Cugini, Giacomo Guarnieri, Mario Motta and Dario Gerace","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae5ad0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae5ad0","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum state preparation lies at the heart of quantum computation and quantum simulations, enabling the investigation of complex manybody systems across physics, chemistry, and data science. While existing methods such as variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) and adiabatic preparation (AP) offer viable pathways, both face substantial limitations. Here we introduce a hybrid algorithm that integrates the conceptual strengths of both VQAs and AP, enhanced via the use of group-theoretic structures and classical post-processing to approximate ground and excited states of many-body Hamiltonian models. We validate our approach by applying it to the one-dimensional XYZ Heisenberg model with periodic boundary conditions, evaluating its performance across a broad range of parameters. For this specific model, our results show accurate preparation of low-energy eigenstates, achieved through circuit depths with polynomial scaling versus system size.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratic Liouvillian skin localization and subdiffusive transport","authors":"Stefano Longhi","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae5fcb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae5fcb","url":null,"abstract":"Non-Hermitian (NH) systems with globally reciprocal couplings—such as the Hatano–Nelson model with stochastic imaginary gauge fields—avoid the conventional NH skin effect, displaying erratic bulk localization while retaining ballistic transport. An open question is whether similar behavior arises when non-reciprocity originates at the Liouvillian level rather than from an effective NH Hamiltonian obtained via post-selection. Here, a lattice model with globally reciprocal Liouvillian dynamics and locally asymmetric incoherent hopping is investigated, a disordered setting in which Liouvillian-specific effects have remained largely unexplored. While the steady state again shows disorder-dependent, erratic localization without boundary accumulation, excitations in the incoherent-hopping regime spread via Sinai-type subdiffusion, dramatically slower than ordinary diffusion in symmetric stochastic lattices. This highlights that the genuinely distinct Liouvillian signature is the coexistence of global reciprocity with ultra-slow, disorder-induced subdiffusive transport, rather than the erratic localization itself. These results reveal a fundamental distinction between globally reciprocal Hamiltonian and Liouvillian systems: in both cases the skin effect is suppressed, but only in Liouvillian dynamics erratic skin localization can coexist with subdiffusive transport.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147736605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantum nonlinear parametric interaction in realistic waveguides: a comprehensive study","authors":"Tim F Weiss, Akram Youssry and Alberto Peruzzo","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae59ac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae59ac","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear sources of quantum light are foundational to a majority of optical quantum technologies and are actively advancing toward real-world deployment. Achieving this goal requires fabrication capabilities to be scaled to industrial standards, necessitating precise modeling tools that can both guide device design within realistic fabrication constraints and enable accurate post-fabrication characterization. In this paper, building on existing work, we introduce a modeling framework that explicitly integrates the engineering tools used for designing classical properties of integrated waveguides with quantum mechanical theory describing the underlying nonlinear interactions. We analyze the validity and limitations of approximations relevant to this framework and apply it to comprehensively study how typical fabrication errors and deviations from nominal design—common in practical waveguide manufacturing—affect the nonlinear optical response. Our findings highlight, in particular, a critical sensitivity of the framework to group-velocity dispersion, the potentially highly disruptive role of geometric inhomogeneities in the waveguide, and an upper bound on uncorrelated squeezed-state generation arising from asymmetric group-velocity matching conditions.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147726885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-Gaussian quantum state engineering with postselected von Neumann measurements","authors":"Xiao-Xi Yao and Yusuf Turek","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae5acf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae5acf","url":null,"abstract":"The practical value of non-Gaussian states for quantum computation, metrology, and networking is currently limited by the intrinsically low success rates of conventional generation methods like photon addition and subtraction. We introduce a scalable protocol that overcomes this bottleneck using postselected von Neumann measurements beyond the weak-coupling regime. Applied to standard Gaussian inputs, our method efficiently generates a suite of critical resources—including large-amplitude Schrödinger cat states, Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill-like states, and two-mode entangled states—with considerably higher success probabilities. Quantitative analysis of Wigner negativity and entanglement confirms their high quality. This work establishes postselected von Neumann measurement as a general and scalable principle for quantum resource generation, moving beyond a fundamental limitation in quantum state engineering.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147666467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Logan E Hillberry, Lorenzo Piroli, Eric Vernier, Nicole Yunger Halpern, Tomaž Prosen and Lincoln D Carr
{"title":"Integrability of Goldilocks quantum cellular automata","authors":"Logan E Hillberry, Lorenzo Piroli, Eric Vernier, Nicole Yunger Halpern, Tomaž Prosen and Lincoln D Carr","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae57d5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae57d5","url":null,"abstract":"Goldilocks quantum cellular automata (QCA) have been simulated on quantum hardware and produce emergent small-world correlation networks. In Goldilocks QCA, a single-qubit unitary is applied to each qubit in a one-dimensional chain subject to a balance constraint: a qubit is updated if its neighbors are in different computational-basis states. We prove that a subclass of Goldilocks QCA, including the QCA implemented experimentally, map to free fermions and therefore can be simulated classically. We support this claim with two proofs, one involving a Jordan–Wigner transformation and one mapping the integrable six-vertex model to QCA. We compute local conserved quantities of these QCA and predict experimentally measurable expectation values. These calculations can be applied to test large digital quantum computers. In contrast, typical Goldilocks QCA have equilibration properties and quasienergy-level statistics that suggest nonintegrability. Still, each of the latter QCA conserves one quantity useful for error mitigation. Our work yields a parametric quantum circuit with tunable integrability properties useful for testing quantum hardware.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147664138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malick A Gaye, Omar Shehab, Paraj Titum and Gregory Quiroz
{"title":"Quantum optimization with classical chaos","authors":"Malick A Gaye, Omar Shehab, Paraj Titum and Gregory Quiroz","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae59ad","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae59ad","url":null,"abstract":"The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a powerful tool in solving various combinatorial problems such as maximum satisfiability and maximum cut. Hard computational problems, however, require deep circuits that place high demands on classical variational parameter optimization. Ultimately, this has necessitated investigations into alternative methods for effective QAOA parameterizations. Here, we study a parameterization scheme based on classical chaotic recursive mapping, which enables significant reductions in the scaling of the variational parameter space. Through numerical investigations of hard maximum satisfiability problems, we demonstrate that the chaotic mapping can effectively match the performance of standard QAOA when subject to a limited number of classical optimization iterations and short-depth circuits. Insight into this behavior is elucidated through the lens of classical dynamical systems and used to inform hybridized schemes that leverage both standard and chaotic parameterizations. It is shown that these hybridized approaches can boost QAOA performance beyond that of the standard approach alone, especially for deep circuits. Through this study, we provide a new perspective that introduces a generalized framework for specifying performant, dynamical-map-based QAOA parameterizations.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147664158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yakov Solomons, Yotam Kadish, Lee Peleg, Jonathan Nemirovsky, Amit Ben Kish and Yotam Shapira
{"title":"Full programmable quantum computing with trapped-ions using semi-global fields","authors":"Yakov Solomons, Yotam Kadish, Lee Peleg, Jonathan Nemirovsky, Amit Ben Kish and Yotam Shapira","doi":"10.1088/2058-9565/ae573c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae573c","url":null,"abstract":"Trapped-ion quantum computing can utilize all motional modes of the ion-crystal, to entangle multiple qubits simultaneously, enabling universal computation with multi-qubit gates supplemented by single-qubit rotations. Using multiple tones to drive each ion individually induces Ising-type interactions, forming a multi-qubit gate, where the coupling matrix of all ion pairs is fully controllable. This reduces the total gate count while maintaining high fidelity, as opposed to traditional methods that rely on a single type of two-qubit gate, such as the well-known Mølmer–Sørensen gate. However, scaling to large ion chains, individual addressing can be technically challenging in terms of optical delivery and signal generation. We explore global and semi-global drives combined with single-qubit flips and show that these can reproduce the full set of multi-qubit gates. Although optimizing the combination of single-qubit flips is a computationally hard problem, we propose an efficient scheme to implement any desired couplings in large ion chains, yielding a concatenation scheme that uses at most multi-qubit gates, with N being the number of ions. In addition, we show that by using B < N independent semi-global fields, each driving a set of ions, the number of maximal multi-qubit gates is reduced to approximately . We show how to design the driving fields that support these schemes and investigate their properties. Our results pave the way for efficient implementations of quantum algorithms in large-scale trapped-ion quantum systems.","PeriodicalId":20821,"journal":{"name":"Quantum Science and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147630764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}