Psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"The psychedelic (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(-)-DOI] demonstrates efficacy in reducing cocaine reward and motivation in male rats.","authors":"Leah M Salinsky, Christina R Merritt, Erik J Garcia, Robert G Fox, Joshua C Zamora, Noelle C Anastasio, Kathryn A Cunningham","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06765-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00213-025-06765-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale and objectives: </strong>Overdose fatalities involving cocaine continue to rise with over 5.3 million cocaine users reported in the United States in 2022. The abuse liability of cocaine is reliant upon inhibition of dopamine (DA) reuptake and consequent increase in DA efflux in meso-corticolimbic circuitry that controls reward and motivation. Cocaine also increases serotonin (5-HT) efflux which is integral in cocaine abuse. The 5-HT_2A receptor (5-HT_2AR) is a key regulator of meso-corticolimbic DA release and controls cellular mechanisms underlying cocaine effects. 5-HT_2AR actions contribute importantly to psychedelic mechanisms of action, and the efficacy of these compounds in limiting cocaine intake is unknown. The present studies evaluated the efficacy of acute administration of a psychedelic to reduce cocaine intake using standard and advanced preclinical models of drug self-administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Both a standard fixed ratio (FR) schedule and behavioral economics threshold procedure of cocaine intravenous self-administration were employed to evaluate the efficacy of the psychedelic 5-HT_2AR agonist (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine [(-)-DOI] to decrease cocaine intake and motivation for cocaine in male rats. The 5-HT_2AR-selective antagonist M100907 was utilized to explore the role of 5-HT_2AR in the effects of (-)-DOI on cocaine intake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that (-)-DOI dose-dependently reduced intake on the FR5 schedule of cocaine IVSA and left shifted the demand curve to evoke greater sensitivity to price increases in the behavioral economics paradigm. Pretreatment with M100907 abated the efficacy of (-)-DOI on cocaine intake in both paradigms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>(-)-DOI 'devalued' cocaine reward and motivation to take cocaine in a 5-HT_2AR-dependent manner. As serotonergic psychedelics emerge as therapeutic candidates, investigations of 5-HT_2AR-acting psychedelics in preclinical analyses of cocaine intake and relapse vulnerability during abstinence will be valuable as prelude to future clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1833-1844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12297012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opioidergic modulation of monetary incentive delay fMRI responses.","authors":"Samuel Turton, Peter C T Hawkins, Christopher Muller-Pollard, Evangelos Zois, Patricia Conrod, Fernando Zelaya, Mitul A Mehta","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06753-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00213-025-06753-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>It is hypothesised that modulation of striatal dopaminergic signalling plays a key role in the rewarding effects of opioids. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task is a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm used to investigate striatal responses, which may reflect striatal dopamine release, during the anticipation of a financial reward.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We hypothesised that fentanyl would modulate striatal MID task Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) responses, reflecting opioidergic modulation of striatal dopaminergic signalling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>24 right-handed males who undertook four MRI scanning sessions, during which they completed an MID task 15 min after receiving an intravenous infusion of either one of two doses of fentanyl (50 µg/70kg), naloxone (400 µg) or placebo (saline 0.9%), were included in the analyses. End tidal CO₂ data were collected to control for respiratory depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We demonstrated fentanyl induced increases in MID task reward and loss anticipation BOLD compared with placebo and naloxone in both region of interest (ROI) and whole brain analyses. These results were in cortical regions including the lingual gyrus, precuneus, posterior cingulate and frontal pole rather than the striatum.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show the primary effects of fentanyl on MID anticipation BOLD in regions associated with the preparation of a motor response to a salient visual cue, rather than in regions typically associated with reward processing such as the striatum. This suggests that opioid agonists do not affect striatal activation during the MID task. Tasks using naturalistic rewards, for example feeding, sex or social contact which induce endogenous opioid signalling, may be more appropriate to probe the effects of fentanyl on reward processing. These results are from male participants' data and therefore may not be generalisable to female participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1743-1756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12296811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of real-world cue exposure and mood states on drinking: testing neurobiological models of alcohol use disorder.","authors":"Lindsay R Meredith, Wave-Ananda Baskerville, Carrie Lee, Erica N Grodin, Kate M Wassum, Lara A Ray","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06752-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00213-025-06752-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>Two prominent neurobiological models of addiction, the allostatic and incentive-sensitization models, have guided clinical research on alcohol use disorder (AUD). While these models are often viewed in isolation, it is plausible these theories are complimentary.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Use naturalistic, daily diary reports to determine whether positive and negative mood states influence alcohol cue sensitivity in a clinical sample with AUD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an exploratory analysis of daily diary data collected from a non-treatment seeking sample with current AUD over two weeks. Eligible adult participants (N = 50) were enrolled in a medication trial for AUD. Each morning, participants retrospectively reported on pre-drinking mood states, alcohol cue exposure, and craving levels, and subsequent alcohol intake occurring the previous day. Multilevel models tested the singular and interactive relationships between cue exposure and mood states with craving and drinking. Within-person and between-person outcomes were assessed. Exploratory analyses examined whether individuals with withdrawal-related dysphoria were more vulnerable to mood states and cue-reactivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Greater cue exposure was associated with higher daily drinking levels (p = .001), but not daily alcohol craving. Higher negative mood (p < .0001) and lower positive mood (p = .012) were associated with higher daily alcohol craving, but not same-day drinking. As negative mood levels increased (p < .01) and positive mood levels decreased (p = .010), the relationship between cue exposure and same-day drinking became stronger. These findings were most pronounced among those with withdrawal-related dysphoria.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings provided concomitant support for the allostatic model and incentive-sensitization model as determinants of alcohol craving and drinking among individuals with AUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1727-1739"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12296835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motivation and retrospective appraisal of psychedelic study participation: a qualitative study in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Laura Ley, Matthias E Liechti, Anna M Becker, Isabelle Straumann, Aaron Klaiber, Friederike Holze, Severin B Vogt, Denis Arikci, Yasmin Schmid","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06772-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00213-025-06772-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>Little is known about motives of healthy volunteers to participate in psychedelic trials and how they appraise their study experience retrospectively.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This paper explored reasons why healthy people register for psychedelic trials, factors that they considered to contribute to either positive or negative study experiences, and under which circumstances they would seek a psychedelic experience again.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used the data of 151 healthy volunteers who had ingested serotonergic psychedelics in one of six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials at the same research site under similar conditions. The data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The predominant motivations to participate in a trial were interest in psychedelics and an appealing setting. Expectations involved personal development and the occurrence of typical psychedelic effects. Hopes included transformative processes. The setting factors that promoted a positive experience were music and access to nature, whereas the sterile hospital environment was considered bothersome. Most participants valued the trusting relationship with their investigator. The most commonly criticized investigator characteristics were a perceived lack of support and investigator-induced psychological discomfort. Most participants considered their expectations exceeded and would take the study substances again, preferably in a setting in nature with friends.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This paper identified four pivotal factors to be considered for psychedelic study experiences: (1) a secure interpersonal relationship, (2) an aesthetically pleasing environment, (3) access to nature, and (4) the use of music. This analysis reveals subjective views of volunteers in psychedelic Phase-I trials and may improve research standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"1875-1892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12296967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of orally ingested Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on drivers' hazard perception and risk-taking behaviours: A within-subjects study of medicinal cannabis users.","authors":"Taren Mieran, Andrew Hill, Mark S Horswill, Mathew J Summers, Kayla B Stefanidis","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06869-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06869-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medicinal cannabis use is increasing worldwide, yet its impacts on driving safety in frequent users are not clearly understood. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of THC on driving behaviour in frequent users is needed to guide drug driving policy and evidence-based advice for medicinal cannabis consumers. This study investigated the acute effects of orally ingested THC oil on medicinal cannabis users': (a) hazard perception skill performance; (b) driving-related risk-taking behaviours (speeding propensity, following distance, gap acceptance); (c) self-perceived hazard perception skill performance; and (d) self-perceptions of driving skills and safety. A within-subjects design was used to compare scores on validated video-based measures of hazard perception skill and risk-taking behaviours, along with self-report measures, between baseline (no THC) and post-consumption. Although participants' (N = 41) actual hazard perception skill performance did not significantly decline from baseline to post-consumption, their perceived performance did (with no significant correlation between the two in either condition). In the other video-based measures, participants selected significantly slower speeds and longer following distances post-consumption (but gap acceptance behaviour was unchanged). There was no significant change in self-perceptions of driving skills and safety after correction for multiple tests. While there was no evidence that oral ingestion of THC oils by medicinal cannabis users impacted hazard perception skill performance, they were unable to accurately self-assess their performance, regardless of whether they had consumed THC. Further, medicinal cannabis patients engage in compensatory strategies, specifically by reducing their speed and increasing their following distance following the consumption of THC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual reality environmental enrichment effects on heart rate variability in healthy volunteers.","authors":"Giulia Benvegnù, Rudi Graffer, Federico Maria Lorusso, Sofia Ceccato, Erika Tedesco, Cristiano Chiamulera","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06870-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06870-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>Environmental enrichment (EE) is a nonpharmacological approach widely used in preclinical studies and only recently applied to humans using virtual reality (VR). Virtual EE has been shown to decrease basal cravings for smoking and palatable food; however, little is known about what processes are affected by EE. One hypothesis is that it may affect participants' emotional state (stress- relief hypothesis).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to investigate whether physiological parameters of stress response are modified by virtual EE by assessing heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy volunteers. Second, we explored psychological measures of affective and mood states associated to virtual EE and assessed the correlation of HRV to measures of locomotion and interaction in the virtual simulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty healthy volunteers (11 men) were exposed to a virtual EE and Control Environment (CE), in counterbalancing order. HRV and participants' behavior were measured during VR exposure. Self-report measures of mood, arousal, pleasantness and immersion were also collected before and after VR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants showed a significant increase in time-domain HRV (RMSSD), but not in frequency-domain (HF and LF/HF ratio) measures, and self-report measures (pleasantness, activation, positive mood and perception of immersion) in EE vs. CE. Positive correlations between the score of immersion in the VR simulation and HRV indexes emerged in EE scenario only.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results showed an improvement in subjectively reported emotional state and an increase in parasympathetic component of HRV, suggesting that the mechanism underlying the EE effects found in this and previous work may be due to decreased stress, consistent with the \"stress-relief\" hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Smoking reduction using electronic nicotine delivery systems in combination with nicotine skin patches.","authors":"Jed E Rose, Suzanne Frisbee, David Campbell, Alfred Salley, Susan Claerhout, James M Davis","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06868-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06868-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylphenidate leads to disruptions in rest/wake patterns after discontinuation.","authors":"Carolyn Cueto, Magdalena R Gonzales, Alexandra N Tejada, Kimberly Guerrero Leon, Alexandra Mora, Andrew Cabrera, Leslie R Amodeo","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06859-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06859-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience more sleep problems than their peers. As stimulant medications, particularly methylphenidate (MPH), are the most common treatment for pediatric ADHD, there has been growing interest in whether such medications contribute to sleep disturbances and the development of sleep disorders later in life. Despite ongoing interest, evidence related to MPH on sleep functioning in children remains mixed. The present study investigated the effects of MPH on 24-hour rest/wake activity patterns and circadian rhythms in adolescent versus adult rats. Male and female Long-Evans rats were administered MPH (1 or 2 mg/kg, i.p.) or control twice daily for 10 days during either adolescence (PD 30-39) or adulthood (PD 80-89). Non-invasive activity monitors, secured to each rat using custom-fitted jackets, were used to assess circadian rhythms and detailed activity patterns over a 24-hour reverse light/dark cycle. Microanalysis of activity patterns were assessed on the last day of MPH treatment, during acute discontinuation, and after 10 days of prolonged discontinuation. Results showed that repeated MPH administration produced dose- and age-specific increases in activity across the light/dark cycle on the last day of treatment. In adults, this was associated with longer and more frequent active episodes during the dark period, and transient increases in fragmented activity during early withdrawal. MPH also impaired rest quality in female rats, reflected by fewer rest episodes and increased fragmentation during the light period. While some of these disruptions persisted immediately after discontinuation, more pronounced impairments in rest quality emerged after 10 days of withdrawal. These findings suggest that while MPH may enhance activity during treatment in an age- and sex-dependent manner, its discontinuation may lead to lasting reductions in sleep quality in both adolescents and adults who are transiently exposed to the psychostimulants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASIC1a channels in the locus coeruleus mediate hypercapnic acidosis detection and CO₂-induced panic behavior.","authors":"Letícia R Pinheiro, Alana T Frias, Luis Gustavo A Patrone, Kênia C Bícego, Hélio Zangrossi, Luciane H Gargaglioni","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06866-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06866-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>There is a connection between respiratory pathologies and panic disorder, since episodes of hypercapnia can trigger anxiety-related behaviors. The locus coeruleus (LC) is a CO₂/pH chemosensitive region capable of generating emotional and physical responses during stress episodes. The acid-sensitive ion channel type 1a (ASIC1a) participates in the panicogenic response induced by CO₂.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our study investigated the role of ASIC1a channels in the LC in detecting hypercapnic acidosis and their participation in the respiratory and behavioral responses induced by CO₂.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested the effects of injection of an ASIC1a antagonist [Psalmotoxin-1 (Pstx-1-50 ng/0.1uL)] into the LC of C57BL/6 male and female mice on respiratory, metabolic, and behavioral responses to 20% CO₂. To assess the role of ASIC1a channels in basal activity and CO₂ chemosensitivity of LC neurons, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on brainstem slices from male mice using Pstx-1 (0.050 µg/mL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pstx-1 intra-LC did not change ventilation and metabolism under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in both male and female mice. As to CO₂-behavioral responses, Pstx-1 injection decreased the number of jumps in males, but there was no significant difference in females. In vitro, Pstx-1 reduced the activity of LC chemoreceptors under hypercapnia in males, but no change was observed under control conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ASIC1a channels in the LC do not participate in respiratory control under normocapnia and hypercapnia, but are involved in CO₂-induced panic behavior, demonstrating a sex-dependent response. Furthermore, ASIC1a channels contribute to the CO₂ chemosensitivity of LC neurons in males.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional bias in young adult tobacco cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users: an eye-tracking study.","authors":"Kameron Iturralde, Kanwar Boparai, Scott Veldhuizen, Peter Selby, Laurie Zawertailo","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06872-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-025-06872-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>Attentional bias (AB) is a key behavioural feature known to contribute to the maintenance of tobacco use; however, little information exists on whether e-cigarette users display an AB.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to measure differences in AB between exclusive cigarette smokers and exclusive e-cigarette users. Our secondary aim was to compare overnight abstinence and sated conditions on AB within e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 28), cigarette smokers (n = 29), and healthy non-nicotine-using controls (n = 18). AB was measured using a free-viewing eye-tracking task. Participants were shown 85 slides, each containing 4 competing images, with test images relating to one of the following cue categories; vaping, smoking, and competing smoking versus vaping. The primary outcome was relative fixation time (RFT) (in ms). AB was determined by subtracting the mean RFT of the neutral images from the mean RFT of the test images.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>E-cigarette users exhibited significantly higher AB towards vaping-related (d = 1.107, p = 0.002) and smoking-related cues (d = 0.1080, p = 0.001) compared to non-using controls. Additionally, e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers both showed a preference for their product's cues in the competing smoking versus vaping cue category. The only difference observed between the abstinent and sated states was cigarette smokers showing a greater preference for smoking-related cues over vaping-related cues in their abstinent state compared to sated (d = 0.644, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>E-cigarette users show AB to both vaping- and smoking-related cues, suggesting possible AB transfer between the two products. AB does not appear to be sensitive to acute withdrawal states.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}