Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging最新文献

{"title":"Parietal lobe and thalamic nuclei volumetry in first-episode psychosis: Relation with trauma in a paired sibling study","authors":"A Postiguillo ,&nbsp;M Gadea ,&nbsp;MJ Escarti ,&nbsp;M Perez-Rando ,&nbsp;G García-Martí ,&nbsp;J Nacher","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volumetric changes in the parietal lobe of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) remain underexplored, despite previous studies suggesting some structural abnormalities in this region. This cortical area, connected to the thalamus, is part of networks that have been linked to cognitive impairments in the schizophrenia spectrum. In this study, we processed structural MRI images using FreeSurfer to investigate the parietal cortex and thalamic nuclei in a cohort of 30 participants across three groups: 10 FEP patients, 10 unaffected siblings, and 10 matched healthy controls. We also examined whether traumatic experiences influenced volumetry in these regions. Notable differences were found in several parietal regions between patients and siblings compared to controls, with patients and siblings showing more similar volumetry. The left superior parietal gyrus exhibited a notable gradient of differences, suggesting a potential biomarker for distinguishing the groups. Significant volumetric differences were also observed in the anteroventral, medial geniculate, and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei. Additionally, a direct correlation was found between reduced gray matter volume in the left superior parietal gyrus and childhood trauma experience. These findings highlight the importance of studying parietal areas and considering genetic and environmental factors in future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112096"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145768953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive modes underlying attentional control deficits in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study","authors":"Ava Momeni ,&nbsp;Paul Metzak ,&nbsp;Madeleine Evora ,&nbsp;Aida Momeni ,&nbsp;Amber Lu ,&nbsp;Helen Hsiao ,&nbsp;Todd S. Woodward","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined the anatomical and functional patterns associated with attentional control deficits in schizophrenia. Participants completed a trivalent task switching paradigm in which they alternatively completed three tasks (i.e., identify colour, parity, or letter case), while viewing stimuli with one (univalent), two (bivalent), or three (trivalent) dimension(s). This required participants to counteract their attentional capture by biasing their attention away from up to two task-irrelevant dimensions. Three cognitive modes emerged via constrained principal component analysis (CPCA): (1) Multiple Demand (MD), (2) Language (LAN), and (3) Default Mode B (DM-B). Relative to neurotypical participants, patients with schizophrenia showed impaired task performance, muted but sustained activation of the MD mode, hypoactivation of the LAN mode, and hyperdeactivation of the DM-B mode. Moreover, the muted and sustained activation of the MD mode was associated with higher scores on hallucinations and delusions, while the hypoactivation of the LAN mode and the hyperdeactivation of the DM-B mode were associated with higher scores on poverty of speech and flattened affect. Thus, attentional biasing impairments in schizophrenia may reflect reduced engagement of task-positive MD and LAN modes and excessive suppression of task-negative DM-B mode, with mode-specific associations to symptom severity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145775205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation enhances empathy-related cerebellar centrality in patients with schizophrenia","authors":"Yanzhen Zhao ,&nbsp;Yunchen Gong ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiao Chen ,&nbsp;Gangqiang Hou ,&nbsp;Yongjie Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Xia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This double-blind randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on degree centrality (DC) in the cerebellum and empathy in patients with schizophrenia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-five patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either active stimulation group (n=24) or sham stimulation group (n=21). Both groups underwent HD-tDCS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Resting-state fMRI scan, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI-C) were applied at baseline and post-intervention. Degree centrality (DC) analysis and functional connectivity (FC) analysis were performed to identify changes in brain. Correlations between neural and behavioral alterations were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After intervention, the active stimulation group showed a significant increase in DC in the right posterior cerebellum compared with their own baseline, whereas no such change was observed in the sham group. Exploratory analysis revealed enhanced FC between the right posterior cerebellum and right hippocampus in the active group post-intervention. Clinically, the active group exhibited significant reductions in total PANSS scores and positive symptom scores relative to baseline. A potential positive correlation was noted between the increased right posterior cerebellar DC and improved empathetic concern in the active group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC emerges as a promising targeted intervention for schizophrenia, capable of modulating cerebellar functional integration (as reflected by improved DC) and alleviating clinical symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural correlates of self-advantage effect in mental time travel in individuals with high levels of schizotypal traits: A resting-state functional connectivity study","authors":"Jun-yan Ye ,&nbsp;Yu-qi Yang ,&nbsp;Xu-chen Yu ,&nbsp;Jia-li Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao-jing Qin ,&nbsp;Ji-fang Cui ,&nbsp;Hai-song Shi ,&nbsp;Tian-xiao Yang ,&nbsp;Ya Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Mental time travel (MTT) is a cognitive capacity to mentally re-experience past events and anticipate future possibilities. Self-related MTT events have stronger vividness and sense of experience than events related to others, i.e., the “self-advantage effect”. This effect is diminished in individuals with high schizotypal traits (HST) who are at risk for schizophrenia. However, the neural correlates of this effect remain unclear. The present study aimed to examine this issue through resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-nine individuals with HST and 38 individuals with low schizotypal traits (LST) were recruited. They completed the self/other-related MTT task and underwent rs-fMRI scanning.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In HST, the “self-advantage effect” on specificity was positively correlated with functional connectivity (FC) between the right precuneus and bilateral frontal pole, left temporal pole, and the posterior cingulate cortex, whereas this association was negative in individuals with LST. Additionally, the “self-advantage effect” on emotional intensity was negatively associated with FC between the left precuneus and middle cingulate cortex in HST, but positively associated in LST.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>People with HST have altered association patterns between the “self-advantage effect” in MTT and resting-state FC. The “self-advantage effect” in MTT may be a potential target for intervention in the schizophrenia spectrum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of aberrant white matter microstructure and gray matter volume in autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Yu Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiuying Tao ,&nbsp;Ying Wei ,&nbsp;Shengli Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our aim was to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies investigating white matter (WM) microarchitecture and gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Totally 24 diffusion tensor imaging studies using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) or voxel-based analysis (VBA) approach were included in this meta-analysis. The discrepancies in WM fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity between ASD patients and typically developing (TD) individuals and the results of two common methods were compared. Besides, we detect GMV alternations by analyzing 44 voxel-based morphometry studies in ASD and comparing the difference in different developing stages.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with TD, ASD exhibited significantly WM microstructure alterations in corpus callosum, cortico-spinal projections, anterior thalamic projections, superior longitudinal fasciculus and middle cerebellar peduncles. There is some heterogeneity in aberrant WM microstructure between the TBSS and VBA subgroup. ASD had increased GMV in gyrus rectus, superior and inferior temporal gyrus, and precentral gyrus, and decreased GMV in cerebellum, anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri, cingulum, and inferior parietal gyri. ASD displayed an age-related trajectory of brain morphometry.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our main findings reveal the variable WM microarchitecture and GMV in ASD and offer a neuroanatomical framework that may guide multimodal and longitudinal research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interhemispheric auditory tract microstructure in autism spectrum disorder: A diffusion tensor study","authors":"Josie S Long ,&nbsp;Toshikazu Ikuta","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves social communication differences and may include sensory or auditory-processing differences. The interhemispheric auditory pathway remains understudied.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Diffusion tensor imaging from ABIDE was analyzed. The interhemispheric auditory tract was reconstructed with probabilistic tractography and diffusion metrics were compared between ASD and matched controls.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Probabilistic tractography results from 48 ASD and 38 control participants were analyzed. The ASD group showed lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity within the tract than controls, consistent with weaker microstructural coherence and myelin-related differences.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Secondary multi-site data without harmonization; no behavioral measures of auditory sensitivity or impulsivity for correlation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Interhemispheric auditory connectivity differs in ASD and may contribute to speech perception and communication challenges, supporting the tract’s relevance as a potential psychiatry-facing biomarker.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of computerized cognitive training on P300 ERP impairments in Indian patients with schizophrenia","authors":"Jaskirat Singh ,&nbsp;Sukhwinder Singh ,&nbsp;Savita Gupta ,&nbsp;Navneet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the neurophysiological effects of a 3-month computerized Cognitive Training (CT) program on P300 Event-Related Potential (ERP) abnormalities in Indian patients with chronic schizophrenia. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled from the DART facility at GMCH, Chandigarh, and randomized into CT or Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) groups. Participants in the CT group underwent structured cognitive retraining sessions targeting domain-specific deficits, while TAU participants continued routine clinical care. ERP data were recorded via a visual oddball paradigm, and processed using EEGLAB and ERPLAB. Time-frequency decomposition was performed using Discrete and Continuous Wavelet Transforms to assess spectral dynamics. Statistical analysis revealed a significant Treatment × Time interaction for P300 latency at the frontal (Fz) region (<em>F</em> = 5.095, <em>p</em> = 0.034), indicating a notable reduction in cognitive processing delay in the CT group. This latency reduction was significantly correlated with improvements in neuropsychological measures of processing speed. However, no significant interaction was found for P300 amplitude, suggesting limited modulation of attentional resource allocation. Spectral analysis further revealed an increase in theta power within the P300 latency window post-training in the CT group, potentially supporting enhanced cognitive engagement. Conversely, elevated alpha synchronization during task performance indicated ongoing difficulties in neural suppression mechanisms under attentional load. No significant changes were observed in overall band power across groups. These findings suggest that while short-term CT can enhance processing speed in schizophrenia, attention deficits may persist. Longer and more intensive cognitive remediation protocols may be necessary to achieve broader cognitive and electrophysiological improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145757504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive network based fuzzy inference system efficientnet for autism spectrum disorder detection with optimization based pivotal region extraction","authors":"Satish Muppidi ,&nbsp;Kishore Bhamidipati ,&nbsp;Grandhi Siva Sankar ,&nbsp;Anupkumar M. Bongale ,&nbsp;Ramesh Babu P","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to abnormal neural activity that may increase the risk of premature brain development issues. Many traditional treatment methods are available for ASD, but they require continuous assessment and analysis of patient behavior. However, traditional models are time-consuming and often lead to unclear outcomes, significantly impacting patient’s social lives and communication ability. Hence, a novel hybrid approach is developed, namely, Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System EfficientNet (ANFIS-EffNet), which combines the ability of Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference (ANFIS) and EfficientNet by modifying their layers. At first, the input autism brain image is given to the pre-processing stage, performed using Anisotropic diffusion and Region of Interest (ROI) extraction. Next, functional connectivity-based pivotal region extraction is done by Adam War Strategy Optimization (AWSO), a combination of the Adam optimization algorithm and War Strategy Optimization (WSO) technique. Next, feature extraction is carried out by including Learned Invariant Feature Transform (LIFT) and statistical methods. At last, ANFIS-EffNet is employed to detect autism spectrum disorder. The ANFIS-EffNet model has achieved outstanding performance with an accuracy of 93.219 %, sensitivity of 93.670 % and specificity of 93.840 % respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 112109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145828333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder moderates functional connectivity in people with psychosis","authors":"Peter Panayi ,&nbsp;Filippo Varese ,&nbsp;Emmanuelle Peters ,&nbsp;Liam Mason ,&nbsp;Richard Bentall ,&nbsp;Amy Hardy ,&nbsp;Katherine Berry ,&nbsp;William Sellwood ,&nbsp;Robert Dudley ,&nbsp;Raphael Underwood ,&nbsp;Craig Steel ,&nbsp;Hassan Jafari ,&nbsp;Rebecca Elliott","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Altered functional connectivity in several functional networks has been found in people with psychosis, especially in the default mode (DMN), salience (SAL) and central executive (CEN) networks. Functional connectivity in people with psychosis is influenced by traumatic life experiences. Trauma histories typical of people with psychosis are associated with complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD), but no studies have explored whether post-traumatic sequelae contribute to functional dysconnectivity in people with psychosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using resting-state fMRI, we compared two groups meeting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (<em>N</em> = 106); one group additionally met ICD-11 criteria for comorbid cPTSD, whereas the other did not. We assessed between-group differences in functional connectivity between 15 pre-defined regions of the DMN, SAL and CEN. Post-hoc correlations were used to test whether intra- and/or inter-network connectivity related to cPTSD symptom severity in the comorbid cPTSD group.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The comorbid cPTSD group demonstrated significantly lower functional connectivity within the DMN, SAL and CEN, as well as increased negative connectivity between the SAL and CEN. The control group showed significantly decreased connectivity of the DMN with the SAL and CEN. PTSD symptoms correlated positively with intra-SAL connectivity and DMN-SAL dysconnectivity, whereas DSOs correlated positively with intra-SAL dysconnectivity and reduced DMN-CEN connectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings broadly align with the tripartite network model explaining psychopathology in terms of DMN, SAL and CEN dysconnectivity. Intra-network dysconnectivity in subgroups of people with psychosis may relate to post-traumatic sequelae, whereas inter-network dysconnectivity may be more central in trauma-unrelated psychoses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 112082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escitalopram normalizes decreased left inferior frontal gyrus activation in social anxiety disorder during self-referential processing","authors":"Rasmus Rinne ,&nbsp;Roope Heikkilä ,&nbsp;Tuukka T Raij ,&nbsp;Emma Komulainen ,&nbsp;Jesper Ekelund ,&nbsp;Erkki Isometsä","doi":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2025.112092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with negatively biased, self-focused attention in social situations. Neural correlates of self-referential processing and effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on it remain, however, poorly known. Interestingly, these drugs have been shown to modify brain activation related to negative bias already before symptom relief in major depressive disorder. We hypothesized alteration in self-referential processing and modification of such alteration during short-term use of escitalopram in SAD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty-eight subjects with SAD and 20 healthy controls were recruited from the University of Helsinki and Aalto University. During baseline fMRI participants categorized positive and negative self-referential adjectives and neutral control words. The SAD group was then randomized to receive either escitalopram 10 mg per day (<em>n</em> = 14) or placebo (<em>n</em> = 17). After one week, the SAD group repeated the categorization task during fMRI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with healthy controls, the SAD group showed weaker response to negative vs. positive adjectives in the left inferior frontal gyrus (<em>p</em> = 0.039). Compared with placebo, this activation increased after a one-week escitalopram treatment (<em>p</em> = 0.042) without any significant change in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y1 scores.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Relatively small sample size and drop-outs diminished statistical power.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SAD may be associated with decreased activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus to negative self-referential social cues. Escitalopram may normalize such activation. As left inferior frontal gyrus has been linked to inner speech while working on self-reflection tasks, the increased activation might relate to reappraising negative social cues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20776,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging","volume":"355 ","pages":"Article 112092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}