Psychological Assessment最新文献

{"title":"Correction to \"Interpreting the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for individuals with traumatic brain injury: Clinical correlates and empirical severity cutoffs\" by Fox et al. (2026).","authors":"","doi":"10.1037/pas0001504","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports an error in \"Interpreting the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for individuals with traumatic brain injury: Clinical correlates and empirical severity cutoffs\" by Tayla Fox, Alexia Samiotis, Jennie Ponsford, Gershon Spitz and Jai Carmichael (<i>Psychological Assessment</i>, 2026[Mar], Vol 38[3], 220-234; see record 2026-96062-001). In the article, a typographical error occurred in the Results section on pages 227-228. The sentence originally read: \"For the HADS-D, they were 0-4 (\"normal\"), 5-10 (\"mild\"), 11-15 (\"moderate\") and 15-21 (\"severe\").\" The sentence has been corrected to read, \"For the HADS-D, they were 0-4 (\"normal\"), 5-10 (\"mild\"), 11-15 (\"moderate\") and 16-21 (\"severe\").\" The recommended severe range for the HADS-D scale based on the study's findings is 16+, as correctly denoted in both the Discussion and Supplementary Materials. All statistical and follow-up analyses were executed using the correct 16+ range; therefore, the statistical outputs and overall conclusions of the study remain unchanged. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2026-96062-001.) Anxiety and depression symptoms are more prevalent in individuals with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) than in the general population, underscoring the need for effective screening. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is widely used for this purpose, yet how best to use and interpret the HADS in individuals with TBI remains an open question. This study evaluated the HADS total score, subscale scores, and individual items in 402 individuals with moderate-severe TBI. The sample was on average 13 years postinjury, originally recruited during inpatient rehabilitation. HADS scores were regressed against five clinically important variables to determine their concurrent criterion validity, and regression tree analyses were used to establish severity cutoffs for the total and subscale scores. Results indicated that while the HADS subscale scores provided no meaningful advantage over the total score in accounting for variance in suicidal ideation, self-harm, or mental health treatment, the subscales-particularly depression subscale items-were more informative with respect to functional disability and life satisfaction. Benchmarked against these clinically important variables, we established graded severity cutoffs (\"normal,\" \"mild,\" \"moderate,\" and \"severe\") for both the HADS total and subscale scores. This study provides clinicians and researchers with empirically derived guidance for using and interpreting the HADS when assessing emotional distress in individuals with moderate-severe TBI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"38 9","pages":"634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A meta-analysis of the psychometric properties of the Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI/SSPI-2).","authors":"Skye Stephens, Samantha Williams, Kailey Roche, Martin L Lalumière, Michael C Seto","doi":"10.1037/pas0001467","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a meta-analysis of the psychometric properties of the Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI) and its revised version. The SSPI/SSPI-2 is a behavioral measure that is widely used by clinicians and researchers to screen for sexual interest in children among individuals who have committed a sexual offense against a child. The revised version (SSPI-2) is composed of five yes/no items that are scored from records and self-report: any boy victim under 15 years old, more than one child victim under 15 years old, any extrafamilial child victim under 15 years old, any child victim under 12 years old, and any child sexual exploitation material offense. After almost 25 years of use, research has accumulated on the psychometric properties of SSPI/SSPI-2 scores. We found evidence that SSPI/SSPI-2 scores have convergent (e.g., diagnosis of pedophilic disorder, self-reported sexual interest in children), discriminant (e.g., psychopathy), and predictive (new sexual offenses) validity. There were not enough studies to assess interrater reliability, but results of individual studies are encouraging. The present results suggest that the SSPI/SSPI-2 scores have adequate psychometric properties for continued use in forensic assessments, especially given its low cost relative to other assessments of sexual interest in children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":" ","pages":"600-612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Affective Reactivity Index in Australian children: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across clinical and community samples.","authors":"Torunn Briers, Grace Sanders, Jaimie C Northam, Mark R Dadds, David J Hawes","doi":"10.1037/pas0001498","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irritability is a common transdiagnostic feature of child psychopathology, often first emerging in early to middle childhood. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Affective Reactivity Index-Parent Version, a widely used measure of irritability, in Australian children aged 4-12 years. Participants were a community sample broadly representative of the general population on key demographic characteristics (<i>n</i> = 1,371; 47.05% female) and a clinic-referred sample of children with conduct problems and related comorbidity (<i>n</i> = 299; 23.7% female). Affective Reactivity Index-Parent Version scores demonstrated strong internal consistency, test-retest reliability, good convergent and concurrent validity, and high caregiver-rated acceptability. Metric, but not scalar, invariance was supported across community and clinical samples, whereas full scalar invariance was supported across early (4-7 years) and middle (8-12 years) childhood within the community sample. Psychometric network analysis identified a single symptom cluster in both samples, with Items 5 (\"Gets angry frequently\") and 6 (\"Loses temper easily\") emerging as most central. These findings support the Affective Reactivity Index-Parent Version as a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of irritability in young children and highlight its utility for both research and early identification across diverse settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring impulsivity in daily life: A systematic review and recommendations for future research.","authors":"Tionna M Hough, Lindsey K Freeman, Sarah A Griffin, Anna M Porter, Maria Costanza Benvenuti, Jillian Bernabe, Timothy J Trull","doi":"10.1037/pas0001497","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct that has shown utility in relation to important occupational, functional, and clinical outcomes (e.g., substance use and social functioning) in cross-sectional studies. However, trait assessments of impulsivity have shown less utility in prospectively predicting state instances of such outcomes. Proliferation of mobile technology allows for investigation into psychological phenomena in participants' daily lives, clarifying many momentary and prospective relationships. Studying impulsivity using daily-life methods offers promise in understanding impulsive processes and proximal influences on behavior. We conducted a systematic review of 89 studies, comprising 75 separate samples using 46 different state impulsivity measures, to evaluate the conceptualization and measurement of state impulsivity, as well as the evidence for the reliability and validity of scores on state impulsivity measures. Samples included community, clinical, and student populations, though most participants were young adults, female, and White. Overall, scores on state impulsivity measures demonstrated acceptable reliability and evidence of construct and criterion-related validity, though some facets and measures showed weaker or less consistent associations across outcomes. The findings also call attention to the substantial heterogeneity in measurement approaches, reporting practices, influential study characteristics, and relevant associations, indicating multiple areas for improvement in the measurement of state impulsivity. We make recommendations for future research based on the evidence presented, such as standardizing conventions for reporting psychometric evidence and effect sizes, as well as careful selection of measures and sampling procedures most suited to detecting the specific associations at the timescales those associations are expected to unfold. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13498393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyadic compliance and report congruence in romantic couples' experience sampling data.","authors":"Martine W F T Verhees, Liesse Frérart, Andrea B Horn, Michela Inverardi, Rana B Kalkan-Cengiz, Francesca Righetti, Dominik Schoebi, Laura Sels, Otto Versyp, Peter Kuppens, Eva Ceulemans","doi":"10.1037/pas0001493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyadic experience sampling method studies offer unique insights into daily life interpersonal processes, but little is known about data quantity and quality in such designs. In this preregistered analysis of existing data, we examined overall levels and methodological predictors of dyadic compliance, both partners responding to experience sampling method surveys, and report congruence, partners' alignment in responses regarding shared events. We analyzed eight studies comprising 1,153 romantic couples and 41,588 prompts. Most couples were different-gender; information on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status was not consistently available across data sets. Overall, dyadic compliance and congruence were high. Compliance was lower in studies with more surveys and shorter allowed response delays and higher later in the day. Congruence was higher as the study progressed and lower for retrospective or subjective events. These findings highlight the potential for high-quality dyadic experience sampling method data. Yet, they also underscore that different factors can affect data quantity and quality, emphasizing the importance of careful attention to study design. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of executive functions.","authors":"Mauricio A Garcia-Barrera, Julie A Suhr","doi":"10.1037/pas0001492","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessment of executive functions (EF) relies on two broadly distinct approaches: objective (i.e., performance-based neuropsychological measures) and subjective (i.e., rating-scale instruments). Debate persists regarding whether these methods capture different aspects of the same construct or fundamentally different constructs altogether. This special issue presents four empirical studies and a meta-analysis, examining the convergence and divergence of objective and subjective EF measures across the lifespan, spanning toddlers through assessment-seeking adults. Collectively, the studies confirm weak objective-subjective associations, revealing a developmental trajectory in which convergence is modest in early toddlerhood, small but detectable in preschool (although not sustained over longitudinal follow-up), and largely negligible by mid-childhood and adulthood. This pattern is attributed to progressive differentiation of EF constructs and increasing influence of contextual, rater-specific, and other variables. Notably, subjective EF ratings were more strongly associated with psychological distress than with objective task performance in adult samples, while rater type moderated association strength across development. Validity concerns were also highlighted, as self-report EF scales demonstrated vulnerability to noncredible responding. Taken together, findings support treating objective and subjective EF measures as complementary but noninterchangeable sources of clinical information. Multimethod assessment approaches, incorporation of validity measures, cautious interpretation of elevated rating-scale scores, and further examination of ecological validity issues are recommended for both clinical practice and future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"38 8","pages":"517-519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring preschoolers' executive function through performance-based measures and parent reports: A longitudinal study.","authors":"Alejandra Contreras Solorzano, Yaewon Kim, Abigail Reid Graves, Mauricio A Garcia-Barrera, Ulrich Müller","doi":"10.1037/pas0001487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Executive function (EF) refers to a set of higher order cognitive skills that undergo significant development during the preschool years and are linked to socioemotional and behavioral outcomes. EF is typically assessed through performance-based tasks (PBT) and informant ratings, such as the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P) Version. However, cross-sectional studies often find low or nonsignificant associations between these two methods. This longitudinal study examined the concurrent and longitudinal associations between PBT and BRIEF-P across three time points, each 6 months apart. Participants were 110 preschool-aged children (36-47 months; M = 40.54, SD = 3.27; 48% female; 85% White) who completed five PBT at each time point. Parents also completed the BRIEF-P and provided socioemotional and behavioral ratings at Time 3. Growth models assessed associations between measurement methods, EF changes over time, and the prediction of outcomes. Consistent with prior findings, PBT composites and BRIEF-P parent rating correlations were low (-.30 to .03 with a median r = .07). Only PBT scores improved over time (β = .075, SE = .008, p < .001), while only BRIEF-P scores predicted behavioral difficulties, lower prosocial behavior, and other executive-related outcomes. Since outcomes were also parent-reported, the link between parent-rated EF and these outcomes may reflect shared method variance. Findings underscore the importance of using multiple methods to assess EF. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"38 8","pages":"532-546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional distress or executive dysfunction? What is the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult self-report scale actually assessing in an assessment-seeking postsecondary sample?","authors":"Allyson G Harrison, Irene T Armstrong, Beth Pollock","doi":"10.1037/pas0001433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using archival Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Adult (BRIEF-A), Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), and executive functioning (EF) test data from 826 assessment-seeking postsecondary students, this study sought to assess the impact that response bias, symptom validity, and psychological factors have on self-reported executive dysfunction and the relationship between self-reported EF and objective performance. Study 1 examined whether the BRIEF-A adequately samples negative response bias (NRB) and what the effect was of undetected NRB on obtained BRIEF-A scores. Study 2 explored the relationship between PAI scales and the BRIEF-A Metacognitive Index. When controlling for NRB, Study 3 examined whether objective EF test scores or psychological complaints best predict self-reported EF problems on the BRIEF-A. Findings demonstrate that NRB, as measured by the PAI, resulted in significantly elevated scores on all of the BRIEF-A scales and indices compared with valid reporters. The BRIEF-A Metacognitive Index was most strongly correlated with and best predicted by an overall measure of general psychological distress on the PAI. When controlling for NRB, all BRIEF-A indices were unrelated to objective EF performance but significantly related to general psychological distress along with psychological symptoms reported on the PAI. Overall, in a postsecondary population, responses on the BRIEF-A appear most reflective of psychological symptoms and NRB, not performance on objective EF tests. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"38 8","pages":"571-582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does noncredible reporting moderate the relationship of executive functioning ratings to executive functioning tests, psychological symptoms, or functional impairment in adults seeking assessment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?","authors":"Julie A Suhr, Adrienne Jankowski, Taylor Lambertus, Grace J Lee","doi":"10.1037/pas0001460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies show poor agreement between executive functioning (EF) rating scales and objective EF tests. However, few studies have considered how this relationship may be impacted by noncredible reporting on symptom validity tests. This may be especially relevant in the context of assessment of adults for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where there is heavy reliance on EF rating scales, high rates of noncredible presentation, and notable external incentives (e.g., stimulant medication and academic accommodations). We examined the impact of overreporting on EF rating scales, as well as the relation of scores on EF rating scales to scores on EF tests and self-reported impairment in an archival sample of adults who presented for ADHD evaluation (N = 99). Noncredible reporters demonstrated higher EF rating scale scores than credible reporters. In the full sample, EF rating scale scores were largely unrelated to EF test scores, with no moderating effect of symptom validity test group. However, higher EF rating scale scores were related to more psychological distress, with larger effect sizes in the credible reporting group for depression scores. EF ratings were related to self-reported functional impairment, regardless of group status. While results do not suggest noncredible report is a major contributor to divergence between EF ratings and EF test scores, they do suggest that a commonly used EF rating measure is vulnerable to noncredible reporting. This raises concern about use of EF rating scales in ADHD assessments without consideration of other factors, such as noncredible report and psychological distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"38 8","pages":"562-570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergence between task performance scores, researcher observations, and parent ratings of executive functions and emotion regulation in neurodiverse toddlers at 20 months.","authors":"Francesca Anderle, Devangi Maheshwari, Ailbhe McKinney, Caitlin Croke, Naveena Luthra, Maryna Nosyk, Gaia Scerif, Alexandra Hendry","doi":"10.1037/pas0001469","DOIUrl":"10.1037/pas0001469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Executive functions (EFs) are higher order cognitive skills that enable individuals to regulate impulses, retain information, filter out distractions, and shift attention in response to changing demands. Various measures have been developed to assess these functions in toddlers across different contexts. However, convergence between these measures has not yet been established. Nor has it been verified whether these measures work in similar ways among children more-likely to experience EF difficulties, such as children at elevated likelihood for autism or ADHD, or already showing autistic traits. Here, we measure associations between performance-based scores (from a battery of five EF tasks), parent ratings of EFs using the Early Executive Functions Questionnaire Cognitive EF (EEFQ-CEF) and emotion regulation (EEFQ-Regulation) scores, and observer-report of self-regulation scores (Adapted Toddler Self-Regulation Assessment) in a neurodiverse sample of 110 toddlers aged 20 months. In addition, we investigate whether these associations are moderated by the likelihood of autism/ADHD or elevated autistic traits. Correlational analyses reveal positive moderate associations between all scores, except for performance-based EF and EEFQ-Regulation (r = .01). Moderation analyses indicate the association between EEFQ-CEF and EEFQ-Regulation is stronger for children with low levels of autistic traits than those with high levels. No other associations were significantly moderated by autistic traits. These results demonstrate that toddler EF can be captured with moderate consistency across different evaluative contexts (parent-rating, child performance, and researcher observations) and populations (neurodivergent or neurotypical), and that (parent-reported) day-to-day emotion regulation does not link with performance on structured tasks, but is associated with day-to-day cognitive EF, particularly among neurotypical toddlers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":20770,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Assessment","volume":"38 8","pages":"520-531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148631303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}