2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)最新文献

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Human Computer Interaction Based on Gestural Cues Recognition/Sign Language to Text Conversion 基于手势线索识别/手语到文本转换的人机交互
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711835
Zain Murtaza, Hadia Akmal, Wardah Afzal, H. Gelani, Z. Abdin, Muhammad Hamza Gulzar
{"title":"Human Computer Interaction Based on Gestural Cues Recognition/Sign Language to Text Conversion","authors":"Zain Murtaza, Hadia Akmal, Wardah Afzal, H. Gelani, Z. Abdin, Muhammad Hamza Gulzar","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711835","url":null,"abstract":"Human computer interaction is very wide-ranging and diverse field regarding research and design activity. This interaction between humans and computer systems can be done through various methods. Gesture recognition offers a natural and intuitive way for interaction. It is a natural and effective mean of communication and interaction for hearing-impaired people. Gestural cue is a category of non-verbal communication in which noticeable body actions transfer specific messages. This paper presents a gesture recognition system for the development of a Human Computer Interaction (HCI) using Leap Motion Sensor (LMS). LMS is a device proficient with tracking hand motions or gestures. The objective of this research is development of an HCI system that will convert sign language to text for hearing impaired people. Through hand or body gestures, the disabled can easily convey their message to the caregiver or robot. Sign language has been known for providing natural and intuitive way to interact with computers or machines and robots. We are employing three recognition techniques of Sign Language to Text Conversion (SLTC) to determine the performance of the model. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Geometric Template Matching and Cross Correlation techniques were employed for static gesture recognition and the best results were acquired from geometric template matching.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115157339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Fault Detection Using Sensors Data Trends for Autonomous Robotic Mapping 基于传感器数据的故障检测在自主机器人制图中的应用
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711846
S. Zaman, F. Ahmad, Mohammad Qasim Khan, Shabir Ali Shah, Asma Jabeen, Nouman Aftab
{"title":"Fault Detection Using Sensors Data Trends for Autonomous Robotic Mapping","authors":"S. Zaman, F. Ahmad, Mohammad Qasim Khan, Shabir Ali Shah, Asma Jabeen, Nouman Aftab","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711846","url":null,"abstract":"Map building of an environment is the foremost need for precise automatic robotic navigation. Moreover, fault detection and recovery are importantly required for every fully automatic system. The presented work describes influence of qualitative trends of the data streams coming from IMU sensor, Odometry senso, and Mapping in order to detect faulty creation of the map of an environment at runtime. It detects qualitative trends (inc, dec, con) within sensors data using a special software entity called Binary Qualitative Observer (BiQObs). BiQObs takes two data streams from robot sensors, extracts their qualitative trends, and finally compares these trends to find out whether they match or not. The work comprises of basically three main activity phases: Observe, Detect Fault and Repair Fault. First phase Observe uses BiQObs for generating and observing trends in sensors data specifically YAW measurement of the robotic pose from three different sources namely IMU, odometry, and pose from mapping. Besides BiQObs, two more observers namely Node Observer (NObs) and General observer (GObs) are also used for monitoring system nodes and their topics. Second phase Detect Fault uses Diagnosis Model Server and Diagnosis Engine to detect the root cause of the fault caused by mismatch between qualitative trends. Last phase Repair Fault uses Diagnosis Repair Engine and action servers for repairing the diagnosed fault. Finally experimental results are evaluated using the scenario of mapping of an unknown environment with Pioneer-3DX robot equipped with SICK laser and IMU sensors. Evaluation process successfully detects fault like incorrect odometry due to slippage of wheels, and brings the case in normal situation in a remarkable time of 13.54 seconds.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115779434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
EADSA: Energy-Aware Distributed Sink Algorithm for Hotspot Problem in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks 无线传感器与Actor网络中热点问题的能量感知分布式汇聚算法
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711858
U. Draz, Tariq Ali, S. Yasin, Umair Waqas, Usman Rafiq
{"title":"EADSA: Energy-Aware Distributed Sink Algorithm for Hotspot Problem in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks","authors":"U. Draz, Tariq Ali, S. Yasin, Umair Waqas, Usman Rafiq","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711858","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of hotspot occurs when the sink neighboring nodes drain more energy and become dead early. For a time being the whole network is isolated due to dying nodes and the overall lifetime of the network is decreased. Thus, the big challenge in WSANs systems is to prolong the lifetime of the network by solving the Hotspot problem. The lifetime of the network is directly based on the energy consumption of the network. Several challenges are associated with this problem like delays in the network, data packets losses, decrement of lifetime and throughput of the network. Therefore, its need to investigate the issue of Hotspot problem with the help of some energy aware technique. In this paper, the Energy-Aware Distributed Sink Algorithm is introduced to rescue the Hotspot issue in Wireless Sensors and Actors Network (WSANs). The proposed algorithm is formally analyzed with the help of Formal Methods based specification language. For the verification and validation of the proposed algorithm, the Vienna development Method Specification-Language Tool Box (VDM-SL) is used. Both the dynamic and static models are developed to ensure the correctness of the algorithm with some pre/post conditions, invariants, and attributes.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115480566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Performance Analysis of Supervised Classifiers Using PCA Based Techniques on Breast Cancer 基于PCA的监督分类器在乳腺癌诊断中的性能分析
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711868
Zohaib Mushtaq, Akbari Yaqub, Ali Hassan, S. Su
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Supervised Classifiers Using PCA Based Techniques on Breast Cancer","authors":"Zohaib Mushtaq, Akbari Yaqub, Ali Hassan, S. Su","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711868","url":null,"abstract":"Focus of this paper is to recognize tumorous (malignant) and non-tumorous (benign) from the dataset. Wisconsin breast cancer data (WBCD) has been used and taken from UCI machine learning repository. Most popular supervised learning classifiers with PCA based dimensionality rebate techniques applied. Support Vector Machine, K Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes and Logistic Regression used with Linear, Sigmoid, Cosine, Poly and Radial basis function based PCA's. Numerous performance metrics tested after getting confusion matrix. Among them accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, false positive rate, false omission rate, precision, prevalence, f1-score, negative predicted value, false negative rate, false discovery rate and markedness. Our best performing models then relatively compared with other existing models. Sigmoid based Naïve Bayes exhibits best accuracy of 99.20%.K Nearest Neighbor also illustrate superb performance with all kernel PCA based techniques. Accuracy ranges from 96.4% to 97.8%","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127898624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Sliding Mode-Based Model Predictive Torque Control of Induction Machine 基于滑模的感应电机模型预测转矩控制
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711870
I. Sami, B. Khan, Rafiq Asghar, C. A. Mehmood, S. M. Ali, Z. Ullah, A. Basit
{"title":"Sliding Mode-Based Model Predictive Torque Control of Induction Machine","authors":"I. Sami, B. Khan, Rafiq Asghar, C. A. Mehmood, S. M. Ali, Z. Ullah, A. Basit","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711870","url":null,"abstract":"Model predictive torque control (MPTC) is a widely used control scheme for induction motor drives due to its quick dynamic response, intuitive nature, and flexibility to integrate constraints. Conventional PI-based MPTC is used to minimize the torque ripples but unable to address the robust and accurate tracking of speed. In this paper, SMC based MPTC scheme is proposed that combines the properties of SMC and Model Predictive Control (MPC) providing a robust and flexible system that improves the tracking performance and torque ripple minimization.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127365744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Design of a Self-Sustained Farming System (SFS) for Pakistan 巴基斯坦自给农业系统(SFS)设计
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711852
M. Jawad, N. Saleem, S. A. Ahmed, M. B. Qureshi, S. M. Ali, Z. Ullah, B. Khan, C. A. Mehmood, Rafiq Asghar, U. Fayyaz
{"title":"Design of a Self-Sustained Farming System (SFS) for Pakistan","authors":"M. Jawad, N. Saleem, S. A. Ahmed, M. B. Qureshi, S. M. Ali, Z. Ullah, B. Khan, C. A. Mehmood, Rafiq Asghar, U. Fayyaz","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711852","url":null,"abstract":"Growing population of the world demands rapid, efficient, and safe production of the food items. The revolution in robotics and automation also introduces the concept of robotic farming that has the benefits to grow and inspect the food items more effectively. The need of the time is to introduce robustness and automation in the agriculture industry of Pakistan. Therefore, a Self-Sustained Farming System (SFS) is designed that has the capability to flourish a small agricultural area without any intervention of the farmer. The SFS is also effective in such terrains where conventional farming is difficult. The design of the SFS makes it capable to perform multiple tasks, such as weeding, seed injection, and soil moisture measurement. Moreover, the SFS changes the daily watering pattern for different plants with respect to the weather conditions of the area. Furthermore, the cloud interface of the SFS provides the feature of continuous updated remote assessment of the SFS system parameters. The SFS has another advantage to work both in grid-connected and off-grid (solar powered) mode. A detailed cost analysis of real-time data of SFS is conducted with respect to the saving of water and energy resources. The scope of the SFS is not limited to small kitchen gardens, the SFS is scalable to big garden and vegetation farms.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"886 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134097082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Design of a Multi-Input Single-Output DC-DC Boost Converter for Micro Grid Application 微电网多输入单输出DC-DC升压变换器的设计
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711823
Muhammad Yasir Ali Khan, Laraib Saeed, S. Khan, J. Saleem
{"title":"Design of a Multi-Input Single-Output DC-DC Boost Converter for Micro Grid Application","authors":"Muhammad Yasir Ali Khan, Laraib Saeed, S. Khan, J. Saleem","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711823","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) non-isolated DC-DC boost converter. The converter integrates various sources to a single DC bus making it applicable for inverter interfacing. The load power can be apportioned amongst the input sources. A single inductor is used in this topology that makes it light weight and less expensive. Depending on the charging and discharging state of storage component, two different modes of operation are explained in this paper. The theoretical concept and operation of the proposed converter are justified through simulation results.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"408 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132088690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Implications of Blockchain in Industry 4.O 区块链对工业的影响O
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711819
Anum Mushtaq, I. Haq
{"title":"Implications of Blockchain in Industry 4.O","authors":"Anum Mushtaq, I. Haq","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711819","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid advancements in Information Technology and industrialization methods have expedited the advent of 4th Industrial revolution also known as integrated industry industrial internet or smart manufacturing. The notion of Industry 4.0 promises unprecedented progress in next generation of manufacturing technology by fundamentally changing the ways of production and value creation with the help of digital transformation in product/service offerings and hori-zontaVvertical value chains. Industry4.0 is underpinned by a spectrum of emerging technologies such as internet of things, cloud computing, machine learning, adaptive robotics, cyber physical systems, artificial intelligence, Industrial Integration, and Service Oriented Computing. Distributed ledger technology also known as blockchain can not only affect Industry4.0 but also has its direct implications in the above mentiond set of technologies. Lack of powerful tools for visibility, accountability and auditing is a major obstacle in complex processes and supply chains of Industry 4.0. In particular, issues of cloning of products, counterfeiting, trickier maintenance and IP theft are crucial teething issues for realizing Industry 4.0, which poses unique challenges. This paper is an effort to break the ground for demonstrating and presenting the use of Blockchain technology in 4th industrial era.In this paper we explore some concepts of industry 4.0 using blockchain technology and see how blockchain enablement is beneficial for industry 4.0. we explore different areas where we can use blockchain technlogy to foster the development in Industry4.0.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122054571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Energy Efficiency: Digital Signal Processing Interactions Within Smart Grid 能源效率:智能电网中的数字信号处理交互
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711862
N. Ullah, S. M. Ali, B. Khan, C. A. Mehmood, S. Anwar, M. Majid, U. Farid, M. Nawaz, Z. Ullah
{"title":"Energy Efficiency: Digital Signal Processing Interactions Within Smart Grid","authors":"N. Ullah, S. M. Ali, B. Khan, C. A. Mehmood, S. Anwar, M. Majid, U. Farid, M. Nawaz, Z. Ullah","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711862","url":null,"abstract":"Smart Grid (SG) is regarded as complex electrical power system due to massive penetration of Renewable Energy Resources and Distribution Generations. The implementation of adjustable speed drives, advance power electronic devices, and electric arc furnaces are incorporated in SG (the transition from conventional power system). Moreover, SG is an advance, automated, controlled, efficient, digital, and intelligent system that ensures pertinent benefits, such as: (a) consumer empowerment, (b) advanced communication infrastructure, (c) user-friendly system, and (d) supports bi-directional power flow. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is key tool for SG deployment and provides key solutions to a vast array of complex SG challenges. This research provides a comprehensive study on DSP interactions within SG. The prominent challenges posed by conventional grid, such as: (a) monitoring and control, (b) Electric Vehicles infrastructure, (c) cyber data injection attack, (d) Demand Response management and (e) cyber data injection attack are thoroughly investigated in this research.","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"86 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131750229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Efficient Multilevel Inverter for Distributed Generation System 分布式发电系统的高效多电平逆变器
2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET) Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711820
M. Kamran, Maaz Ahmad, Syed Muhammad Rafay Navaid, Zoha Kamran
{"title":"Efficient Multilevel Inverter for Distributed Generation System","authors":"M. Kamran, Maaz Ahmad, Syed Muhammad Rafay Navaid, Zoha Kamran","doi":"10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEET1.2019.8711820","url":null,"abstract":"Inverters have become inevitable part of power system with many useful applications. The proposed multilevel inverter in this research is a specialized equipment deployed in Distributed Generation (DG) integrated with National Grid. Distributed generation requires inverters for energy flow between DC source and grid. Keeping in view the importance of inverters an effective inverter with multi stages has been proposed which will not only perform its energy flow duty from DC source to load but also reduce the signal pollution in terms of harmonics. This paper further highlights the application of inverters in various generation sources such as fuel and Photovoltaic (PV) cells. Main focus of this research is on improving the efficiency and quality of output voltage waveform which may contain severe harmonics from DG sources. Multilevel inverter is one of the most modern emerged and popular type of invention utilized in alternative high power applications. Selective harmonic elimination stepped waveform (SHESW) method is utilized to snub prominent lower order harmonics from resulting waveform. This research particularly compares various multilevel inverters and highlights the suitability of three phase eleven-level inverter for proposed DG system. Results show successful operation and effective mitigation of harmonics reported from DG system for the improvement of power quality. Moreover, results highlight the feasibility of the fundamental frequency switching application in three-phase eleven level Cascaded Multi Level Inverter (CMLI).","PeriodicalId":207523,"journal":{"name":"2019 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125709471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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