Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Erratum to \"Development of liquid crystal displays and related improvements to their performances\".","authors":"Shunsuke Kobayashi, Tomohiro Miyama, Hidenari Akiyama, Atsushi Ikemura, Michio Kitamura","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.99.007","url":null,"abstract":"For “From 1990 to 2000, he served as President of The Japanese Liquid Crystal Society, and from 1992 to 1994, he was the vice president of The Society for Information Display (SID).” Read “From 1999 to 2000, he served as President of The Japanese Liquid Crystal Society, and from 1992 to 1994, he was the vice president of The Society for Information Display (SID).” Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 99 (2023) [Vol. 99, 102","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 3","pages":"102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/10/pjab-99-102.PMC10170062.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9504057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cohesin organization, dynamics, and subdomain functions revealed by genetic suppressor screening.","authors":"Xingya Xu, Mitsuhiro Yanagida","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.005","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cohesin is a heteropentameric protein complex that contributes to various aspects of chromosome structure and function, such as sister chromatid cohesion, genome compaction, and DNA damage response. Previous studies have provided abundant information on architecture and regional structures of the cohesin complex, but the configuration and structural dynamics of the whole cohesin complex are still largely unknown, partly due to flexibility of its coiled coils. We studied cohesin organization and dynamics using in vivo functional mutation compensation. Specifically, we developed and applied genetic suppressor screening methods to identify second mutations in cohesin complex genes that rescue lethality caused by various site-specific abnormalities in the cohesin complex. Functional analysis of these missense suppressor mutations revealed novel features of cohesin. Here, we summarize recent genetic suppressor screening results and insights into: 1) cohesin's structural organization when holding chromosomal DNAs; 2) interaction between cohesin head-kleisin and hinge; 3) ATP-driven cohesin conformational changes for genome packaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 3","pages":"61-74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/88/pjab-99-061.PMC10170060.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9504059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin preparations attenuate lysolecithin-induced peripheral demyelination in mice and comprise anti-large myelin protein zero antibody.","authors":"Yuki Setoguchi,&nbsp;Akiko Hayashi,&nbsp;Ayami Kawada,&nbsp;Ayako Ibusuki,&nbsp;Daigo Yanaoka,&nbsp;Ryota Saito,&nbsp;Tomoko Ishibashi,&nbsp;Hiroaki Takimoto,&nbsp;Yoshihide Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Hirokazu Ohtaki,&nbsp;Hiroko Baba","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.99.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used to treat inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multifocal motor neuropathy. Despite studies demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of IVIg, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain to be elucidated in detail. Herein, we examined the effects of IVIg on lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the sciatic nerve in a mouse model. Mice -administered with IVIg 1 and 3 days post-injection (dpi) of lysolecithin -exhibited a significantly decreased demyelination area at 7 dpi. Immunoblotting analysis using two different preparations revealed that IVIg reacted with a 36-kDa membrane glycoprotein in the sciatic nerve. Subsequent analyses of peptide absorption identified the protein as a myelin protein in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) known as large myelin protein zero (L-MPZ). Moreover, injected IVIg penetrated the demyelinating lesion, leading to deposition on L-MPZ in the myelin debris. These results indicate that IVIg may modulate PNS demyelination, possibly by binding to L-MPZ on myelin debris.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 2","pages":"48-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/1e/pjab-99-048.PMC10020422.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9134102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new era of isotope ecology: Nitrogen isotope ratio of amino acids as an approach for unraveling modern and ancient food web.","authors":"Naohiko Ohkouchi","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.009","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food web research is rapidly expanding through study of natural fractional abundance of ¹⁵N in individual amino acids. This paper overviews the principles of this isotope approach, and from my perspective, reanalyzes applications, and further extends the discussion. It applies kinetic isotope effects that enriches ¹⁵N in certain amino acids associated with the metabolic processes, which was clearly demonstrated by observations of both natural ecosystem and laboratory experiments. In trophic processes 'trophic amino acids' such as glutamic acid that significantly enrich ¹⁵N, whereas 'source amino acids' such as phenylalanine and methionine show little ¹⁵N enrichment. Through various applications conducted over the years, the principles of the method have shown to operate well and disentangle complex food webs and relevant problems. Applications include food chain length estimate, nitrogen resource assessment, tracking fish migration, and reconstruction of paleodiet. With this approach, considerations of a wide range of classical issues have been reinvigorated, while in the same time, new challenging frontiers are emerging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 5","pages":"131-154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/38/pjab-99-131.PMC10225296.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9544908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the mysteries of dendritic spine dynamics: Five key principles shaping memory and cognition.","authors":"Haruo Kasai","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.018","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research extends our understanding of brain processes beyond just action potentials and chemical transmissions within neural circuits, emphasizing the mechanical forces generated by excitatory synapses on dendritic spines to modulate presynaptic function. From in vivo and in vitro studies, we outline five central principles of synaptic mechanics in brain function: P1: Stability - Underpinning the integral relationship between the structure and function of the spine synapses. P2: Extrinsic dynamics - Highlighting synapse-selective structural plasticity which plays a crucial role in Hebbian associative learning, distinct from pathway-selective long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). P3: Neuromodulation - Analyzing the role of G-protein-coupled receptors, particularly dopamine receptors, in time-sensitive modulation of associative learning frameworks such as Pavlovian classical conditioning and Thorndike's reinforcement learning (RL). P4: Instability - Addressing the intrinsic dynamics crucial to memory management during continual learning, spotlighting their role in \"spine dysgenesis\" associated with mental disorders. P5: Mechanics - Exploring how synaptic mechanics influence both sides of synapses to establish structural traces of short- and long-term memory, thereby aiding the integration of mental functions. We also delve into the historical background and foresee impending challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 8","pages":"254-305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41210690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developments of inverse analysis by Kalman filters and Bayesian methods applied to geotechnical engineering.","authors":"Akira Murakami, Kazunori Fujisawa, Takayuki Shuku","doi":"10.2183/pjab.99.023","DOIUrl":"10.2183/pjab.99.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present paper reviews recent activities on inverse analysis strategies in geotechnical engineering using Kalman filters, nonlinear Kalman filters, and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)/Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) methods. Nonlinear Kalman filters with finite element method (FEM) broaden the choices of unknowns to be determined for not only parameters but also initial and/or boundary conditions, and the use of the posterior probability of the state variables can be widely applied to, for example, the decision making for design changes. The relevance of the unknowns and the observed values and the selection of the best sensor locations are some of the considerations made while using the Kalman filter FEM. This paper demonstrates several real-world geotechnical applications of the nonlinear Kalman filter and the MCMC with FEM. Future studies should focus on the following areas: attaining excellent performance for long-term forecasts using short-term observation and developing a viable method for selecting equations that describe physical phenomena and constitutive models.</p>","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"99 9","pages":"352-388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10749391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89719331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the origin and evolution of the asteroid Ryugu: A comprehensive geochemical perspective","authors":"Eizo Nakamura, K. Kobayashi, R. Tanaka, T. Kunihiro, Hiroshi Kitagawa, C. Potiszil, T. Ota, C. Sakaguchi, M. Yamanaka, Dilan M. Ratnayake, Havishk Tripathi, R. Kumar, Maya-Liliana Avramescu, Hidehisa Tsuchida, Yusuke Yachi, H. Miura, M. Abe, R. Fukai, S. Furuya, K. Hatakeda, T. Hayashi, Y. Hitomi, K. Kumagai, Akiko Miyazaki, A. Nakato, M. Nishimura, T. Okada, H. Soejima, S. Sugita, A. Suzuki, T. Usui, T. Yada, D. Yamamoto, K. Yogata, M. Yoshitake, M. Arakawa, A. Fujii, M. Hayakawa, N. Hirata, N. Hirata, R. Honda, C. Honda, S. Hosoda, Y. Iijima, H. Ikeda, M. Ishiguro, Y. Ishihara, T. Iwata, K. Kawahara, S. Kikuchi, K. Kitazato, K. Matsumoto, M. Matsuoka, T. Michikami, Y. Mimasu, Akira Miura, T. Morota, S. Nakazawa, N. Namiki, H. Noda, R. Noguchi, N. Ogawa, K. Ogawa, C. Okamoto, G. Ono, M. Ozaki, T. Saiki, N. Sakatani, H. Sawada, H. Senshu, Y. Shimaki, K. Shirai, Y. Takei, H. Takeuchi, Satoshi Tanaka, E. Tatsumi, F. Terui, R. Tsukizaki, K. Wada, M. Yamada, T. Yamada, Yukio Yamamoto, H. Yano, Y. Yokota, Keis","doi":"10.2183/pjab.98.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.98.015","url":null,"abstract":"Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of 16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. On average Ryugu particles consist of 50% phyllosilicate matrix, 41% porosity and 9% minor phases, including organic matter. The abundances of 70 elements from the particles are in close agreement with those of CI chondrites. Bulk Ryugu particles show higher δ18O, Δ17O, and ε54Cr values than CI chondrites. As such, Ryugu sampled the most primitive and least-thermally processed protosolar nebula reservoirs. Such a finding is consistent with multi-scale H-C-N isotopic compositions that are compatible with an origin for Ryugu organic matter within both the protosolar nebula and the interstellar medium. The analytical data obtained here, suggests that complex soluble organic matter formed during aqueous alteration on the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal (several 10’s of km), <2.6 Myr after CAI formation. Subsequently, the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal was fragmented and evolved into the current asteroid Ryugu through sublimation.","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":"227 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copolymerization of ethylene with non-vinyl polar monomers","authors":"K. Nozaki","doi":"10.2183/pjab.98.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.98.014","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction of functional groups on polyethylene endows it with a higher surface property and thus various catalysts have been developed for the copolymerization of ethylene with polar vinyl monomers. Aside from vinyl monomers, however, other classes of polar monomers have not found application in the copolymerization with ethylene. Here, in this short review article, our latest studies on catalyst development aiming at the use of non-vinyl polar monomers and the properties of the resulting copolymers are summarized.","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":"222 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45787685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfonium-aided coupling of aromatic rings via sigmatropic rearrangement","authors":"H. Yorimitsu, G. Perry","doi":"10.2183/pjab.98.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.98.012","url":null,"abstract":"Biaryl synthesis continues to occupy a central role in chemical synthesis. From blockbuster drug molecules to organic electronics, biaryls present numerous possibilities and new applications continue to emerge. Transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions represent the gold standard for biaryl synthesis and the mechanistic steps, such as reductive elimination, are well established. Developing routes that exploit alternative mechanistic scenarios could give unprecedented biaryl structures and expand the portfolio of biaryl applications. We have developed metal-free C–H/C–H couplings of aryl sulfoxides with phenols to afford 2-hydroxy-2′-sulfanylbiaryls. This cascade strategy consists of an interrupted Pummerer reaction and [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement. Our method enables the synthesis of intriguing aromatic molecules, including oligoarenes, enantioenriched dihetero[8]helicenes, and polyfluorobiaryls. From our successes in aryl sulfoxide/phenol couplings and a deeper understanding of sigmatropic rearrangements for biaryl synthesis, we have established related methods, such as aryl sulfoxide/aniline and aryl iodane/phenol couplings. Overall, our fundamental interests in underexplored reaction mechanisms have led to various methods for accessing important biaryl architectures.","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":"190 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49095010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-voltage SiC power devices for improved energy efficiency","authors":"T. Kimoto","doi":"10.2183/pjab.98.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.98.011","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices significantly outperform the well-established silicon (Si) devices in terms of high breakdown voltage, low power loss, and fast switching. This review briefly introduces the major features of SiC power devices and then presents research works on breakdown phenomena in SiC pn junctions and related discussion which takes into account the energy band structure. Next, recent progress in SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors, which are the most important unipolar devices, is described with an emphasis on the improvement of channel mobility at the SiO2/SiC interface. The development of SiC bipolar devices such as pin diodes and insulated gate bipolar transistors, which are promising for ultrahigh-voltage (>10 kV) applications, are introduced and the effect of carrier lifetime enhancement is demonstrated. The current status of mass production and how SiC power devices can contribute to energy saving are also described.","PeriodicalId":20707,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":"161 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44109039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}