Proceedings of the Royal Society of London最新文献

{"title":"VI. On the modification of the excitability of motor nerves produced by injury","authors":"G. Romanes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1876.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1876.0005","url":null,"abstract":"§ 1. If the gastrocnemius of a frog be placed in a horizontal direction on non-polarizable electrodes with its convex surface uppermost, one may generally observe that the muscle is somewhat more sensitive to minimal stimulation, supplied by closure of the constant current, when the femoral end rests on the kathode, than when this end rests on the anode. Conversely, under similar circumstances the gastrocnemius is more sensitive to minimal stimulation, supplied by opening of the constant current, when the femoral end rests on the anode, than when this end rests on the kathode. In view of the other facts of electrotonus, the present ones are of interest; because, as the sciatic nerve enters the gastrocnemius near the femoral end of the latter, and then spreads out its peripheral ramifications as it advances, in the experiments just mentioned one electrode is in almost immediate contact with the nerve-trunk where it enters the muscle, while the other electrode supports the part of the muscle that contains only peripheral nervous elements. It is therefore to be expected, upon the theory of electrotonus, that the muscle under these conditions should prove itself most sensitive to the closing shock when the nerve-trunk rests on the kathode, and most sensitive to the opening shock when the nerve-trunk rests on the anode. It is to be observed, however, that although this expectation is in most cases fulfilled, it is not so invariably. Different gastrocnemius muscles, though treated as far as possible in exactly the same way, manifest considerable differences, both in their general sensitiveness to electrical stimulation, and in their relative sensitiveness to interruptions of the ascending and of the descending currents. Even the same muscle, if rapidly prepared, will generally be found to undergo fluctuations in these respects from minute to minute. Attributing this fact to the unnatural conditions which the experiment imposed on the process of nutrition, I conducted some observations on muscles while they were still attached to the body of the frog; but the results yielded by this method were not more uniform than those which I had previously obtained by the method of rapidly preparing and observing excised muscles.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1876.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62229557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II. Description of an apparatus employed at the Kew Observatory, Richmond, for the examination of the dark glasses and mirrors of sextants","authors":"G. M. Whipple","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1883.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1883.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In the \"Proc. Roy. Soc.,\" vol. 16, p, 2, Professor Balfour Stewart described an apparatus designed and constructed by Mr. T. Cooke for the determination of the errors of graduation of sextants. This instrument has from that date been constantly in use at the Kew Observatory, and since the introduction of certain unimportant improvements, has been found to work very well. No provision was made, however, for its employment in the determination of the errors of the dark shades used to screen the observer’s eyes when the sextant is directed to the sun or moon, and it has been found that errors may exist in the shape of want of parallelism in these glasses, sufficiently large to seriously affect an observation, accurate in other respects.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1883.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62274715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VI. A determination of “v,” the ratio of the electromagnetic unit of electricity to the electrostatic unit","authors":"J. Thomson, G. Searle","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1889.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1889.0101","url":null,"abstract":"The experiments made by one of us in 1883 having given a value of \" v \" considerably smaller than the one found by several recent researches, it was thought desirable to repeat those experiments. The method used in 1883 was to find the electrostatic and electromagnetic measures of the capacity of a condenser; the electrostatic measure being calculated from the dimensions of the condenser, the electromagnetic measure determined by finding the resistance which would produce the same effect as that produced by the repeated charging of the condenser placed in one arm of a Wheat-stone’s Bridge. In the experiments of 1883 the condenser used in determining the electromagnetic measure of the capacity was not the same as the one for which the electrostatic measure had been calculated, but an auxiliary one, without a guard ring, the equality of the capacity of this condenser and that of the guard ring condenser being tested by the method given in Maxwell’s ‘Electricity and Magnetism,’ vol. 1, p. 324. In repeating the experiment we adopted at first the method used before, using, however, a key of different design for testing the equality of the capacity of the two condensers by Maxwell’s method. We got very consistent results, practically identical with the previous ones. We may mention here, since it has been suggested that the capacity of the leads might account for the small values of \" v \" obtained, that this capacity is allowed for by the way the comparison between the capacities of the auxiliary and guard ring condensers is made, for the same leads are used both in this comparison and in the determination of the electromagnetic measure of the capacity of the auxiliary condenser; the capacity of the auxiliary condenser, plus that of its leads, is made equal to the capacity of the guard ring condenser, and it is the capacity of the auxiliary condenser, plus its leads, which is determined in electromagnetic measure. As the introduction of the auxiliary condenser introduced increased possi­bilities of error, we endeavoured to determine directly the electromagnetic measure of the capacity of the guard ring condenser, by using a complicated commutator which worked both the guard ring and the condenser. At first we tried one where the contacts were made by platinum styles attached to a tuning fork, but as the results were not so regular as we desired, we replaced the tuning fork commutator by a rotating one driven by a water motor. A stroboscopic arrangement was fixed to this commu­tator so that its speed might be kept regular and measured. With this arrangement, which worked perfectly, we got values for the electromagnetic measure of the capacity of the condenser distinctly less than those obtained by the old method. We then endeavoured to find out the cause of this difference, and after a good deal of trouble discovered that in the experiments by which the equality of the capacities of the guard ring and auxiliary condensers was tested by Maxwell’s method,","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1889.0101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62324857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the calculus of symbols.—Fourth memoir. With applications to the theory of non-linear differential equations","authors":"W. H. Russell","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1863.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1863.0087","url":null,"abstract":"In the preceding memoirs on the Calculus of Symbols, systems have een constructed for the multiplication and division of non-commutative pmbols subject to certain laws of combination ; and these systems suffice ,r linear differential equations. But when we enter upon the consideration f non-linear equations, we see at once that these methods do not apply, t becomes necessary to invent some fresh mode of calculation, and a new iotation, in order to bring non-linear functions into a condition which dmits of treatment by symbolical algebra. This is the object of the f l ­ owing memoir. Professor Boole has given, in his Treatise on Diffeiential equations,’ a method due to M. Sarrus, by which we ascertain whether a jiven non-linear function is a complete differential. This method, as will )e seen by anyone who will refer to Professor Boole s treatise, is equivalent :o finding the conditions that a non-linear function may be externally livisible by the symbol of differentiation. In the following paper I have riven a notation by which I obtain the actual expressions for these con­ ditions, and for the symbolical remainders arising in the course of the livision, and have extended my investigations to ascertaining the results )f the symbolical division of non-linear functions by linear functions of the symbol of differentiation. Let F (x, y, y lt y2, y3 , . . . y„) be any non-linear function, in which % y2, y3, . . . . y„ denote respectively the first, second, third, . . . . wth differential of y with respect to (x). Let Ur denote f d y r, i. e. the integral of a function involving x, y, y„ y2. . . . with reference to yr alone. Let V,. in like manner denote — when the differentiation is supposed dyr effected with reference to yr alone, so that Vr Ur F = F . The next definition is the most important, as it is that on which all our subsequent calculations will depend. We may suppose F differentiated (m) times with reference to y„, yn_i, or yn_2, &c., and yn, y»_i, or yn2> &c., as the case may be, afterward equated to zero. We shall denote this entire process by Z(“}, Z&& &c. The following definition is also of importance: we shall denote the ex­ pression d . d . . , T*+ y ' dy+ »’ d f + y° W ,+ ' + dyr","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1863.0087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62165987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I. On the thermal resistance of liquids","authors":"F. Guthrie","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1868.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1868.0034","url":null,"abstract":"to the plane of reflection, when the suspended particles became finer, and therefore the beam more nearly continuous.” Through the courtesy of its owner, I have been permitted to see and to experiment with the piece of plate glass above referred to. Placed in front of the electric lamp, whether edgeways or transversely, it discharges bluish polarized light laterally, the colour being by no means a bad imita­ tion of the blue of the sky. Prof. Stokes considers that this deportment may be invoked to decide the question of the direction of the vibrations of polarized light. On this point I would say, if it can be demonstrated that when the particles are small in comparison to the length of a wave of light, the vibrations of a ray reflected by such particles cannot be perpendicular to the vibra­ tions of the incident ligh t; then assuredly the experiments recorded in the foregoing communication decide the question in favour of Fresnel’s assumption. As stated above, almost all liquids have motes in them sufficiently nu­ merous to polarize sensibly the light, and very beautiful effects may be obtained by simple artificial devices. When, for example, a cell of dis­ tilled water is placed in front of the electric lamp, and a slice of the beam permitted to pass through it, scarcely any polarized light is dis­ charged, and scarcely any colour produced with a plate of selenite. But while the beam is passing through it, if a bit of soap be agitated in the water above the beam, the moment the infinitesimal particles reach the beam the liquid sends forth laterally almost perfectly polarized light; and if the selenite be employed, vivid colours flash into existence. A still more brilliant result is obtained with mastic dissolved in a great excess-of alcohol. The selenite rings constitute an extremely delicate test as to the quantity of motes in a liquid. Commencing with distilled water, for example, a thickish beam of light is necessary to make the polarization of its motes sensible. A much thinner beam suffices for common water; while with Briicke’s precipitated mastic, a beam too thin to produce any sensible effect with most other liquids, suffices to bring out vividly the selenite colours.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1868.0034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62188108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anniversary Meeting. November 30, 1854","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1854.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1854.0063","url":null,"abstract":"Mr. Paget, on the part of the Auditors of the Treasurer s Ac • counts, announced that the total receipts during the past year, including a balance of £1006 17s. Id. carried from the account of the preceding year, amounted to £4252 12s. 0d., and that the total expenditure, including an investment of £800 in the hunds, was £3208 12s. 3d., leaving a balance in the hands of the Treasurer ot £1043 19s. 9 d. The thanks of the Society were voted to the Treasurer and Auditors.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1854.0063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62115117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anniversary Meeting. November 30, 1857","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1857.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1857.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Mr. Gassiot reported, on the part of the Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts, that the total receipts during the past year, including proceeds of the sale of j61500 Consols and a balance of ^47 9s. due to the Society’s Banker, amount to ^4841 18s. 4c?.; and that the total expenditure during the same period amounts to ^4814 12s. 8c?., leaving a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of 2/ os. 8 The thanks of the Society were voted to the Treasurer and Auditors. The President announced that Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., had been re-elected by the Council a Trustee of the Soane Museum.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1857.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62126262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IV. On Chondrosteus,an extinct genus of fish allied to the sturionidæ","authors":"P. D. M. Grey Egerton","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1857.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1857.0055","url":null,"abstract":"Before the conclusion of his great work on Fossil Fishes, Pro­ fessor Agassiz recognized in some fragmentary remains found in the lias strata at Lyme Regis, unmistakeable evidence of the existence, at that period of the earth’s deposition, of a representative of the still extant family of the Sturgeons. To this extinct fish he assigned the name Chondrosteus. The author of the present memoir has been enabled, by the examination of numerous specimens more re­ cently acquired, to describe in some detail the external features of the fish, and the structural peculiarities of those portions of the exoand endo-skeleton which have been preserved. In the former respect the fossil differs from the recent sturgeon in having a shorter and deeper trunk, in the greater vertical expanse and wider diver­ gence of the lobes of the caudal fin, in the median position of the dorsal fin, and in the absence of dermal plates on the back, belly, and flanks. Before describing the cranial anatomy, the author points out certain homologies between the head-plates of the recent sturgeon and the epicranial bones of the teleostean fishes, more especially with reference to the parietals, mastoids and frontals ; and explains that these conclusions have resulted from the examination of the inner table of skull, where the relative position and propor­ tions of the component plates are constant, however much the outer or dermal layer may vary. The remainder of the memoir is devoted to detailed descriptions of such parts as are preserved in the several specimens; and the author concludes by stating as the result of his investigations, that Professor Agassiz was right in referring the liasic fish to the Sturionidse; that in some respects it evidenced a transitional form between the latter family and the more typical ganoids; that its food was similar to that of the existing members of the family, but that it was procured in a tranquil sea, rather than in the tumultuous waters frequented by sturgeons of the present time.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1857.0055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62130951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papers of the Society, November 21, 1861","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1860.0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1860.0095","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign Secretary.—William Hallows Miller, Esq., M.A. Other Members of the Council.'—John Couch Adams, Esq., M.A., D.C.L.; Sir William George Armstrong, C .B .; Benjamin Guy Babington, M.D. ; Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart., D .C.L.; George Bowdler Buckton, E sq.; William Benjamin Carpenter, M .D .; Sir Philip de Malpas G. Egerton, Bart. ; William Fairbairn, LL .D .; Captain Douglas Galton, R .E .; William Robert Grove, Esq., M.A., Q.C.; William Hopkins, Esq., M.A., LL.D. ; John Lubbock, Esq.; James Paget, Esq.; Joseph Prestwich, Esq.; William Spottiswoode, Esq., M .A .; John Tyndall, Esq. Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Mr. Gassiot, Mr. Lubbock, Dr. W. A. Miller and Dr. John Webster, having been nominated by the President, were elected by ballot Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts on the part of the Society.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1860.0095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62149131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"III. On the action of ozone on nuclei","authors":"C. Tomlinson","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1878.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1878.0049","url":null,"abstract":"After the reading of my paper on the 21st ultimo, Professor Stokes was so good as to suggest that some of my experiments should be repeated with ozone, prepared by the action of a coil, instead of that of phosphorus. Professor Guthrie was so kind as to furnish me with a couple of bottles of ozone, prepared by sending oxygen slowly through Wills’s generator in connexion with an induction coil.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1878.0049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62240357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}