Proceedings of the Royal Society of London最新文献

{"title":"Anniversary Meeting. November 30, 1857","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1857.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1857.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Mr. Gassiot reported, on the part of the Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts, that the total receipts during the past year, including proceeds of the sale of j61500 Consols and a balance of ^47 9s. due to the Society’s Banker, amount to ^4841 18s. 4c?.; and that the total expenditure during the same period amounts to ^4814 12s. 8c?., leaving a balance in the hands of the Treasurer of 2/ os. 8 The thanks of the Society were voted to the Treasurer and Auditors. The President announced that Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., had been re-elected by the Council a Trustee of the Soane Museum.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"23 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1857.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62126262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the calculus of symbols.—Fourth memoir. With applications to the theory of non-linear differential equations","authors":"W. H. Russell","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1863.0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1863.0087","url":null,"abstract":"In the preceding memoirs on the Calculus of Symbols, systems have een constructed for the multiplication and division of non-commutative pmbols subject to certain laws of combination ; and these systems suffice ,r linear differential equations. But when we enter upon the consideration f non-linear equations, we see at once that these methods do not apply, t becomes necessary to invent some fresh mode of calculation, and a new iotation, in order to bring non-linear functions into a condition which dmits of treatment by symbolical algebra. This is the object of the f l ­ owing memoir. Professor Boole has given, in his Treatise on Diffeiential equations,’ a method due to M. Sarrus, by which we ascertain whether a jiven non-linear function is a complete differential. This method, as will )e seen by anyone who will refer to Professor Boole s treatise, is equivalent :o finding the conditions that a non-linear function may be externally livisible by the symbol of differentiation. In the following paper I have riven a notation by which I obtain the actual expressions for these con­ ditions, and for the symbolical remainders arising in the course of the livision, and have extended my investigations to ascertaining the results )f the symbolical division of non-linear functions by linear functions of the symbol of differentiation. Let F (x, y, y lt y2, y3 , . . . y„) be any non-linear function, in which % y2, y3, . . . . y„ denote respectively the first, second, third, . . . . wth differential of y with respect to (x). Let Ur denote f d y r, i. e. the integral of a function involving x, y, y„ y2. . . . with reference to yr alone. Let V,. in like manner denote — when the differentiation is supposed dyr effected with reference to yr alone, so that Vr Ur F = F . The next definition is the most important, as it is that on which all our subsequent calculations will depend. We may suppose F differentiated (m) times with reference to y„, yn_i, or yn_2, &c., and yn, y»_i, or yn2> &c., as the case may be, afterward equated to zero. We shall denote this entire process by Z(“}, Z&& &c. The following definition is also of importance: we shall denote the ex­ pression d . d . . , T*+ y ' dy+ »’ d f + y° W ,+ ' + dyr","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"423 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1863.0087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62165987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IV. On Chondrosteus,an extinct genus of fish allied to the sturionidæ","authors":"P. D. M. Grey Egerton","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1857.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1857.0055","url":null,"abstract":"Before the conclusion of his great work on Fossil Fishes, Pro­ fessor Agassiz recognized in some fragmentary remains found in the lias strata at Lyme Regis, unmistakeable evidence of the existence, at that period of the earth’s deposition, of a representative of the still extant family of the Sturgeons. To this extinct fish he assigned the name Chondrosteus. The author of the present memoir has been enabled, by the examination of numerous specimens more re­ cently acquired, to describe in some detail the external features of the fish, and the structural peculiarities of those portions of the exoand endo-skeleton which have been preserved. In the former respect the fossil differs from the recent sturgeon in having a shorter and deeper trunk, in the greater vertical expanse and wider diver­ gence of the lobes of the caudal fin, in the median position of the dorsal fin, and in the absence of dermal plates on the back, belly, and flanks. Before describing the cranial anatomy, the author points out certain homologies between the head-plates of the recent sturgeon and the epicranial bones of the teleostean fishes, more especially with reference to the parietals, mastoids and frontals ; and explains that these conclusions have resulted from the examination of the inner table of skull, where the relative position and propor­ tions of the component plates are constant, however much the outer or dermal layer may vary. The remainder of the memoir is devoted to detailed descriptions of such parts as are preserved in the several specimens; and the author concludes by stating as the result of his investigations, that Professor Agassiz was right in referring the liasic fish to the Sturionidse; that in some respects it evidenced a transitional form between the latter family and the more typical ganoids; that its food was similar to that of the existing members of the family, but that it was procured in a tranquil sea, rather than in the tumultuous waters frequented by sturgeons of the present time.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"233 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1857.0055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62130951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papers of the Society, November 21, 1861","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1860.0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1860.0095","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign Secretary.—William Hallows Miller, Esq., M.A. Other Members of the Council.'—John Couch Adams, Esq., M.A., D.C.L.; Sir William George Armstrong, C .B .; Benjamin Guy Babington, M.D. ; Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, Bart., D .C.L.; George Bowdler Buckton, E sq.; William Benjamin Carpenter, M .D .; Sir Philip de Malpas G. Egerton, Bart. ; William Fairbairn, LL .D .; Captain Douglas Galton, R .E .; William Robert Grove, Esq., M.A., Q.C.; William Hopkins, Esq., M.A., LL.D. ; John Lubbock, Esq.; James Paget, Esq.; Joseph Prestwich, Esq.; William Spottiswoode, Esq., M .A .; John Tyndall, Esq. Dr. W. B. Carpenter, Mr. Gassiot, Mr. Lubbock, Dr. W. A. Miller and Dr. John Webster, having been nominated by the President, were elected by ballot Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts on the part of the Society.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"445 - 447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1860.0095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62149131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XXVIII. On the mechanical description of curves","authors":"W. H. Russell","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1869.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1869.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Let A, B, C be three wheels rolling in one another (fig. 1); they may of course be supposed to describe simultaneously the angles mθ, nθ, rθ, when m, n,and r are constant. Let α, β, γ be three nuts situated on A, B, C respectively, at distances a, b, c from their centres. Then if these nuts work in horizontal bars (as exemplified in many sewing-machines), the bars will descend vertically through the spaces a sin mθ, b sin nθ, c sin rθ respectively. We may combine all these vertical motions together; for if vertical rods be attached to the horizontal bars, and a cord fixed at Q, pass over the pulleys a1, A2, a3 b1 , B2, b3, c1, C2, c3, as shown in the figure, the other extremity Q1 will describe the space a sin mθ + b sin nθ + c sin rθ. By this contrivance we are able to combine any number of vertical descents, so that it is readily seen that a sin (mθ + α) + b sin (nθ + β ) + &c. may be described mechanically. A machine on the same principle as this had been previously invented by Mr. Bashforth.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"18 1","pages":"72 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1869.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62193181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"III. On the action of ozone on nuclei","authors":"C. Tomlinson","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1878.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1878.0049","url":null,"abstract":"After the reading of my paper on the 21st ultimo, Professor Stokes was so good as to suggest that some of my experiments should be repeated with ozone, prepared by the action of a coil, instead of that of phosphorus. Professor Guthrie was so kind as to furnish me with a couple of bottles of ozone, prepared by sending oxygen slowly through Wills’s generator in connexion with an induction coil.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"27 1","pages":"290 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1878.0049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62240357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Professor Thomson desires to make the following corrections","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1856.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1856.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Vol. VII. Page 394, line 6 from foot, dele half. — — 398, — 4 from top, for 2,000,000 read 5200 X 106; and for 8,200,000 read 21000 X 106. — — ib. — 10 from top, for 10 tons read 53600 x 106 tons; and for 42 tons read 874000 x 106 tons.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"45 1","pages":"i - i"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1856.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62118338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"III. On a method of destroying the effects of slight errors of adjustment in experiments of changes of refrangibility due to relative motions in the line of sight","authors":"E. Stone","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1880.0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1880.0052","url":null,"abstract":"Let arrangements be made for the reversion, of the prisms without any disturbance of the other optical arrangements, including, of course, the position of the cylindrical lens, if one be used. Any slight errors of adjustment which prevent the light from the star and the comparison light from falling upon the train of prisms under the same optical circumstances, so far as mere direction is concerned, will have opposite effects in the reversed positions of the prisms; but the separation of the emergent lights due to relative motion will remain unchanged by the reversal of the positions of the prisms.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"31 1","pages":"381 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1880.0052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62258911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II. On the relation of form and dimensions to weight of material in the construction of iron-clad ships","authors":"E. Reed","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1867.0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1867.0060","url":null,"abstract":"this nitrile is converted into an acid which M. Merz describes under the name of naphthaline-carboxylic acid. The opinion expressed by this chemist, that his acid might be identical with the one observed by myself, I am inclined to adopt, although there are still some few discrepancies in our observations to be elucidated. M. Merz states that the fusing-point of his acid is at 140°, whilst the acid examined by myself fuses at 160°. In order to remove, if possible, this discrepancy, I have, since I saw M. Merz’s paper, again and repeatedly taken the fusing-point of menaphthoxylic acid, but always with the same result. Possibly the fusingpoint of the acid prepared by means of a sulphonaphthylate may be found somewhat higher when the compound is carefully purified by repeated crystallization from alcohol. 306 Mr. Reed on the Form, Dimensions, [Mar. 19}","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"306 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1867.0060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62183369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I. On the vapour-density of potassium","authors":"J. Dewar, W. Dittmar","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1872.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1872.0042","url":null,"abstract":"Since the elaborate experiments of Deville and Troost on the vapour densities of substances at high temperatures, little has been added to chemical science in this field of research. Doubtless this is in great part owing to the difficulty of any one student manipulating the complex apparatus necessary for the execution of the experiments. But the operations are greatly increased in difficulty when we select bodies that are readily inflammable in air and attack with facility glass and porcelain at the high temperatures to which they are exposed.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"21 1","pages":"202 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1872.0042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62210393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}