Proceedings of the Royal Society of London最新文献

{"title":"I. The thermal emissivity of thin wires in air","authors":"W. Ayrton, H. Kilgour","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","url":null,"abstract":"In 1884 it was observed experimentally that whereas the electric current required to maintain a thick wire of given material, under given conditions, at a given temperature was approximately proportional to the diameter of the wire raised to the power three halves, the current was more nearly proportional to the first power of the diameter if the wire were thin.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"50 1","pages":"166 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62337052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"III. Niagara falls as a chronometer of geological time","authors":"J. W. Spencer","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","url":null,"abstract":"1. Conjectures as to the Age of Niagara Falls.—Prior to the writing of the present paper, most of the conjectures as to the age of the Falls have been based simply upon the supposed uniform rate of recession. Thus, in 1790, Andrew Ellicott assigned 55,000 years as the age of the Falls.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"56 1","pages":"145 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62357123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles of brain development.","authors":"Joan Stiles","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1402","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.1402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout much of the 20th century, the major models of brain development were strongly deterministic. It was thought that brain development proceeds via a prescribed blueprint that is somehow innately specified in the organism. Contemporary models present a distinctly different view of both inheritance and brain development. First, we do not inherit blueprints or plans, we inherit genes and the cellular machinery for expressing them. Genes carry essential information for creating proteins, but do not determine biological processes or developmental outcomes; the first cells contain the elements necessary for creating proteins based on the information coded in the nucleotide sequences of genes. Second, brain development is dynamic: the biological state of the brain at any moment is the product of developmental processes that involve an intricate interplay among genes and an ever-expanding range of environmental factors-from local cellular events to influences from the outside world. In science, models matter. They reflect underlying assumptions about how things can happen, and thus influence the kinds of questions we ask, the kinds of experiments we propose, the therapies we develop, and the educational curricula we construct. The dynamic model of brain development accounts for powerful neurobehavioral effects that can simply not be accommodated by deterministic models. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1402. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1402 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.</p>","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5182160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84177476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II. On underground temperatures, with observations on the conductivity of rocks, on the thermal effects of saturation and imbibition, and on a special source of heat in mountain ranges","authors":"J. Prestwich","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1884.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1884.0079","url":null,"abstract":"Having filled a fresh, tube w ith fresh spun glass, I carefully exhausted w ith th e Sprengel pum p on January 24th, and the exhaustion was kep t up till February 5th, th a t is, fo r twelve days. During th is tim e I frequently tested w ith th e McLeod gauge. A very i slight increase of pressure was found during th a t in te rv a l; bu t it was iso slight th a t I am not able to say th a t i t was g reater th an th a t <which is observed a t all times, even w ith the Sprengel pum p in excellent order, w hen a vacuum is m aintained for several days. On F ebruary 5th, I passed th ree or four bottlesful of m ercury through the pum p, and had a vacuum of about 0*5 M as shown by the McLeod gauge. I then applied heat, and had in stan tly an abun­ dance of gas given off from th e spun glass. This was collected as before, and analysed. The num ber of glass fibres was 15,500, giving an estim ated surface area of 3527 sq. centim s. The am ount of gas given off was 0'41 c .c .; which is considerably less in proportion th a n in my first experim ent. Of th is gas i t was found th a t 78'6 per cent, was carbonic acid gas (absorbable by caustic potash). Of th e rem ainder 10‘5 per cent, was oxygen (absorbed by pyrogallic acid and potash) ; while 89‘5 per cent, was left unab so rb ed ; and m ay be supposed to be m ainly nitrogen. The very large proportion of carbonic acid gas is rem arkable, and i t is difficult to account for, unless we m ay suppose th a t it was taken up by the glass in large quan tity d u rin g the operations of drawing out the glass in to fibres, and enclosing i t in th e contain ing tube—operations during which there was, in these prelim inary experi­ ments, an abundant supply from the blowpipe flames. 1885.] Underground Tem,fyc.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"38 1","pages":"161 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1884.0079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62286052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anniversary Meeting. November 30, 1855","authors":"","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1854.0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1854.0126","url":null,"abstract":"Mr. Cayley reported, on the part of the Auditors of the Treasurer’s Accounts, that the total receipts during the last year, including a balance of £1043 19s. 9 d.carried from the account of the preceding year, amounted to £3231 16s. 0 d.,and that the total payments in the same period, including £2000 invested in the Funds, amounted to £4531 5s. 5 d.,leaving a balance due to the Treasurer of £255 9s. 8 d. The thanks of the Society were voted to the Treasurer and Auditors.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":"559 - 577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1854.0126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62118372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some remarks on the mechanism of respiration","authors":"F. L. Clark","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1871.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1871.0030","url":null,"abstract":"G ros Clark, Surgeon to St. Thom as’s H ospital, M ember of Council and of the C ourt o f Exam iners of th e R oyal College of Surgeons, and late H un terian Professor of Surgery and Patho­ logy in the College, and E xam iner in Surgery a t th e Uni­ versity of London. C om m unicated by P . IVIartin D uncan, M .B ., F .R .S ., Professor of Geology in K ing ’s College, London. Received April 18, 1871*.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"20 1","pages":"122 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1871.0030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62202973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the composition and variations of the pelvic plexus in Acanthias vulguris","authors":"R. Punnett","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1901.0082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1901.0082","url":null,"abstract":"Whilst recently engaged upon the development of the pelvic plexus in Mustelus Iœvis I was much struck with the amount of variation in the number and position of the nerves forming it. This led me at the time to examine all the material which I was able to procure, and the results obtained have been given in a previous paper (12, 1900). Believing, however, that, in Bateson’s words, “the facts of variation must be the test of phylogenetic possibility” (4, p. 30), I determined to examine a still larger number of specimens of some other species of shark.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"69 1","pages":"2 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1901.0082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61693007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II. On the production of glycosuria by the effect of oxygenated blood on the liver","authors":"F. Pavy","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1875.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1875.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Instances of this are not wanting. Magnesium connected with platinum will decompose a magnesium salt, the almost insoluble hydrate of magnesium being found adhering to the negative metal. The deposition of zinc on the plates of an old-fashioned battery, when the battery is pretty well exhausted, is a well-known phe­ nomenon. In our experiments with copper and silver,in conjunction in a solution of nitrate of copper, we never succeeded in reducing the gal­ vanic action to nil by our utmost efforts to exclude all oxygen: and the whole of the present inquiry originated in an experiment described by us before the Physical Society, that mercury and gold in conjunction would decompose mercuric chloride with the deposition not only of the lower chloride, but also of metallic mercury upon the gold. 1875.] Dr. F. W. Pavy on the Production of Glycosuria. 51","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"24 1","pages":"51 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1875.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62225177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VI. On the modification of the excitability of motor nerves produced by injury","authors":"G. Romanes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1876.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1876.0005","url":null,"abstract":"§ 1. If the gastrocnemius of a frog be placed in a horizontal direction on non-polarizable electrodes with its convex surface uppermost, one may generally observe that the muscle is somewhat more sensitive to minimal stimulation, supplied by closure of the constant current, when the femoral end rests on the kathode, than when this end rests on the anode. Conversely, under similar circumstances the gastrocnemius is more sensitive to minimal stimulation, supplied by opening of the constant current, when the femoral end rests on the anode, than when this end rests on the kathode. In view of the other facts of electrotonus, the present ones are of interest; because, as the sciatic nerve enters the gastrocnemius near the femoral end of the latter, and then spreads out its peripheral ramifications as it advances, in the experiments just mentioned one electrode is in almost immediate contact with the nerve-trunk where it enters the muscle, while the other electrode supports the part of the muscle that contains only peripheral nervous elements. It is therefore to be expected, upon the theory of electrotonus, that the muscle under these conditions should prove itself most sensitive to the closing shock when the nerve-trunk rests on the kathode, and most sensitive to the opening shock when the nerve-trunk rests on the anode. It is to be observed, however, that although this expectation is in most cases fulfilled, it is not so invariably. Different gastrocnemius muscles, though treated as far as possible in exactly the same way, manifest considerable differences, both in their general sensitiveness to electrical stimulation, and in their relative sensitiveness to interruptions of the ascending and of the descending currents. Even the same muscle, if rapidly prepared, will generally be found to undergo fluctuations in these respects from minute to minute. Attributing this fact to the unnatural conditions which the experiment imposed on the process of nutrition, I conducted some observations on muscles while they were still attached to the body of the frog; but the results yielded by this method were not more uniform than those which I had previously obtained by the method of rapidly preparing and observing excised muscles.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"25 1","pages":"16 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1876.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62229557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II. Description of an apparatus employed at the Kew Observatory, Richmond, for the examination of the dark glasses and mirrors of sextants","authors":"G. M. Whipple","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1883.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1883.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In the \"Proc. Roy. Soc.,\" vol. 16, p, 2, Professor Balfour Stewart described an apparatus designed and constructed by Mr. T. Cooke for the determination of the errors of graduation of sextants. This instrument has from that date been constantly in use at the Kew Observatory, and since the introduction of certain unimportant improvements, has been found to work very well. No provision was made, however, for its employment in the determination of the errors of the dark shades used to screen the observer’s eyes when the sextant is directed to the sun or moon, and it has been found that errors may exist in the shape of want of parallelism in these glasses, sufficiently large to seriously affect an observation, accurate in other respects.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"35 1","pages":"42 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1883.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62274715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}