Proceedings of the Royal Society of London最新文献

{"title":"III. Further experiments on the Effect of Alcohol and Exercise on the Elimination of Nitrogen and on the Pulse and Temperature of the Body.”","authors":"E. Parkes","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1871.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1871.0076","url":null,"abstract":"In the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society’ (xviii. p. 362, xix. p. 73) are some observations by the late Count Wollowicz and myself on the effect of alcohol, brandy, and claret on the elimination of nitrogen. As the experiments were on one man, I have taken an opportunity of repeating them on another person; and as the late observations of Dr. Austin Flint (junior) on a man who walked 317 miles in five days have appeared to some persons to run counter to the now generally accepted view that exercise produces either no change or only insignificant changes in the urea, I have combined experiments on exercise with those on alcohol. With respect, however, to Dr. Austin Flint’s experiments, it would appear that while the egress of nitrogen was determined with the greatest accuracy, the amount taken in was for the most part merely estimated by reference to Payen’s Tables, and therefore there is no certainty that the ingress was what it is assumed to have been. The food also was very varied, so that the difficulty of properly estimating the nitrogen was still more increased. The following experiments were made on a soldier, W. D., aged 30. I He is a powerfully built man, 5 feet 6 inches in height, and measuring 40 inches round the chest. As a young man, he had been employed in a distillery near Glasgow, and at that time drank largely of whisky, some times taking half a piut before breakfast. For the last ten years, since he t has been in the army, he has been very temperate, taking chiefly beer in moderate quantities, and only occasionally spirits. He bears the character of a very steady soldier, and has always had perfect health, with the exception of an attack of “spotted typhus” six years ago. He has never served abroad.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"20 1","pages":"402 - 414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1871.0076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62205348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II On the structure of magelona","authors":"W. Mcintosh","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1876.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1876.0086","url":null,"abstract":"The rest of the diagram represents the forces which we found when the disks were at distances of 10 and 5 millims. asunder. The forces which presented themselves at these distances are to be attributed mainly to a true Crookes’s reaction between the disks ; and they seem to warrant the conclusion that Crookes’s reaction was manifested at a dis­ tance of at least 10 millims. in a hydrogen vacuum, when the outstand­ ing tension was as much as 5 millims. of mercury. At distances of from 20 to 80 millims. the very feeble force acting on the glass disk in our apparatus seemed to vary about inversely as the tension. As already mentioned, it appeared to be nearly independent of the distance when the distance exceeded 20 millims. _ At distances of 5, 10, and 20 millims. the force on the swinging disk made some approach to varying at each tension inversely as the distance. But, so far as may be judged from our measures of such exceedingly feeble forces, there is a sensible deviation from this law at most of the","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"25 1","pages":"559 - 564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1876.0086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62233578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I. The thermal emissivity of thin wires in air","authors":"W. Ayrton, H. Kilgour","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","url":null,"abstract":"In 1884 it was observed experimentally that whereas the electric current required to maintain a thick wire of given material, under given conditions, at a given temperature was approximately proportional to the diameter of the wire raised to the power three halves, the current was more nearly proportional to the first power of the diameter if the wire were thin.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"50 1","pages":"166 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1891.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62337052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"III. Niagara falls as a chronometer of geological time","authors":"J. W. Spencer","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","url":null,"abstract":"1. Conjectures as to the Age of Niagara Falls.—Prior to the writing of the present paper, most of the conjectures as to the age of the Falls have been based simply upon the supposed uniform rate of recession. Thus, in 1790, Andrew Ellicott assigned 55,000 years as the age of the Falls.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"56 1","pages":"145 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1894.0091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62357123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles of brain development.","authors":"Joan Stiles","doi":"10.1002/wcs.1402","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcs.1402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout much of the 20th century, the major models of brain development were strongly deterministic. It was thought that brain development proceeds via a prescribed blueprint that is somehow innately specified in the organism. Contemporary models present a distinctly different view of both inheritance and brain development. First, we do not inherit blueprints or plans, we inherit genes and the cellular machinery for expressing them. Genes carry essential information for creating proteins, but do not determine biological processes or developmental outcomes; the first cells contain the elements necessary for creating proteins based on the information coded in the nucleotide sequences of genes. Second, brain development is dynamic: the biological state of the brain at any moment is the product of developmental processes that involve an intricate interplay among genes and an ever-expanding range of environmental factors-from local cellular events to influences from the outside world. In science, models matter. They reflect underlying assumptions about how things can happen, and thus influence the kinds of questions we ask, the kinds of experiments we propose, the therapies we develop, and the educational curricula we construct. The dynamic model of brain development accounts for powerful neurobehavioral effects that can simply not be accommodated by deterministic models. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1402. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1402 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.</p>","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5182160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84177476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"II. On underground temperatures, with observations on the conductivity of rocks, on the thermal effects of saturation and imbibition, and on a special source of heat in mountain ranges","authors":"J. Prestwich","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1884.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1884.0079","url":null,"abstract":"Having filled a fresh, tube w ith fresh spun glass, I carefully exhausted w ith th e Sprengel pum p on January 24th, and the exhaustion was kep t up till February 5th, th a t is, fo r twelve days. During th is tim e I frequently tested w ith th e McLeod gauge. A very i slight increase of pressure was found during th a t in te rv a l; bu t it was iso slight th a t I am not able to say th a t i t was g reater th an th a t <which is observed a t all times, even w ith the Sprengel pum p in excellent order, w hen a vacuum is m aintained for several days. On F ebruary 5th, I passed th ree or four bottlesful of m ercury through the pum p, and had a vacuum of about 0*5 M as shown by the McLeod gauge. I then applied heat, and had in stan tly an abun­ dance of gas given off from th e spun glass. This was collected as before, and analysed. The num ber of glass fibres was 15,500, giving an estim ated surface area of 3527 sq. centim s. The am ount of gas given off was 0'41 c .c .; which is considerably less in proportion th a n in my first experim ent. Of th is gas i t was found th a t 78'6 per cent, was carbonic acid gas (absorbable by caustic potash). Of th e rem ainder 10‘5 per cent, was oxygen (absorbed by pyrogallic acid and potash) ; while 89‘5 per cent, was left unab so rb ed ; and m ay be supposed to be m ainly nitrogen. The very large proportion of carbonic acid gas is rem arkable, and i t is difficult to account for, unless we m ay suppose th a t it was taken up by the glass in large quan tity d u rin g the operations of drawing out the glass in to fibres, and enclosing i t in th e contain ing tube—operations during which there was, in these prelim inary experi­ ments, an abundant supply from the blowpipe flames. 1885.] Underground Tem,fyc.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"38 1","pages":"161 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1884.0079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62286052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the interpretation of photographic records of the response of nerve obtained with the capillary electrometer","authors":"G. J. Burch","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1902.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1902.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is specially directed to the following changes in the terms used to describe the electrical phenomena of living tissues :— Old term. New term. Negative phase, or first phase... Electro-positive phase, or first phase. Positive phase, or second phase Electro-negative phase, or second phase. Galvanometrically negative....... Positive, electro-positive. Galvanometrically positive....... Negative, electro-negative.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"70 1","pages":"194 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1902.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61696898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the numerical computation of the functions G0(x), G1(x), and Jn(x√¯i)","authors":"W. S. Aldis","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1899.0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1899.0069","url":null,"abstract":"1. The complete solution of the equation d2y/dx2 + 1/x · dy/dx ‒ (1+n2/x2)y = 0 May be written y = AIn(x)+BKn(x), where In(x) = ∑r=∞ r=0 (1/2x)n+2r/ II (r). II (n+r) ........ (1) ;","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"66 1","pages":"32 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1899.0069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61680586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I. On the specific heats of gases at constant volume. (Preliminary note.)","authors":"J. Joly","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1888.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1888.0070","url":null,"abstract":"I have found it possible to obtain the specific heat of a gas at constant volume by means of the steam calorimeter, the values obtained being, I believe, reliable as close approximations to the true values. The first method of procedure adopted was to compress by means of a pump a certain quantity of dry air into a thin copper sphere, the sphere being then closed by a screw valve. The quantity of gas in the sphere is ascertained by weighing.","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"45 1","pages":"33 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1888.0070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62313872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VII. Regional metamorphism","authors":"J. Prestwich","doi":"10.1098/rspl.1884.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1884.0120","url":null,"abstract":"Metamorphic rocks hare heen divided into two classes—1. Those in which local changes have heen caused by contact with heated eruptive rocks; 2. Those extending over wider areas, in which the rocks are in no apparent relation to eruptive or igneous rocks. The first has been termed Contact Metamorphism, and the second Normal or Regional Metamorphism, the latter two terms having been used to express the same phenomena and treated as synonymous. The object of this paper is briefly to show that there may be another cause for metamorphic action, for which, not to introduce a new term, I would propose to transfer and restrict the term of “ Metamorphism.\" Normal metamorphism I would confine to signify, as hitherto, the changes caused by the heat due to depth, on the supposi­ tion of the existence .of a heated central nucleus of the earth, while 1 would use the term regional metamorphism to denote changes effected by the agency of the physical causes to which Mr. Mallet referred the fusion of the volcanic rocks, namely, the heat produced locally within the crust of the earth by transformation into heat of the mechanical worh of compression, or of crushing of portions of that crust.* I was led to consider the importance of this action by the abnormal result presented in the distribution of the underground isotherms in the St. Gothard Tunnel, and which on looking into the question can only, as it seems to me, be attributed to the residual heat arising from the crushing of the rocks during the upheaval of tha t portion of the Alpine range, which is of very late geological date; and also by some cases in which the alteration in the rocks hardly seemed explicable upon the hypothesis either of ordinary contactor normal-metamorphism. This other source of heat had not been altogether overlooked by geologists, though only occasionally referred to as a secondary cause; but its actual importance had hardly been realised until Mallet inves­ tigated the subject experimentally and mathematically. He failed to show sufficient cause for the fusion of the volcanic rocks, bu t he drew attention to the enormous heat-producing power of certain earth movements. This power, inadequate though it may be to explain the phenomena of vulcanicity, is singularly applicable in explanation of some of the metamorphic phenomena exhibited in mountain ranges. The object of his experiments, however, having been to establish the maximum results to be attained by the force of compression, only bears indirectly on the collateral problem we are here considering. The primary object of Mr. M allet’s experiments was to ascertain","PeriodicalId":20661,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London","volume":"38 1","pages":"425 - 432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspl.1884.0120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62323878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}