Processes最新文献

{"title":"Bifunctional N/S-Coordinated Thiadiazole–Triazine Porous Organic Polymer for Efficient Hg(II) Immobilization in Aqueous–Soil Systems","authors":"Kai Li, Rongguo Sun","doi":"10.3390/pr13113652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113652","url":null,"abstract":"Mercury (Hg) contamination in water and soil poses severe ecological and human health risks, yet conventional sorbents often suffer from limited capacity, selectivity, and stability. Here, we report a bifunctional porous organic polymer (AMTD-TCT) rationally constructed by covalently crosslinking 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole with trichlorotriazine, thereby integrating abundant sulfur and nitrogen coordination sites within a stable mesoporous framework. AMTD-TCT exhibits an ultrahigh Hg(II) adsorption capacity of 1257.7 mg g−1, far exceeding most reported porous sorbents. Adsorption follows monolayer chemisorption, governed by strong S–Hg and N–Hg coordination and Na+/Hg2+ ion exchange, while hierarchical porosity ensures rapid diffusion and efficient utilization of active sites. The polymer maintains robust performance over a wide pH range and demonstrates strong retention with minimal desorption, underscoring its environmental durability. These findings highlight AMTD-TCT as a highly effective and scalable platform for Hg(II) remediation in complex aqueous–soil systems and illustrate a generalizable molecular design strategy for developing multifunctional porous polymers in advanced separation and purification technologies.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3652-3652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3652/pdf?version=1762854963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147922247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Filtration Performance of Coalescence Filter with Nanofiber Membrane","authors":"Yuee Chen, Rongjun Song, Jiajiang Zhang, Kang Ji, Kailong Cui, Feng Chen","doi":"10.3390/pr13113645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113645","url":null,"abstract":"Glass fiber filter media are widely used to remove submicron liquid droplets from air and gas streams. However, there is still a challenge to obtain filter media with high efficiency and low resistance. In this study, the electrospinning method was used to deposit a nanofiber membrane on the micron fiber filter media. The filtration performance and liquid distribution in the filters with different electrospinning area ratio were analyzed. The filtration performances of dual-layer filters with different combinations were investigated. The results show that with the increase in electrospinning area ratio, the filtration efficiency of oleophilic filters can be improved, while it seems to have no effect on the filtration efficiency of oleophobic filters. At the initial stage of filtration, there is liquid film forming on the electrospinning area for both the oleophilic and oleophobic filters, resulting in an increase airflow resistance on the non-electrospinning area. As the nanofiber membrane is coated on the up region of the first layer filter media, with the increase in the electrospinning area ratio, the steady pressure drop increases for the dual-layer combinations based on oleophilic filter media, while the filtration efficiency increases gradually for the dual-layer combinations based on both oleophilic and oleophobic filter media. The best filtration performance was found for Filter B-U75-D25.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3645-3645"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147906406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume Expansion Behavior of CO2 in Various Types of Hydrocarbon Systems Under Reservoir Conditions","authors":"Yu Zhang, Ziyang Zuo, Mingyuan Wang, Weifeng Lyu, Ke Zhang, Jiahao Gao","doi":"10.3390/pr13113570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113570","url":null,"abstract":"As a process fluid in oil reservoirs, carbon dioxide plays a dominant role in enhanced oil recovery by increasing volume and decreasing interfacial tension. To study the volume expansion behavior of a CO2–oil system under reservoir conditions, ten hydrocarbon components with carbon numbers ranging from 8 to 26 were selected to represent crude oil. Systems of CO2 with normal alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons were measured using a self-assembled high-pressure visible cell, with a temperature range of 313.15 K to 353.15 K and a pressure up to 25 MPa. Experimental results demonstrate that pressure and temperature significantly influence the relative volumetric expansion behavior. The expansion rate exhibits a positive correlation with pressure, whereas it shows a negative correlation with temperature. Among different molecular configurations, normal alkanes exhibit the most pronounced swelling effect. This study establishes that the volumetric expansion behavior of crude oil under CO2 exposure is predominantly governed by n-alkane components with carbon numbers less than 16. In the heavy hydrocarbon (carbon number > 16) and CO2 system, the influence of hydrocarbon structure and carbon number on the expansion extent is considerably reduced. This paper delivers critical theoretical foundations for elucidating the microscopic interaction mechanisms in CO2 enhanced oil recovery and optimizing injection parameter strategies.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3570-3570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3570/pdf?version=1762357695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147884967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence Mechanism of Nanoparticles on the Stability of Foam Liquid Films","authors":"Weitao Li, Hangyu Zheng, Dong Zhang, Chuanbao Zhang, Zongyang Li, Yan Li","doi":"10.3390/pr13113555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113555","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to reveal the influence mechanisms of particles to provide a basis for screening high-efficiency foam stabilizers of nanoparticle (NP) and surfactant (SF). Molecular simulation was used, including Stretching Molecular Dynamics (SMD) for liquid film rupture, Mean Squared Displacement (MSD)/Radial Distribution Function (RDF) for water molecule behavior, NP interface tendency analysis, and interface traction force analysis. The system used silica (SiO2) NPs (silane-modified to adjust hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity), three SFs [DTAB, CHSB, BS12; single/mixed systems], water (liquid phase), and nitrogen (gas phase). NPs need balanced hydrophilicity (to adsorb water) and hydrophobicity (to stay at the gas–liquid interface); 10% silane-modified NPs performed best, with 44% higher critical traction force for film rupture than unmodified NPs, effective water adsorption (molecules within 0.3–0.4 nm), and 12% interface presence probability. SFs (especially mixed systems like DTAB + BS12) attracted NPs to form stable composites, binding more tightly than single SFs and reducing SF mobility. The NP-SF system showed superior stability: DTAB + BS12 + NPs had the highest critical traction force (816.11 kJ·mol−1·nm−1) and longest rupture time (1.61 ns); the traction work required to pull NPs in the composite (2443.87 kJ·mol−1) was much higher than that required for pure NPs (991.63 kJ·mol−1). Finally, an experiment was conducted to measure the initial foam volume and drainage half-life of different systems to verify the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3555-3555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3555/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147917168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dechlorination Through Torrefaction: A Pretreatment for Co-Pyrolysis of PVC-Biomass Blends","authors":"Zhen Zhao, Meng Chen, Lei Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13113543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113543","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the torrefaction of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cellulose, two major constituents of agricultural waste, with the aim of improving chlorine removal and enhancing the energy quality of the resulting solid products. Thermodynamic simulations using HSC Chemistry 9.0 were first conducted to predict equilibrium compositions, particularly chlorine-containing species. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled TGA-FTIR were employed to monitor mass loss and identify gaseous chlorine compounds. Based on these preliminary results, torrefaction experiments were carried out at temperatures of 250–300 °C and durations of 30–90 min. The results demonstrate a significant synergistic effect between cellulose and PVC during co-torrefaction, achieving 97% chlorine removal under optimal conditions (9:1 cellulose-to-PVC ratio, 250 °C, 30 min). This effective dechlorination helps mitigate Cl-induced corrosion and reduces the risk of dioxin formation in industrial applications, enabling the sustainable upcycling of PVC-contaminated biomass into clean solid fuels. Torrefaction temperature exerted a stronger influence than time on mass loss, yielding approximately 40% solid residue at 300 °C. While both solid and energy yields decreased with increasing temperature and time, the O/C and H/C atomic ratios decreased by 56% and 48%, respectively, indicating a substantial improvement in fuel properties. The observed synergy is attributed to cellulose-derived hydroxyl radicals promoting PVC dehydrochlorination. This process offers a scalable and economically viable pretreatment route for PVC-containing biomass, potentially reducing boiler corrosion and hazardous emissions.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3543-3543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3543/pdf?version=1762255767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147889805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bi(C6N7O3) Nanospheres: A Novel Homogenous Photocatalyst for Efficient Treatment of Antibiotic in Water","authors":"Rongrong Jia, Mingchu Tang, Mengshan Hou, Haiheng Xing, Yuxing Cai, Jianhao Wu, Xiaozhuo Wang, Xiaozhuo Wang, Jinchao Chen, Lan Li, Chengchao Jin, Zhi Chen, Xiaojing Wang, Xiaojing Wang","doi":"10.3390/pr13113535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113535","url":null,"abstract":"The development of photocatalyst material is vital for the practical application of environmental purification, solar energy conversion, and chemical production. In this work, a spherical Bi(C6N7O3) photocatalyst is successfully prepared by replacing K+ of rod-shaped K3[C6N7O3] with Bi3+ ions through the ion exchange method, which demonstrates an improved homogeneous photodegradation efficiency over antibiotics in water compared to pristine K3[C6N7O3]. Under visible light irradiation, Bi(C6N7O3) degraded 81% of tetracycline hydrochloride within 60 min, and the rate constant was 1.8 and 79.1 times greater than K3[C6N7O3] and bulk g-C3N4, respectively. Scavenger experiments revealed that superoxide radicals and holes are the primary active species in the photocatalytic process. This study presents a promising route for designing high-performance visible-light photocatalysts by a simple ion-exchange approach for environmental applications.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3535-3535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3535/pdf?version=1762245969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147888592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Properties of Nano-Lignin-Reinforced Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composites","authors":"Yongshuang Li, Ting Feng, Jifei Liu, Cheng Pan, Yi Wang, Ziwang Wu, Guozhi Fan","doi":"10.3390/pr13113507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113507","url":null,"abstract":"The lignin nanoparticle (LNP) was prepared by the self-assembly method and further blended with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to obtain a PBAT/LNP composite using a solvent casting method. It was found that the nano-modification of lignin effectively improved the compatibility between the components, and the mechanical properties, gas barrier properties, UV resistance, degradation, and antibacterial properties of the PBAT/LNP composite. Compared with PBAT, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus of the PBAT/LNP composite with 8 wt% LNP (PBAT/LNP-8) increased by 37.36%, 47.30% and 50.70%, respectively. Moreover, the mechanical properties, UV-blocking performance, and gas barrier properties of PBAT/LNP-8 were better than those of the commercial degradable packing bag, and the composite derived from PBAT and lignin extracted from wheat straw also showed excellent properties. This work explored a way to expand the utilization of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass, which not only helped to solve the environmental pollution caused by the widespread use of non-degradable plastics, but also promoted the replacement of fossil resources.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3507-3507"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3507/pdf?version=1761960421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147907566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Biomarker Analysis of LRRK2-Linked Parkinson’s Disease Across SAA Subtypes","authors":"Changying Jiang, Cody K Huang, Grace Gao, Kaiqi Huang, Lucy Yu, Chloe Chan, Andrew Li, Zuyi Huang","doi":"10.3390/pr13113448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113448","url":null,"abstract":"The LRRK2+ SAA− cohort of Parkinson’s disease (PD), characterized by the absence of hallmark α-synuclein pathology, remains under-explored. This limits opportunities for early detection and targeted intervention. This study analyzes data from this under-characterized subgroup and compares it with the LRRK2+ SAA+ cohort using longitudinal data from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). The PPMI dataset includes 115 LRRK2+ patients (70 SAA+, 45 SAA−) across 52 features encompassing clinical assessments, cognitive scores, DaTScan SPECT imaging, and motor severity. DaTScan binding ratios were selected as imaging-based indicators of early dopaminergic loss, while NP3TOT (MDS-UPDRS Part III total score) was used as a gold-standard clinical measure of motor symptom severity. Linear mixed-effects models were then applied to evaluate longitudinal predictors of DaTScan decline and NP3TOT progression, and statistical analyses of group comparisons revealed distinct drivers of symptoms differentiating SAA− from SAA+ patients. In SAA− patients, a decline in DaTScan was significantly associated with thermoregulatory impairment (p-value = 0.019), while NP3TOT progression was predicted by constipation (p-value = 0.030), sleep disturbances (p-value = 0.046), and longitudinal time effects (p-value = 0.043). In contrast, SAA+ patients showed significantly lower DaTScan values compared to SAA− (p-value = 0.0004) and stronger coupling with classical motor impairments, including freezing of gait (p-value = 0.016), rising from a chair (p-value = 0.007), and turning in bed (p-value = 0.016), along with cognitive decline (MoCA clock-hands test, p-value = 0.037). These findings support the hypothesis that LRRK2+ SAA− patients follow a distinct pathophysiological course, where progression is influenced more by autonomic and non-motor symptoms than by typical motor dysfunction. This study establishes a robust, multimodal modeling framework for examining heterogeneity in genetic PD and highlights the utility of combining DaTScan, NP3TOT, and symptom-specific features for early subtype differentiation. These findings have direct clinical implications, as stratifying LRRK2 carriers by SAA status may enhance patient monitoring, improve prognostic accuracy, and guide the design of targeted clinical trials for disease-modifying therapies.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3448-3448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3448/pdf?version=1761564883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147896249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed-Dimensional 3D BiOCl Nanosheet Arrays/2D ZnO Nanoparticle Film Heterojunction Photodetectors with High Self-Powered Performance for Light Communication","authors":"Mingmin Zhang, Weixin Ouyang","doi":"10.3390/pr13113428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113428","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance self-powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) based on mixed-dimensional 3D BiOCl nanosheet array/2D ZnO nanoparticle films heterojunction were fabricated via facile spin-coating and impregnation methods. Under zero bias, compared to the pristine ZnO PD exhibiting a large dark current (≈2 μA) and slow response time (>20 s/>20 s), the optimized 2-BiOCl-ZnO heterojunction PD demonstrated a dramatically suppressed dark current (≈1 nA), along with an ultrahigh on/off ratio (22,748) and a shorter response time (17.44 ms/14 ms) under 365 nm light illumination. This optimized device also achieved a remarkable responsivity of 1.08 A·W−1 and a detectivity of 2.48 × 1013 Jones at 354 nm. The built-in electric field formed at the BiOCl-ZnO heterojunction interface, the improved light absorption enabled by the mixed-dimensional heterostructure, and the optimized charge carrier separation and transport within the device were responsible for the enhanced self-powered performance. Due to its fascinating photoelectric properties, this PD was applied as a self-powered signal receiver in a UV optical communication system, demonstrating the ability to achieve efficient and high-speed message transmission. The rational construction of BiOCl-based heterojunction has proved to be an efficient pathway to achieving self-powered photodetection. These results demonstrate that the rational construction of heterojunctions holds great potential for fabricating high-performance PDs.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3428-3428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilization of Bioimprinted Phospholipase D and Its Catalytic Behavior for Transphosphatidylation in the Biphasic System","authors":"Bishan Guo, Huiyi Shang, Juntan Wang, Hongwei Liu, Haihua Zhu","doi":"10.3390/pr13113424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113424","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphatidylserine (PS) holds considerable importance in both the food and medical sectors; however, its biosynthesis is critically dependent on phospholipase D (PLD). The practical application of PLD is constrained by pronounced side reactions in its free form and by reduced selectivity when immobilized. To address these challenges, this study employed a sequential strategy involving bioimprinting to hyperactivate PLD, followed by microencapsulation via ionotropic gelation within an alginate–chitosan matrix. This approach induced conformational rigidification, enabling PLD to maintain its hyperactivated state in aqueous environments. Under optimal conditions, the encapsulation efficiency reached 78.56%, and the enzyme activity recovery achieved 105.27%. The immobilized bioimprinted PLD demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance, achieving a 94.68% PS yield within 20 min, which significantly surpassed that of free PLD (85.82% in 150 min) and non-imprinted immobilized PLD (90.34% in 60 min). This represents 7.27-fold and 2.14-fold efficiency improvements, respectively. Furthermore, the biocatalyst exhibited outstanding storage stability, thermal stability, and reusability (77.53% yield after 8 cycles). To our knowledge, this is the first report combining bioimprinting with alginate-chitosan microencapsulation via ionotropic gelation, which yielded remarkably enhanced PLD activity. These findings highlight the strong potential of this method for efficient PS production.","PeriodicalId":20597,"journal":{"name":"Processes","volume":"13 11","pages":"3424-3424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/11/3424/pdf?version=1761626234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147880761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}