Plant and Cell Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Trimming Galactose Side Chains of Arabinogalactan Proteins Alters Pectin and Hemicellulose Deposition in Secondary Cell Walls of Arabidopsis thaliana Floral Stem Internodes.","authors":"Lucía Albornos, Paula Iriondo-Ocampo, Iván Campos-Seoane, Berta Dopico, Ignacio Martín","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shaping the cell wall composition and structure to meet the requirements of different tissues and developmental stages relies on multiple actors, including arabinogalactan proteins (AGP). Although the specific role of these proteins in cell wall dynamics is still under debate, especially in events involving significant remodeling of the cell wall, their carbohydrate motif, type II arabinogalactan (AGII), seems to be crucial for their function. This study aims to investigate the function of AGII, specifically the galactose residues of its side chains, in the structural organization of the cell wall during the cessation of elongation and the transition to secondary growth. To achieve this, we characterized floral stem internodes of Arabidopsis thaliana plants overproducing chickpea βV-Gal protein (35S::βV-Gal plants), an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the β-(1,3) and β-(1,6) galactosyl residues of AGII. Changes induced in the cell wall by trimming galactose residues of AGII resulted in a noticeable increase in homogalacturonan methyl esterification. Additionally, these neutral galactose side chains may regulate hemicellulose-cellulose interactions and influence xylan distribution through the cellulose network, which in turn affects the deposition of lignin and determines its recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triacylglycerol synthesis in microalgae under abiotic stress: an updated integrative review.","authors":"Vipul Swarup Bhatnagar, Marta Saldat, Agnieszka Zienkiewicz, Zhi-Yan Du, Krzysztof Zienkiewicz","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae exhibit remarkable metabolic plasticity, rapidly redirecting carbon toward triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation under environmental stress. In this review, we synthesize recent advances in understanding how nutrient limitation, light fluctuations, salinity, temperature extremes, and chemical modulators regulate TAG biosynthesis in diverse microalgal systems. Under stress, TAG accumulation is typically linked to coordinated transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming of the glycerol-3-phosphate (Kennedy) pathway, with diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) acting as pivotal enzymes that complete TAG biosynthesis. However, these responses are highly species- and isoform-specific, reflecting substantial evolutionary divergence. In addition to enzyme-level control, increasing evidence points to a central role for intracellular signaling networks and transcription factors in coordinating these responses. Although upstream regulatory mechanisms differ, their outcomes commonly result in enhanced TAG accumulation and remodeling of fatty acid pools. Together, these findings support a hierarchical model in which environmental sensing, signal integration, and transcriptional regulation coordinate TAG biosynthesis as an adaptive response to environmental stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic Profiling of the Response to High-Nighttime-Temperature Stress in Tomato Leaves.","authors":"Huihui Fang, Kaixin Zheng, Yijie Zang, Yunfei Xu, Xiaofang Zhang, Weiling Zhao, Wenjia Chen, Yi Wang, Minglu Lu, Yunxiang Zang","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-nighttime-temperature (HNT) poses a major challenge to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and productivity. To elucidate the molecular basis of HNT responses, this study systematically examined the morphological and transcriptomic changes in tomato seedlings under prolonged HNT stress. We observed that HNT suppressed plant growth and chlorophyll content while triggering H2O2 accumulation in new leaves; concurrently, it promoted thermomorphogenesis-related adaptations like reduced leaf angles and lower leaf trichome density, traits potentially facilitating heat dissipation. Transcriptome profiling identified 4,551 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), comprising 2,104 up-regulated and 2,447 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated DEGs were primarily involved in glycosyl transfer, flavonoid biosynthesis, mismatch repair, and protein processing, whereas down-regulated DEGs were enriched in photosynthesis, metabolic, and immune signaling. These changes suggest a strategic trade-off, with down-regulated photosynthetic and metabolic activities potentially enabling the reallocation of resources toward stress resilience mechanisms. As a central heat shock response (HSR) mechanism, the SlHSPs-SlHSFs system responded to HNT, with 10-day stress inducing distinct expression patterns of SlHSP70/90 genes alongside concurrent suppression of SlHSFs. qPCR analysis unveiled a transcriptional shift in SlHSFs from an initial shock phase, marked by pronounced expression changes at 1-day HNT, to a sustained acclimation phase. Prolonged HNT also triggered gene-specific expression changes in the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, as well as in genes involved in ROS homeostasis and hormone signaling. In addition, it increased alternative splicing in genes associated with antioxidant defense, DNA repair, and protein processing. Collectively, these transcriptomic alterations reflect a systemic reprogramming that prioritizes energy conservation, redox homeostasis, and macromolecular stability to support nocturnal heat acclimation. Our findings provide novel insights into tomato adaptation to HNT and offer valuable genetic resources and a theoretical foundation for breeding HNT-resilient tomato varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement Of tRNA Thiolation In uORF-Mediated Translational Regulation During Xylogenesis In Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Yuichi Nishii, Daichi Araki, Mitsuru Saraumi, Taku Takahashi","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-transcriptional modification of tRNAs is an important mechanism for regulating translation efficiency and cellular homeostasis, yet its contribution to upstream open reading frame (uORF)-mediated translational control remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the role of tRNA thiolation in thermospermine-dependent regulation of xylem development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a suppressor screen of the thermospermine-deficient mutant acaulis5 (acl5), which exhibits dwarfism and excessive xylem differentiation, we identified suppressor-of-acl502 (sac502) as a recessive loss-of-function allele of CTU2, a gene encoding a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the wobble uridine modification 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U). Mutations in other components of the same modification pathway, including ROL5 and TRM9, similarly suppressed the acl5 phenotype. Translational analyses using 5' leader-GUS reporter constructs revealed that the ctu2 mutation did not enhance translation of the mRNA containing a thermospermine-responsive uORF of SAC51, but instead significantly reduced translation of that of SACL3, a member of the SAC51 family, and that of LONESOME HIGHWAY (LHW), which contains another conserved uORF in the 5' leader region. Polysome profiling further demonstrated decreased association of SACL3 and LHW mRNAs with actively translating ribosomes in ctu2. Genetic interaction analyses supported the conclusion that the suppression of excessive xylem formation in acl5 by ctu2 is attributable to reduced LHW activity. In addition, ctu2 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to exogenous thermospermine, resembling the response of lhw mutants. Together, our results reveal that tRNA thiolation contributes to uORF-mediated translational regulation of key developmental regulators and identify tRNA modification as an important regulatory layer controlling vascular development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinoresinol/Lariciresinol Reductases and Secoisolariciresinol Dehydrogenases Involved in the Specific Production of (+)-Enantiomer of Matairesinol in Daphne genkwa.","authors":"Fernando Satoshi Tutihashi, Mitsuki Hirota, Masaomi Yamamura, Keisuke Kobayashi, Takefumi Hattori, Yuki Tobimatsu, Björn Robert Hamberger, Toshiaki Umezawa","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers in which the monomers are linked by the central carbon atoms of their propyl side chains. In addition to the biosynthesis of biologically active lignans, the unique stereochemical mechanisms of biosynthetic reactions have been a long-standing interest. The enantiomeric composition of pinoresinol and lariciresinol-the two lignans farthest upstream in the lignan biosynthetic pathway-varies greatly among the plant species; these compounds are not enantiomerically pure and are mixtures of both enantiomers. The enantiomeric composition of the next intermediate, secoisolariciresinol, also varies by plant species, with some being enantiomerically pure. Conversely, the next compound, matairesinol, is always enantiomerically pure. In most cases, it is levorotatory, while the opposite dextrorotatory enantiomer, (+)-matairesinol, has been obtained from Thymelaeaceae plants, including Daphne genkwa. The conversion of pinoresinol to secoisolariciresinol via lariciresinol is catalyzed by pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductases (PLRs). Secoisolariciresinol is then oxidized by secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenases (SIRDs) to afford matairesinol. Many PLRs from various plant species preferentially reduce (+)-pinoresinol to (-)-secoisolariciresinol, while others preferentially reduce (-)-pinoresinol to (+)-secoisolariciresinol. However, the specific formation and accumulation of (+)-matairesinol in Thymelaeaceae plants remain unknown. This study demonstrated that DgPLRs selectively reduce (-)-lariciresinol but not (+)-lariciresinol, resulting in the formation of (+)-secoisolariciresinol. Furthermore, DgSIRDs were found to selectively oxidize (+)-secoisolariciresinol over (-)-secoisolariciresinol, yielding (+)-matairesinol. Thus, the selectivity of DgPLRs for lariciresinol enantiomers rather than pinoresinol enantiomers and the selectivity of DgSIRDs for secoisolariciresinol enantiomers are responsible for the accumulation of nearly enantiomerically pure (+)-secoisolariciresinol and enantiomerically pure (+)-matairesinol in D. genkwa.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arabidopsis TITAN LIKE is required for U12-type intron splicing, especially of AT-AC subtypes.","authors":"Tomoko Niwa, Junshin Miyamoto, Nao Iwase, Haruka Iwai, Takaaki Kojima, Takamasa Suzuki","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many eukaryotes possess two types of spliceosomes: the U2-dependent and U12-dependent spliceosomes. The U2-dependent spliceosome processes more than 99% of all introns, whereas the U12-dependent spliceosome acts on only about 0.3% of introns, one-third of which start with AT and end with AC, with the remainder having GT-AG termini. How the U12-dependent spliceosome splices two types of introns with different terminal sequences remains poorly understood. Human CENATAC is a subunit of the U12-dependent spliceosome that is particularly required for the splicing of the AT-AC subtype. The Arabidopsis genome contains a single homolog, TITAN LIKE (TTL), but its function in splicing remains unknown. Here, we generated TTL mutants and isolated two viable alleles, of which we analyzed one, designated ttl-142, to investigate TTL function in splicing. ttl-142 carries a 42-nucleotide deletion that removes 14 amino acid residues from the predicted protein, and homozygous mutants exhibit morphological abnormalities. Most U12-dependent introns were less efficiently spliced in ttl-142 than in the wild-type, with the splicing of AT-AC introns particularly suppressed. Splicing suppression in ttl-142 was more extensive than that in a DROL1 mutant, which carries a mutation in a gene specifically required for AT-AC intron splicing. Conversely, fewer genes showed altered expression levels in ttl-142 than in drol1, and most differentially expressed genes differed between the two mutants. These results suggest that the phenotypes of ttl-142 and drol1 mutants may reflect the impairment of distinct spliceosomal functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIMA-related kinases redundantly regulate vegetative and reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Shogo Takatani, Mai Kanazawa, Kotaro Sakamoto, Yuki Tomita, Nozomi Kawamoto, Tatsuya Sakai, Takashi Araki, Hiroyasu Motose","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NIMA-related kinases (NEKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that regulate cell division and elongation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, NEK6 has been shown to control anisotropic growth through cortical microtubule depolymerization, but the functions of other NEK family members remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis NEKs redundantly regulate organ growth and flowering through phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms. Expression analyses revealed overlapping promoter activities of NEK genes in meristems, vascular tissues, and floral organs. While most single mutants showed no obvious phenotype, multiple mutants exhibited defects in root growth direction, leaf elongation, vascular formation, and floral transition. Biochemical analysis showed that NEK3 and NEK6 phosphorylate both β-tubulin and γ-tubulin, indicating a conserved role in microtubule regulation. In addition, several NEKs interacted with the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and NEK3 phosphorylated FT in vitro and inhibited FT-FD interaction in transient assays, suggesting a role in flowering regulation. These findings show that Arabidopsis NEKs redundantly coordinate vegetative and reproductive development through phosphorylation-dependent regulation of microtubules and flowering pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MirMAN-mediated mannose promotes root development in Arabidopsis via the MYB41-DWF4 module regulating brassinosteroid signaling pathways.","authors":"Hui Li, Xun Jin, Mengyao Rong, Sitong Guo, Caiyu Yang, Dongxu Wang, Hui Ma, Jingwei Lin, Shuisen Chen, Ming Zhong, Zhifu Guo","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sugars serve both as nutritional sources and signaling entities in plant root systems, engaging in crosstalk with phytohormones to modulate root morphogenesis and growth. Previous investigations demonstrated that heterologous expression of the Mirabilis jalapa mannanase gene (MirMAN) in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly promotes root development. Nevertheless, the mechanistic basis and associated signaling networks underpinning this phenomenon remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we found that MirMAN-mediated mannose could significantly promote plant root development, participate in root morphogenesis by promoting lateral root emergence and root elongation. Moreover, MirMAN-mediated mannose could increase the content of endogenous auxin, elevated the expression of auxin transport genes (AtLAX3/AtPIN2) and the response factor (AtARF7/19), lateral root development-related genes (AtLBD16/29), cell cycle-related gene (AtGATA23), sugar signaling-related genes (AtSnRK1) to promote lateral root development. Furthermore, the expression of AtMYB41 was significantly increased by MirMAN-mediated mannose. We further found that MYB41 directly bound to the promoter of AtDWF4 (a BR biosynthetic gene) and positively regulate the transcription of AtDWF4. Consistent with these findings, the myb41 mutants exhibited fewer lateral roots, reduced AtDWF4 expression, and lower BR content. Collectively, These results provide new perspectives for understanding the mechanisms of endogenous plant sugar signaling, and provide new ideas for exploiting the plastic developmental capacity of plant roots.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of a Bis(bibenzyl) Biosynthetic Pathway through Analysis of 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase and Double-Bond Reductase in Marchantia polymorpha.","authors":"Yuka Kobayashi, Misaki Tachibana, Nagisa Kimura, Miki Hatada, Takao Koeduka, Akira Ohta, Bun-Ichi Shimizu, Taiji Nomura, Yasuo Kato, Kimitsune Ishizaki, Masaharu Mizutani, Hiroyoshi Kubo, Kojiro Takanashi","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marchantia polymorpha has a unique phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway for producing bis(bibenzyl) compounds, such as marchantins. Previous tracer studies have suggested that dihydro-p-coumaroyl-CoA, an intermediate in the M. polymorpha bis(bibenzyl) biosynthetic pathway, is derived from dihydro-p-coumaric acid, which may result from the reduction of p-coumaric acid. However, the enzymes responsible for reducing the α,β-unsaturated double bond in p-coumaric acid have not yet been identified in bryophytes or in vascular plants. To clarify the biosynthetic pathway to dihydro-p-coumaroyl-CoA in M. polymorpha, the present study characterized a 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (Mp4CL3) and a double-bond reductase (MpDBR1), both of which were upregulated in M. polymorpha line overexpressing MpMYB2 with high accumulation of bis(bibenzyl) compounds. Enzyme assays using Escherichia coli showed that Mp4CL3 has the esterification activity toward both p-coumaric acid and dihydro-p-coumaric acid with producing their corresponding CoA thioesters, whereas the reduction activity of MpDBR1 was specific to p-coumaroyl-CoA, but not to p-coumaric acid. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of MpDBR1 resulted in a significant reduction in bis(bibenzyl) content. These findings provide clear evidence for a biosynthetic route from p-coumaric acid to dihydro-p-coumaroyl-CoA via p-coumaroyl-CoA in the bis(bibenzyl) biosynthetic pathway of M. polymorpha.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of a cytosol-localized dual prenyl diphosphate synthase involved in monoterpene and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in strawberry.","authors":"Yoriyuki Tachibana, Hayato Ueoka, Momoka Goto, Nanako Dan, Sora Koita, Hao Li, Hiroaki Kusano, Takuji Ichino, Ryosuke Munakata, Akifumi Sugiyama, Kazufumi Yazaki","doi":"10.1093/pcp/pcag051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcag051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants produce more than a million metabolites, most of which are compounds from specialized metabolism. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is controlled by different organelles within cells. For terpenoids in particular, plant cells have two independent pathways: the methylerythritol phosphate pathway in plastids and the mevalonate pathway in the cytosol. Monoterpenes, a class of C10 compounds, play important roles in plant communication with other organisms, such as pollinators and herbivores, to aid reproduction and deter predators, respectively. Monoterpenes are generally produced by terpene synthases, which are responsible for each end product from the common substrate, geranyl diphosphate (GPP), via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway in plastids, where GPP biosynthesis also occurs. However, linalool, a major monoterpene found in strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), is synthesized via the mevalonate pathway in the cytosol by a cytosol-localized terpene synthase, FaNES1. The enzyme that provides its substrate remains unknown. In this study, we identified two strong candidates for cytosol-localized trans-prenyltransferases. Both candidates were functionally characterized, and we demonstrated that one yielded both GPP and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), with a higher efficiency for GPP. The other protein exclusively yielded FPP. Both proteins lack a transit peptide and are localized in the cytosol. Gene expression analysis revealed that GPP/FPP synthase is almost constantly expressed in strawberries. We also discuss a putative molecular evolution of the unique strawberry GPP synthase.</p>","PeriodicalId":20575,"journal":{"name":"Plant and Cell Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147729784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}