{"title":"Modulation Methods","authors":"R. Heising","doi":"10.1109/jrproc.1962.288368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jrproc.1962.288368","url":null,"abstract":"This paper covers briefly the early radio telephone experiments with efforts by the various inventors to modulate spark, arc and alternator outputs with microphones of various kinds, and also with variable reactances controlled by voice signals. The development of the high-vacuum triode provided a basis for a completely new art, both in sustained wave generation, and in modulation. A few of the methods of modulation by the triode, as well as the development of the first practical radio telephone which led the way to early broadcast transmitters, are outlined. The discovery of sidebands with its early influence on transmitter circuits, which led to channel spacing, and also to single sideband use for ether space conservation, is mentioned. The early fumbling with frequency modulation and then the eventual discovery of how it could be used to advantage is outlined. Pulse-modulation systems, which have not yet reached their full development, are covered briefly. Nothing is given about modulation methods for the infrared optical waves for which methods of generation have lately been discovered, but for which modulation methods have not yet been published.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"30 1","pages":"896-901"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81749470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in the Field of Antennas and Propagation since World War II: Part I - Antennas","authors":"E. Jordan, R. P. King","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288102","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in the quantitative understanding of antennas as circuit elements, transmitters, receivers and scatterers of electromagnetic radiation is reviewed briefly for the period 1945-1961. Advances in the design of selected radiating systems with special properties are indicated. Specific reference is made to the impedance, current distribution, and pattern characteristic of cylindrical dipoles, singly and in arrays. Particular developments touched upon include slot and surface wave antennas, microwave antennas and microwave lenses, super-gain antennas, and very large antennas and arrays for radio astronomy and satellite communication. Frequency-independent \"angle\" antennas and log-periodic structures are reviewed briefly.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"17 1","pages":"705-708"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81471411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Graduate Study in Electrical Engineering","authors":"E. Weber","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288382","url":null,"abstract":"Graduate study in electrical engineering developed significantly after World War I when radio engineering came of age. The many new scientific discoveries preceding World War II and exploited technologically during and following that war lent tremendous impetus to the further growth of graduate study, particularly towards the doctor's degree. The keen competition for the outstanding students between industrial research laboratories and the faculties of the leading institutions has retarded the growth of the genuine full-time student body and has enormously accelerated the part-time enrollment for graduate degrees with the result that the numbers of degrees awarded have increased at a lesser rate. This has accentuated evaluative studies of graduate education and drawn the attention to national needs; namely, large-scale support of a sufficient number of outstanding graduate study and research centers with adequate support for genuine full-time graduate students in order to supply faculty needs as well as the needs of industry in this highly technological society.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"2012 1","pages":"960-966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82620860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Future of Propagation Research and Development","authors":"H. Booker","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288105","url":null,"abstract":"It is predicted that the future of propagation research and development will involve: 1) world-wide radio communication via satellites, 2) greatly increased interest in the magnetosphere and the solar atmosphere, 3) greatly increased interest in the atmospheres and surfaces of planets, 4) a far wider interpretation of the notion of radio frequency, both at the lower and the upper ends of the spectrum, 5) extensive use of new methods for investigating the top side of the ionosphere by both reflection and scattering techniques, 6) the discovery of new phenomena by the use of large antennas, high-power transmitters and low-noise receivers, and, 7) greatly increased interest in the propagation of sonic and tidal waves in the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"40 1","pages":"717-718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80926077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future of the Component Parts Field","authors":"P. Darnell","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288379","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly complex electronic systems are creating the need for greater numbers of components, with consequent serious problems of systems reliability and maintenance. Rockets, satellites and space vehicles demand small, lightweight, highly reliable electronic equipment. It is noted that miniaturized assemblies, integrated circuits, and functional solid-state devices provide solutions to these critical demands. Opinions are offered as to the time scale of availability of these new approaches. However, a continuing need for conventional parts in certain applications is noted, and possible trends in further development of several kinds are discussed. To derive maximum benefits inherent in the application of truly functional devices, the necessity of changes in points of view and design philosophies of both systems and device engineers is indicated. Certain factors other than those of a technical nature are considered which may have an important influence on the rate of transition from classical components to functional entities. Finally it is opined that the device engineer of the future should have a breadth and depth of intellectual disciplines which not only allows him to appreciate systems objectives, but also enables him to implement these objectives by functional devices through the media of basic properties of substances.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"73 1","pages":"950-954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90809252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Factors in Electronics-Historical Sketch","authors":"H. P. Birmingham","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288015","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the new science dealing with manmachine relationships is traced from the first organized efforts during World War II to the present. The current rapid growth is underlined by the organization of professional societies, the largest of which is the IRE Professional Group on Human Factors in Electronics. The discussion includes reference to the several government, university and industrial laboratories which have pioneered in this field.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"53 1","pages":"1116-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86719919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radio-Wave Propagation during World War II","authors":"K. Norton","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288101","url":null,"abstract":"Many publications have appeared which describe the very extensive wartime radio-wave propagation research. References to some of these summaries are given which cover some aspects of this research as carried out in the United States, England, the U.S.S.R., Japan and Germany. These summaries are most complete for the work done in the United States, England and Japan. A summary is then given of some of the wartime research in the United States on direction finders and the polarization of downcoming ionospheric radio waves. This is followed by some heretofore unpublished material on Japanese ionospheric research which, by way of example, clearly indicates that an April, 1942, paper by Maeda, Uyeda and Shinkawa contains the first definite identification and interpretation of the F2-layer longitude effect. Finally a brief summary is given of a few selected topics in propagation research which arose out of the wartime development of radar.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"3 1","pages":"698-704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88075233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spanning the Microwave Infrared Gap","authors":"P. Coleman","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288076","url":null,"abstract":"The basic problems encountered in both classical and quantum electronics when attempting to produce coherent radiation in the microwave-infrared gap region extending from roughly 100- to 1000-microns wavelength are reviewed. Brief historical accounts are given of past work leading up to the submillimeter wave frontier. Some selected examples of current work are described to indicate the direction research in this area is taking. While it is the conclusion that a real breakthrough in the microwave infrared problem is not imminent, it is felt that the new background knowledge and the increased applied physics experience now acquired by the ultramicrowave engineer will hasten the day when a solution to the problem will be obtained.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"58 1","pages":"1219-1224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73089359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data Handling, Computers and Diagnosis","authors":"L. Lusted","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288071","url":null,"abstract":"As quantitative bio-medical science develops, the amount of data to be handled will increase. Already the investigator frequently finds that the analysis of the data he has collected is beyond his computational ability and he is forced to turn to automatic data processing. The bio-medical investigator must have access to a variety of both analog and digital computing equipment if progress is to be made in biomedical research. Automatic data-processing techniques and equipment need to be introduced to the areas of public health and patient care. Projects dealing with medical records, medical literature retrieval, automatic chemical analysis, the recording of signs, symptoms, nurses' notes, etc., must all be tied together in regional medical computing systems as soon as possible. Particular attention must be given to this systematic collection and analysis of medical data before regional computing systems can help physicians with diagnosis and treatment.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"24 1","pages":"1190-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74988787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development in High-Speed Switching Elements","authors":"A. Lo","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288007","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in high-speed switching elements are outlined to indicate the trend of recent work and thoughts on physical implementation of high-speed digital data processing systems. Four outstanding switching elements, thin film cryotron, high-speed transistor, microwave parametric phase-locked oscillator, and tunnel diode, as well as some related circuit and fabrication techniques, are briefly described and commented on. The transistor remains as the predominant switching element for these systems, largely because of the vast experience with it. The other technologies are presenting an ever increasing challenge to the transistor in this area.","PeriodicalId":20574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IRE","volume":"13 1","pages":"1067-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81383147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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