Orð og tungaPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.25.4
Veturliði Óskarsson
{"title":"Orð koma í orða stað. Um sagnorðið fokka og nafnorðið fokk","authors":"Veturliði Óskarsson","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.25.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.25.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the words fokka (verb) and fokk (noun) in Icelandic. These words have a dual origin in the language. On the one hand, the verb was probably first borrowed from older Danish or Low German already in the 17th century, and the noun later derived from it. On the other hand, the much more recent loanword, E. fuck (verb, noun, exclamation), took the same form in the language, both in writing and pronunciation. This happened even though Icelandic phonotactics and phonology require the short vowel in English words such as butter, hut, luck, etc. to be represented by the Icel. phoneme /ö/, surfacing as [œ], when such words enter the language as loanwords or are pronounced with an Icelandic accent. However, the words fuck and fucking, which started appearing in Icelandic newspapers and magazines around 1970, are almost always pronounced and spelt differently than expected, i.e., with the vowel [ɔ] and spelt fokk, fokking, not with [œ] or spelt *fökk, *fökking. The reason probably is that the older words to a certain extent, both in terms of semantics, use and partly in pronunciation, already occupied the position that the new loanwords were expected to take in the language. However, the older words, fairly low valued, belonging to a low linguistic register and relatively rare, judging from the texts that have been examined, gave in to the new words. The new words were accompanied by pressure from popular culture, the language of young people and supported by high international use and social media. This article discusses the older words fokka and fokk, their history over the past centuries, their meaning, usage\u0000and semantic development, and compares them with the newer words derived from E. fuck who took their place, with examples taken to show what happened when the new loanwords met the old ones.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122158617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orð og tungaPub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.25.3
Ásta Svavarsdóttir
{"title":"Að blóta á íslensku","authors":"Ásta Svavarsdóttir","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.25.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.25.3","url":null,"abstract":"Swearing in Icelandic is the topic of this article. The main focus is on the grammatical aspects of swear words, i.e. their morphological and syntactic characteristics and behaviour, emphasizing how one swears rather than why. The Tagged Icelandic Corpus (MÍM), containing searchable texts from the early 21st century, is the primary source for the analysis. Even if the vocabulary of swear words is relatively small and swearing is a formulaic use of language, the results show that there can be considerable flexibility in Icelandic swearing and that there are creative means to modify and extend both the vocabulary and the syntactic constructions typical of swearing. The vocabulary extensions are partly based on word-formation (in some cases with unusual methods) and partly by borrowing, especially from English nowadays. In the syntax, certain forms of nouns used in swearing have acquired new functions, e.g. by using them adverbially, and nominal phrases can be extended by adding attributes preceeding the head-noun, adding to their diversity and effect. In such phrases, the genitive forms of swear nouns ‒ usually preceeding the head counter to genitive attributes in other nominal phrases — have been reinterpreted as adjectives allowing them to be freely coordinated in a string of attributes without conjoining them by conjunctions.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128938007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orð og tungaPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.23.4
Þorsteinn G. Indriðason
{"title":"Af hverju góðlátlegur en ekki *góðleglátur?: Um leyfilegar og óleyfilegar viðskeytaraðir í íslensku","authors":"Þorsteinn G. Indriðason","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.23.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.23.4","url":null,"abstract":"Í greininni er sagt frá rannsókn á viðskeytaröðum í íslensku með nafnorðs- og lýsingarorðsviðskeytum í fyrsta sæti, hversu algengar þessar raðir eru og hvaða valhömlur (e. selectional restrictions) eru ráðandi í viðskeytingunni. Þessar raðir voru fengnar þannig að 26 viðskeyti sem mynda nafnorð voru pöruð við 22 viðskeyti sem tengjast nafnorðum og sömuleiðis voru 9 viðskeyti sem mynda lýsingarorð pöruð saman við 12 viðskeyti sem tengjast lýsingarorðum. Eftir stóð 661 möguleg röð þegar vinsaðar höfðu verið út raðir með samskonar viðskeytum (sbr. t.d. -legleg). Leitað var að staðfestum röðum meðal þessara mögulegu raða í Íslenskum orðasjóði og Beygingarlýsingu íslensks nútímamáls og fundust 36 slíkar, 19 raðir með nafnorðsviðskeyti í fyrsta sæti og 17 raðir með lýsingarorðsviðskeyti í fyrsta sæti. \u0000\u0000Mögulegar ástæður fyrir hlutfallslega fáum staðfestum röðum eru ræddar. Valhömlur spila stórt hlutverk til þess að skýra þetta. Sum viðskeyti geta t.d. ekki tengst grunnorðum sem sjálf eru viðskeytt þó þau geti hæglega tengst tvíkvæðum grunnorðum (sbr. t.d. -lát). Að auki virðist nær ómögulegt að breyta röð viðskeyta innan orðs og sum viðskeyti geta ekki bætt við sig viðskeytum og geta því ekki myndað viðskeytaraðir. Í greininni er einnig fjallað um ‚klofna viðskeytingu‘ þar sem eignarfallsendingar koma á milli tveggja viðskeyta en endingin gerir það að verkum að viðskeytingin getur haldið áfram, sbr. dæmi eins og leikaraskapur. Öll þessi atriði eiga sinn þátt í því að staðfestar viðskeytaraðir eru hlutfallslega fáar í íslensku.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122477083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orð og tungaPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.23.6
Svavar Sigmundsson
{"title":"Gælunöfn í ættartölusafnriti","authors":"Svavar Sigmundsson","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.23.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.23.6","url":null,"abstract":"Greinin fjallar um íslensk gælunöfn í Ættartölusafnriti Þórðar Jónssonar frá Hítardal (1645-1669).","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123848628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orð og tungaPub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.23.9
Halldóra Jónsdóttir, Þórdís Úlfarsdóttir
{"title":"Stafræn gerð Blöndalsorðabókar","authors":"Halldóra Jónsdóttir, Þórdís Úlfarsdóttir","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.23.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.23.9","url":null,"abstract":"The digitisation of a 100-year-old dictionary, Íslensk-dönsk orðabók, was completed in 2020. With Icelandic as a source language and Danish as a target language, the work is one of the most comprehensive dictionaries ever published in Iceland. It is now available on the internet, free of charge (see blondal.arnastofnun.is). The authors, Sigfús and Björg Þ. Blöndal, spent two decades compiling the dictionary, and to this day it remains an influential work for Icelandic lexicography, being an important authority on the Icelandic language as it was spoken and written in the early 20th century.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131466321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orð og tungaPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.33112/ordogtunga.22.12
Helga Hilmisdóttir, Emily Lethbridge, J. Jónsson
{"title":"Ritfregnir","authors":"Helga Hilmisdóttir, Emily Lethbridge, J. Jónsson","doi":"10.33112/ordogtunga.22.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.22.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126031113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orð og tungaPub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.7
Ari Páll Kristinsson
{"title":"Um greiningu á málstöðlun og málstefnu. Haugen, Ammon og Spolsky í íslensku samhengi","authors":"Ari Páll Kristinsson","doi":"10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33112/ORDOGTUNGA.21.7","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical analyses and models by Haugen (1966), Ammon (2003, 2015) and Spolsky (2004, 2009, 2018) on language standardization, language policy and language management are described and discussed, along with some detailed accounts on how these have been or may be used in the study of Icelandic language tandardization and language policy at various points in the history of Icelandic. Furthermore, some advantages and shortcomings of these analyses are discussed in comparison with different theoretical approaches.","PeriodicalId":205730,"journal":{"name":"Orð og tunga","volume":"53 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127573821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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