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A ‘popular option’ for development? Reconsidering the rise and fall of Chile’s political economy of socialism 发展的“流行选择”?反思智利社会主义政治经济的兴衰
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.009
Joshua Frens-string
{"title":"A ‘popular option’ for development? Reconsidering the rise and fall of Chile’s political economy of socialism","authors":"Joshua Frens-string","doi":"10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.009","url":null,"abstract":"As Salvador Allende and his supporters forged a democratic path towards socialism, the task of building a more sovereign and egalitarian national economy became one of the Popular Unity (UP) revolution’s first priorities. To that end, Allende’s coalition promoted a massive downward redistribution of income during its first months in office while also extending state control over many of the country’s most essential industries. Chile’s food economy, including its agricultural sector, received special attention during this early period as both purchasing power and domestic production soared. However, when a combination of economic, ecological and political factors caused consumer production to stagnate, acute shortages for a wide range of goods raised questions about the viability of the UP’s plans for a more just consumer economy. The emergence of a powerful opposition movement also raised questions about the government’s reluctance to pursue substantive political changes at the same time that it implemented major economic reforms. By examining the political economy of the UP experiment in the context of Chile’s 2019–20 uprising against inequality and political exclusion, this article reconsiders the consequences of the UP’s inability to link economic transformations with changes in how political power was exercised in mid-century Chile.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"145 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129632057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Scholarship on the Popular Unity in Chile since 2000. Are historians lagging behind? 2000年以来智利人民团结奖学金。历史学家落后了吗?
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.008
José Del Pozo Artigas, Danny Monsálvez Araneda, Mario Valdés Urrutia
{"title":"Scholarship on the Popular Unity in Chile since 2000. Are historians lagging behind?","authors":"José Del Pozo Artigas, Danny Monsálvez Araneda, Mario Valdés Urrutia","doi":"10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.008","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the questioning indicated by some historians at the beginning of the twenty-first century regarding that they would be in debt to the study of the Allende government and the Popular Unity (UP) in Chile (1970–3). Although historians have investigated the diverse issues and problems of that period in varying depth, there are topics that have not been fully addressed: for example, the relationship between socialists, communists and President Allende, and the participation of left-wing women, native people and youth in the referred historical process. However, this work addresses the contributions on the subject made mainly by Chilean authors in books and articles on UP, namely: general studies on the period, works concerning Allende and some of his close collaborators, the economic changes that affected national and international private interests, some of the forces of the Left and Right (parties and movements), popular social sectors, the state coup, the military, culture and the press. A novel aspect in a significant number of these works is the use of interviews with witnesses who played a significant role in, or lived through, the UP period.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132416774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The permanent rebellion: An interpretation of Mapuche uprisings under Chilean colonialism 永久叛乱:对智利殖民统治下马普切人起义的解读
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.012
Fernando Pairicán, M. Urrutia
{"title":"The permanent rebellion: An interpretation of Mapuche uprisings under Chilean colonialism","authors":"Fernando Pairicán, M. Urrutia","doi":"10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.012","url":null,"abstract":"This article approaches the rebellions of the Mapuche people from a longue-durée perspective, from the Occupation of the Araucanía in 1861 to the recent events of 2020. Among other things, the article explores the Popular Unity (UP) period, and the ‘Cautinazo’ in particular, considered here as an uprising that synthesised the discourses and aspirations of the Mapuche people dating back to the Occupation, while also repoliticising them by foregrounding demands for land restitution. This experience created the conditions for a new cycle of mobilisation that began in the twenty-first century. In other words, the Agrarian Reform of the UP era set the stage for more recent rebellions that are once again challenging colonial problems related to private property rights, the usurpation of land and agricultural aggression. In seeking responses to these problems, the Mapuche movement of the early twenty-first century is being revitalised.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129850074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
“Presencia de mujeres militantes de izquierda en los proyectos y experiencias de poder popular durante la Unidad Popular: Estudio de casos Concepción y Santiago de Chile (1970-1973)” “妇女左翼武装分子在人民团结期间人民力量项目和经验中的存在:案例研究concepcion和智利圣地亚哥(1970-1973)”
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.016.es
Georgina Retamal
{"title":"“Presencia de mujeres militantes de izquierda en los proyectos y experiencias de poder popular durante la Unidad Popular: Estudio de casos Concepción y Santiago de Chile (1970-1973)”","authors":"Georgina Retamal","doi":"10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.016.es","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.016.es","url":null,"abstract":"Este artículo analiza desde la perspectiva de género, las experiencias de ocho mujeres ex militantes de izquierda ligadas a lo social-político, en procesos que se vincularon al denominado poder popular, en ámbitos poblacionales y sindicales tanto en la zona de Concepción como en Santiago durante 1970-1973. En lo metodológico significó posicionarnos desde lo cualitativo, utilizando la historia oral con aplicación de entrevistas y la pesquisa de fuentes primarias, las cuales fueron comparadas para la construcción del estudio final. La información obtenida nos señala que el proceso de socialización política en la niñez y adolescencia influyó en su ingreso a partidos políticos de ‘izquierda tradicional’ y/o de la denominada ‘izquierda revolucionaria.’ A comienzos de los años setenta, siendo militantes participaron en organizaciones de base, a saber, JAPs, campamentos, Centros de Madres y sindicatos entre otros. Ello significó que su práctica militante partidaria tuvo un alto grado de continuidad de las experiencias sociales vividas en las etapas de juventud. No obstante, la diferencia estuvo en la oportunidad de transitar a espacios más politizados que les permitieron acceder a formación política y en algunos casos, asumir dirigencias en organizaciones e inclusive una de ellas de representación comunal y luego parlamentaria. Los aprendizajes obtenidos y las vivencias militantes de dicho periodo han marcado sus trayectorias, por lo cual en el presente se han convertido en generadoras de traspaso intergeneracional de prácticas socio-políticas en los nuevos escenarios del Chile actual.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116714117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fifty years after Popular Unity: Chile’s estallido social in historical context 人民团结五十年后:历史背景下的智利社会转型
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.014
Joshua Frens-string, Tanya Harmer, Marian E. Schlotterbeck
{"title":"Fifty years after Popular Unity: Chile’s estallido social in historical context","authors":"Joshua Frens-string, Tanya Harmer, Marian E. Schlotterbeck","doi":"10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.014","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the co-editors introduce key themes and contributions of this special issue of Radical Americas, particularly as they pertain to the 50th anniversary of Chile’s Popular Unity revolution (1970–3) and the more recent estallido social (social uprising), which began in Santiago de Chile in October 2019. They underline the historical context for contemporary events, arguing the need to recognise the influence, memory and significance of the past in the present.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129605531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
La contrarrevolución chilena. Raíces, dinámicas y legados de la movilización de masas contra la Unidad Popular 智利的反革命。反对人民团结的群众动员的根源、动力和遗产
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.013.es
Marcelo Casals
{"title":"La contrarrevolución chilena. Raíces, dinámicas y legados de la movilización de masas contra la Unidad Popular","authors":"Marcelo Casals","doi":"10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.013.es","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.013.es","url":null,"abstract":"La elección de Salvador Allende y la Unidad Popular en 1970 desató un radical y original proceso revolucionario, cuestión apreciable no sólo en la profundidad de las medidas redistributivas y las expectativas generadas, sino también en la ferocidad con que ese proyecto fue respondido por quienes se identificaron con un ideal contrarrevolucionario. Esa contrarrevolución inicialmente reducida a sectores conservadores y reaccionarios se transformó en cuestión de meses en una inmensa movilización de masas, que terminaría por pavimentar el camino hacia el golpe militar. Este ensayo analiza ese proceso contrarrevolucionario, explorando sus raíces históricas, los principales actores involucrados y la innovaciones en las prácticas políticas desarrolladas entonces. El “bloque contrarrevolucionario” formado por una diversidad de actores políticos y sociales -algunos de los cuales no tenían experiencia de movilización política previa- fundamentó su accionar en la adopción y socialización de un “guión” anticomunista de larga data, con el cual pudieron hacer sentido a la cambiante realidad de entonces. Ese “guión”, basado en décadas de recepciones de eventos de otras latitudes, elaboraciones y acusaciones contra todos aquellos identificados como comunistas, aspiró a reducir la originalidad del proyecto político de la Unidad Popular a una reedición en territorio chileno de las experiencias socialistas clásicas procesadas en clave distópica. La potencia de la contrarrevolución se proyectaría en la dictadura militariniciada en 1973 al convertirse en una suerte de ideología oficial de Estado, y se convertiría en una experiencia fundante de los sectores conservadores chilenos, con reverberaciones incluso en nuestros días.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134304383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Los estudios sobre la Unidad Popular en Chile en el nuevo milenio. ¿Están en deuda los historiadores? 新千年智利人民团结研究。历史学家欠他们的债吗?
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.008.es
José del Pozo Artigas, D. Araneda, Mario Valdés Urrutia
{"title":"Los estudios sobre la Unidad Popular en Chile en el nuevo milenio. ¿Están en deuda los historiadores?","authors":"José del Pozo Artigas, D. Araneda, Mario Valdés Urrutia","doi":"10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.008.es","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.008.es","url":null,"abstract":"En este artículo se examinan los cuestionamientos señalados por algunos historiadores a principios del siglo XXI sobre que estarían en deuda con el estudio del gobierno de Allende y de la Unidad Popular (UP) en Chile (1970-3). Si bien los historiadores han investigado los diversos temas y problemas de ese período con diversa profundidad, hay temas que no se han abordado en su totalidad: por ejemplo, la relación entre socialistas, comunistas y el presidente Allende, y la participación de mujeres de izquierda, nativos y jóvenes en el país. el referido proceso histórico. Sin embargo, este trabajo aborda los aportes sobre el tema realizados principalmente por autores chilenos en libros y artículos sobre la UP, a saber: estudios generales del período, trabajos sobre Allende y algunos de sus colaboradores cercanos, los cambios económicos que afectaron intereses privados nacionales e internacionales, algunos de las fuerzas de Izquierda y Derecha (partidos y movimientos), sectores sociales populares, el Estado golpista, los militares, la cultura y la prensa. Un aspecto novedoso en un número significativo de estos trabajos es el uso de entrevistas con testigos que jugaron un papel significativo o vivieron el período de la UP.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115993079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Collective trauma, feminism and the threads of popular power: A personal and political account of Chile’s 2019 social awakening 集体创伤、女权主义和大众权力的线索:对智利2019年社会觉醒的个人和政治描述
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.002
Green Rioja, A. Romina
{"title":"Collective trauma, feminism and the threads of popular power: A personal and political account of Chile’s 2019 social awakening","authors":"Green Rioja, A. Romina","doi":"10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"Chile’s 2019 uprising marked a moment of social awakening for many Chileans, recasting historical memory tropes and shattering the fear of collective action internalised during the years of dictatorial rule (1973–90). This article explores the political legacies of the Popular Unity period (1970–3) made apparent during the 2019 uprising and the popular movement that emerged in its wake. It also centres on the Chilean feminist movement, its historic role as a political force in Chilean politics and how a new feminist discourse became the necessary preamble to Chile’s 2019 social awakening. Lastly, this study describes the sprouting of a neighbourhood assembly movement within days after the 18 October 2019 uprising, its role in rearticulating politics from below and its alignment with the feminist movement, culminating in mass participation in the 8 March 2020 feminist strike. This article places personal and familial accounts in conversation with scholarly works, utilising the 2019 uprising as a lens to revisit the historical past within the onward moving historical present.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"332 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133696544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Concluding reflections 总结反思
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.010
S. Volk
{"title":"Concluding reflections","authors":"S. Volk","doi":"10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ra.2021.v6.1.010","url":null,"abstract":"In October 2020, Chilean voters resoundingly elected to abandon the constitution left behind by the Pinochet dictatorship. A new charter will be written by a fully elected, gender-balanced, constitutional convention. Given that Chilean political leaders have floated the idea of jettisoning the 1980 constitution for the last 35 years, what accounts for their decisive step at this point? Summarising and reflecting on the contributions to this special issue, I argue that the October 2020 vote was, in a sense, the result of decades of popular resistance, nurtured and informed by rich and tragic historical memories and experiences. The October result demonstrated an understanding of how to mobilise and energise a huge and diverse base of popular support as well a keen awareness of how to prepare for the violence that inevitably was launched against it.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126884791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On racial capitalism, structural change and the liquidation of Whiteness 关于种族资本主义,结构变化和白人的清算
Radical Americas Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.006
Bennett Brazelton
{"title":"On racial capitalism, structural change and the liquidation of Whiteness","authors":"Bennett Brazelton","doi":"10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.RA.2021.V6.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses ‘racial capitalism’ as a cohesive but at times contradictory project. Understanding that both capitalism and White supremacy are constantly evolving, the objective here is to understand the political and economic currents that produce shifts in the composition and structure of institutional dispossession. To do this, I look at the abolition of slavery, the legislative victories of the civil rights movement and the current realignment of corporate classes in support of police and criminal justice reform as moments of structural change in the narrative history of ‘racial progress’ in the United States. The shifts and currents which undergird these structural changes typically occur when White supremacy challenges the integrity of capitalism and the corporate class. Expanding on existing literature that posits Whiteness as a ‘wage’, I argue that White identity functions as an asset with some level of liquidity – that is to say, it can be readily converted and exchanged. By understanding these underlying shifts and the ways in which corporate classes may seek to liquidate Whiteness, I argue, radical activists can better anticipate coming iterations of White supremacy and class exploitation.","PeriodicalId":205578,"journal":{"name":"Radical Americas","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123995529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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