Probability Theory and Related Fields最新文献

{"title":"Private measures, random walks, and synthetic data","authors":"March Boedihardjo, Thomas Strohmer, Roman Vershynin","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01279-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01279-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Differential privacy is a mathematical concept that provides an information-theoretic security guarantee. While differential privacy has emerged as a de facto standard for guaranteeing privacy in data sharing, the known mechanisms to achieve it come with some serious limitations. Utility guarantees are usually provided only for a fixed, a priori specified set of queries. Moreover, there are no utility guarantees for more complex—but very common—machine learning tasks such as clustering or classification. In this paper we overcome some of these limitations. Working with metric privacy, a powerful generalization of differential privacy, we develop a polynomial-time algorithm that creates a <i>private measure</i> from a data set. This private measure allows us to efficiently construct private synthetic data that are accurate for a wide range of statistical analysis tools. Moreover, we prove an asymptotically sharp min-max result for private measures and synthetic data in general compact metric spaces, for any fixed privacy budget <span>(varepsilon )</span> bounded away from zero. A key ingredient in our construction is a new <i>superregular random walk</i>, whose joint distribution of steps is as regular as that of independent random variables, yet which deviates from the origin logarithmically slowly.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140627967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dirichlet forms on unconstrained Sierpinski carpets","authors":"Shiping Cao, Hua Qiu","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01280-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01280-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We construct symmetric self-similar Dirichlet forms on unconstrained Sierpinski carpets, which are natural extension of planar Sierpinski carpets by allowing the small cells to live off the 1/<i>k</i> grids. The intersection of two cells can be a line segment of irrational length, and the non-diagonal assumption is dropped in this recurrent setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear Fokker–Planck equations with fractional Laplacian and McKean–Vlasov SDEs with Lévy noise","authors":"Viorel Barbu, Michael Röckner","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01277-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01277-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work is concerned with the existence of mild solutions to nonlinear Fokker–Planck equations with fractional Laplace operator <span>((- Delta )^s)</span> for <span>(sin left( frac{1}{2},1right) )</span>. The uniqueness of Schwartz distributional solutions is also proved under suitable assumptions on diffusion and drift terms. As applications, weak existence and uniqueness of solutions to McKean–Vlasov equations with Lévy noise, as well as the Markov property for their laws are proved.</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The structure of the local time of Markov processes indexed by Lévy trees","authors":"Armand Riera, Alejandro Rosales-Ortiz","doi":"10.1007/s00440-023-01258-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-023-01258-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We construct an additive functional playing the role of the local time—at a fixed point <i>x</i>—for Markov processes indexed by Lévy trees. We start by proving that Markov processes indexed by Lévy trees satisfy a special Markov property which can be thought as a spatial version of the classical Markov property. Then, we construct our additive functional by an approximation procedure and we characterize the support of its Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure. We also give an equivalent construction in terms of a special family of exit local times. Finally, combining these results, we show that the points at which the Markov process takes the value <i>x</i> encode a new Lévy tree and we construct explicitly its height process. In particular, we recover a recent result of Le Gall concerning the subordinate tree of the Brownian tree where the subordination function is given by the past maximum process of Brownian motion indexed by the Brownian tree.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140592141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ray–Knight theorem for $$nabla phi $$ interface models and scaling limits","authors":"Jean-Dominique Deuschel, Pierre-François Rodriguez","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01275-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01275-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We introduce a natural measure on bi-infinite random walk trajectories evolving in a time-dependent environment driven by the Langevin dynamics associated to a gradient Gibbs measure with convex potential. We derive an identity relating the occupation times of the Poissonian cloud induced by this measure to the square of the corresponding gradient field, which—generically—is <i>not</i> Gaussian. In the quadratic case, we recover a well-known generalization of the second Ray–Knight theorem. We further determine the scaling limits of the various objects involved in dimension 3, which are seen to exhibit homogenization. In particular, we prove that the renormalized square of the gradient field converges under appropriate rescaling to the Wick-ordered square of a Gaussian free field on <span>(mathbb R^3)</span> with suitable diffusion matrix, thus extending a celebrated result of Naddaf and Spencer regarding the scaling limit of the field itself.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diophantine conditions in the law of the iterated logarithm for lacunary systems","authors":"Christoph Aistleitner, Lorenz Frühwirth, Joscha Prochno","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01272-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01272-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is a classical observation that lacunary function systems exhibit many properties which are typical for systems of independent random variables. However, it had already been observed by Erdős and Fortet in the 1950s that probability theory’s limit theorems may fail for lacunary sums <span>(sum f(n_k x))</span> if the sequence <span>((n_k)_{k ge 1})</span> has a strong arithmetic “structure”. The presence of such structure can be assessed in terms of the number of solutions <span>(k,ell )</span> of two-term linear Diophantine equations <span>(a n_k - b n_ell = c)</span>. As the first author proved with Berkes in 2010, saving an (arbitrarily small) unbounded factor for the number of solutions of such equations compared to the trivial upper bound, rules out pathological situations as in the Erdős–Fortet example, and guarantees that <span>(sum f(n_k x))</span> satisfies the central limit theorem (CLT) in a form which is in accordance with true independence. In contrast, as shown by the first author, for the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) the Diophantine condition which suffices to ensure “truly independent” behavior requires saving this factor of logarithmic order. In the present paper we show that, rather surprisingly, saving such a logarithmic factor is actually the optimal condition in the LIL case. This result reveals the remarkable fact that the arithmetic condition required of <span>((n_k)_{k ge 1})</span> to ensure that <span>(sum f(n_k x))</span> shows “truly random” behavior is a different one at the level of the CLT than it is at the level of the LIL: the LIL requires a stronger arithmetic condition than the CLT does.</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subcritical Gaussian multiplicative chaos in the Wiener space: construction, moments and volume decay","authors":"Rodrigo Bazaes, Isabel Lammers, Chiranjib Mukherjee","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01271-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01271-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We construct and study properties of an infinite dimensional analog of Kahane’s theory of Gaussian multiplicative chaos (Kahane in Ann Sci Math Quebec 9(2):105-150, 1985). Namely, if <span>(H_T(omega ))</span> is a random field defined w.r.t. space-time white noise <span>(dot{B})</span> and integrated w.r.t. Brownian paths in <span>(dge 3)</span>, we consider the renormalized exponential <span>(mu _{gamma ,T})</span>, weighted w.r.t. the Wiener measure <span>(mathbb {P}_0(textrm{d}omega ))</span>. We construct the almost sure limit <span>(mu _gamma = lim _{Trightarrow infty } mu _{gamma ,T})</span> in the <i>entire weak disorder (subcritical)</i> regime and call it <i>subcritical GMC on the Wiener space</i>. We show that </p><span>$$begin{aligned} mu _gamma Big {omega : lim _{Trightarrow infty } frac{H_T(omega )}{T(phi star phi )(0)} ne gamma Big }=0 qquad text{ almost } text{ surely, } end{aligned}$$</span><p>meaning that <span>(mu _gamma )</span> is supported almost surely only on <span>(gamma )</span>-<i>thick paths</i>, and consequently, the normalized version is singular w.r.t. the Wiener measure. We then characterize uniquely the limit <span>(mu _gamma )</span> w.r.t. the mollification scheme <span>(phi )</span> in the sense of Shamov (J Funct Anal 270:3224–3261, 2016) – we show that the law of <span>(dot{B})</span> under the random <i>rooted</i> measure <span>(mathbb Q_{mu _gamma }(textrm{d}dot{B}textrm{d}omega )= mu _gamma (textrm{d}omega ,dot{B})P(textrm{d}dot{B}))</span> is the same as the law of the distribution <span>(fmapsto dot{B}(f)+ gamma int _0^infty int _{mathbb {R}^d} f(s,y) phi (omega _s-y) textrm{d}s textrm{d}y)</span> under <span>(P otimes mathbb {P}_0)</span>. We then determine the fractal properties of the measure around <span>(gamma )</span>-thick paths: <span>(-C_2 le liminf _{varepsilon downarrow 0} varepsilon ^2 log {widehat{mu }}_gamma (Vert omega Vert&lt; varepsilon ) le limsup _{varepsilon downarrow 0}sup _eta varepsilon ^2 log {widehat{mu }}_gamma (Vert omega -eta Vert &lt; varepsilon ) le -C_1)</span> w.r.t a weighted norm <span>(Vert cdot Vert )</span>. Here <span>(C_1&gt;0)</span> and <span>(C_2&lt;infty )</span> are the uniform upper (resp. pointwise lower) Hölder exponents which are <i>explicit</i> in the entire weak disorder regime. Moreover, they converge to the scaling exponent of the Wiener measure as the disorder approaches zero. Finally, we establish negative and <span>(L^p)</span> (<span>(p&gt;1)</span>) moments for the total mass of <span>(mu _gamma )</span> in the weak disorder regime.</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The number of critical points of a Gaussian field: finiteness of moments","authors":"Louis Gass, Michele Stecconi","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01273-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01273-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Let <i>f</i> be a Gaussian random field on <span>(mathbb {R}^d)</span> and let <i>X</i> be the number of critical points of <i>f</i> contained in a compact subset. A long-standing conjecture is that, under mild regularity and non-degeneracy conditions on <i>f</i>, the random variable <i>X</i> has finite moments. So far, this has been established only for moments of order lower than three. In this paper, we prove the conjecture. Precisely, we show that <i>X</i> has finite moment of order <i>p</i>, as soon as, at any given point, the Taylor polynomial of order <i>p</i> of <i>f</i> is non-degenerate. We present a simple and general approach that is not specific to critical points and we provide various applications. In particular, we show the finiteness of moments of the nodal volumes and the number of critical points of a large class of smooth, or holomorphic, Gaussian fields, including the Bargmann-Fock ensemble.</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140591549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-evolving dynamic networks","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01274-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01274-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Co-evolving network models, wherein dynamics such as random walks on the network influence the evolution of the network structure, which in turn influences the dynamics, are of interest in a range of domains. While much of the literature in this area is currently supported by numerics, providing evidence for fascinating conjectures and phase transitions, proving rigorous results has been quite challenging. We propose a general class of co-evolving tree network models driven by local exploration, started from a single vertex called the root. New vertices attach to the current network via randomly sampling a vertex and then exploring the graph for a random number of steps in the direction of the root, connecting to the terminal vertex. Specific choices of the exploration step distribution lead to the well-studied affine preferential attachment and uniform attachment models, as well as less well understood dynamic network models with global attachment functionals such as PageRank scores (Chebolu and Melsted, in: SODA, 2008). We obtain local weak limits for such networks and use them to derive asymptotics for the limiting empirical degree and PageRank distribution. We also quantify asymptotics for the degree and PageRank of fixed vertices, including the root, and the height of the network. Two distinct regimes are seen to emerge, based on the expected exploration distance of incoming vertices, which we call the ‘fringe’ and ‘non-fringe’ regimes. These regimes are shown to exhibit different qualitative and quantitative properties. In particular, networks in the non-fringe regime undergo ‘condensation’ where the root degree grows at the same rate as the network size. Networks in the fringe regime do not exhibit condensation. Further, non-trivial phase transition phenomena are shown to arise for: (a) height asymptotics in the non-fringe regime, driven by the subtle competition between the condensation at the root and network growth; (b) PageRank distribution in the fringe regime, connecting to the well known power-law hypothesis. In the process, we develop a general set of techniques involving local limits, infinite-dimensional urn models, related multitype branching processes and corresponding Perron–Frobenius theory, branching random walks, and in particular relating tail exponents of various functionals to the scaling exponents of quasi-stationary distributions of associated random walks. These techniques are expected to shed light on a variety of other co-evolving network models. </p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"382 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140592055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connection probabilities of multiple FK-Ising interfaces","authors":"Yu Feng, Eveliina Peltola, Hao Wu","doi":"10.1007/s00440-024-01269-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-024-01269-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We find the scaling limits of a general class of boundary-to-boundary connection probabilities and multiple interfaces in the critical planar FK-Ising model, thus verifying predictions from the physics literature. We also discuss conjectural formulas using Coulomb gas integrals for the corresponding quantities in general critical planar random-cluster models with cluster-weight <span>({q in [1,4)})</span>. Thus far, proofs for convergence, including ours, rely on discrete complex analysis techniques and are beyond reach for other values of <i>q</i> than the FK-Ising model (<span>(q=2)</span>). Given the convergence of interfaces, the conjectural formulas for other values of <i>q</i> could be verified similarly with relatively minor technical work. The limit interfaces are variants of <span>(text {SLE}_kappa )</span> curves (with <span>(kappa = 16/3)</span> for <span>(q=2)</span>). Their partition functions, that give the connection probabilities, also satisfy properties predicted for correlation functions in conformal field theory (CFT), expected to describe scaling limits of critical random-cluster models. We verify these properties for all <span>(q in [1,4))</span>, thus providing further evidence of the expected CFT description of these models.</p>","PeriodicalId":20527,"journal":{"name":"Probability Theory and Related Fields","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}