Primates最新文献

{"title":"Filling, color, and shape: individuality in chimpanzee drawings.","authors":"Cédric Sueur, Agathe Nicolas, Marie Pelé, Satoshi Hirata","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01263-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-026-01263-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the origins of drawing in humans requires studying the drawing behavior of our closest relatives, the great apes. This study examines the drawing behavior of chimpanzees to assess cognitive abilities in a long-term context. Our systematic analysis of previously unseen and newly documented drawings from six chimpanzees over several years revealed significant inter- and intra-individual differences, as well as seasonal variation. Chimpanzees used multiple colors, but no specific color preferences were observed. Although they use their right hand more, they can use both hands to produce a single drawing. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we identified three graphically significant dimensions: filling aspect, color aspect and shape aspect, suggesting that the measures were meaningfully or intentionally regrouped. Drawing style varied between seasons, but more importantly between individuals, with each chimpanzee exhibiting a kind of unique drawing personality. In addition, changes in drawing style were observed over the years, suggesting a development in individual drawing behavior. Comparisons with previous studies on orangutans and human children suggest that chimpanzee drawing may reflect personality traits and common cognitive abilities. These findings add to our understanding of the evolutionary origins of human artistic expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Get over here: black capuchin monkeys use long-range vocalizations to adjust the distance between individuals.","authors":"Vitor Luccas, Patrícia Izar","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01260-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-026-01260-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When dispersed, some primates' species can use long-range vocalizations to exchange information about spatial position within the group and to coordinate behaviors, and it is also believed that these vocalizations play a role in communication between groups. These vocalizations help adjust the distance between individuals and are individually recognized. Thus, our objective was to analyze whether the distance between individuals within the group changes after a long-range vocalization. The target of the study was the population of black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus) inhabiting an area within the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the Carlos Botelho State Park. We measured group spread: the distance between the coordinates of the location of the tree most distant group members at every 5 min during entire days. Long-range vocalizations were recorded as all occurrences. The transfer function, analysis derived from time series, indicated that the distance between individuals decreased in the first scan after each long-range vocalization. We conclude that long-range vocalizations can be considered as one of the mechanisms responsible for maintaining distance between individuals of the same group.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low genetic diversity in Colobus vellerosus populations in Kikélé Sacred and Okuta Kobunan Forests, Benin.","authors":"F Darius Accrombessi, S S Mireille Toyi, Inza Kone, David J Zinner, David Djimenou, Chabi A M S Djagoun, Christian Roos, Dietmar Zinner","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01259-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-026-01259-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The critically endangered white-thighed colobus, Colobus vellerosus, is on the brink of extinction, necessitating the implementation of effective conservation management strategies. The population in Kikélé village serves as the primary remaining stronghold for this species in Benin, comprising around twenty-nine individuals in the small Kikélé Sacred Forest (KSF) and an additional eight individuals in the community-managed Okuta Kobunan Forest (OKF). The KSF is a well-established sacred forest managed by the Kikélé community and is situated an average of 7.5 km from the OKF, which is currently being developed as a community-managed forest. These two populations are believed to have descended from a single founding pair introduced to the Kikélé region circa 1800. Given the small population size and the possible severe genetic bottleneck at its foundation, the genetic diversity might be extremely low. In our study, we conducted a first analysis of the genetic diversity of the two populations using mitochondrial markers, the complete cytochrome b (cytb) and a segment of the hypervariable control region (D-loop, 750 bp). Our findings revealed only one cytb haplotype, along with two haplotypes that differ by just one site in the D-loop. We recommend a range-wide population genetic assessment of the species to explore the possibility of translocations as a potential genetic rescue strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searching for the forest ghosts: group counts and polyspecific associations of the endangered Rungwecebus kipunji in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania.","authors":"Claudia Barelli, Trevor Jones, Richard Laizzer, Steven Shinyambala, Athumani Mndeme, Francesco Rovero","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01250-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01250-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The IUCN-Endangered kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji) is one of Africa's rarest primates, restricted to two isolated populations in Tanzania. The Udzungwa population is enigmatic, confined to a small area within a large, old-growth forest and consists of fewer than 100 individuals. Apart from baseline data from 2006, ecological knowledge remains scant. We present new data from three standardized sweep censuses conducted between 2013 and 2024 in Ndundulu forest along 42-45 linear transects of 2 km in length. Per census, only 4 to 6 kipunji groups were recorded, within a range of 10.42 km² which includes opportunistic sightings. Encounter rate averaged 0.04 groups/km, 8 to 12 times less than for the three other diurnal primates co-occurring there (Colobus angolensis palliatus, Cercopithecus mitis monoides, Piliocolobus gordonorum). Mean (SD) minimum group size was 17 ± 2 individuals, giving a crude and minimum abundance estimation per census that varied from 51 ± 6 to 102 ± 12 individuals. Despite occurring in high-quality, undisturbed and well-protected habitat, kipunji in Udzungwa show puzzlingly low density and a small range. Kipunji were observed in association with the other three diurnal primates in 43.8% of encounters, mainly forming dyads with Tanzania Sykes' monkeys (42.9%) and, less frequently, with Udzungwa red colobus (14.3%). However, Sykes' monkeys associated the least and were the only species whose relative abundance increased, suggesting niche dominance that may particularly affect the kipunji due to shared dietary preferences. We warn that kipunji persistence in Udzungwa is at risk and urge intensified monitoring and continued protection of the Kilombero Nature Forest Reserve.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"299-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rub-thin-fracture-extract: first records of hermit crab predation and non-tool shell processing by coastal long-tailed Macaques at Wat Takiap, Thailand.","authors":"Aru Toyoda, Chisato Kindo, Yasuyuki Matsumoto, Norihito Emmoto, Ryosuke Nagaya, Surat Chunukit, Hatsadin Sripirom, Somnuk Wanwaan","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01249-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01249-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coastal populations of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) display remarkable behavioral flexibility in exploiting intertidal food resources. Tool-using groups in Thailand are known to crack marine shellfish with stones, yet the behavioral repertoire of non-tool-using populations remains poorly documented. Here, we present the first report of long-tailed macaques preying on aquatic hermit crabs without using tools, based on observations at Wat Takiap, Hua Hin District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand. During low tide, macaques were observed employing a sequence of substrate-assisted manipulations: repeatedly rubbing gastropod shells against rocks or concrete to thin and weaken the shell wall, followed by fracturing it with their teeth or by striking it against hard surfaces, and finally extracting and consuming the hermit crab's appendages. This behavior represents a novel, non-tool extractive technique for accessing encased prey-a strategy intermediate between manual shell handling and percussive tool use. Such manipulation indicates refined motor control and problem-solving in a foraging context where encased prey are abundant but challenging to access. Given the absence of long-term data, these observations provide a valuable record of a potential pre-emergent stage in the evolution of tool use. Continued longitudinal and comparative studies will be essential to determine whether such substrate-assisted behaviors may serve as precursors to habitual stone-tool use in coastal macaques.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"263-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Object and tool manipulation diversity in an urban capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) group in Brasília National park.","authors":"Túlio Costa Lousa, Murilo Reis Camargo, Ricardo Vasquez Mota, Francisco Dyonísio Cardoso Mendes","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01242-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01242-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capuchin monkeys are highly skilled primates recognized for their diverse object manipulation, a crucial evolutionary trait. This study explores the influence of the urban, artificial setting of Brasília National Park (BNP)on capuchin monkeys' object manipulation behaviors, aiming to offer more systematic data on this activity within urban Cerrado environments. Object manipulation data were systematically gathered using the \"all occurrences\" method and video analysis, examining the object, action, and target of each manipulation, along with contextual elements such as date, actor, time, function, type, and food acquisition. Tool use involves modifying an object, substrate, food, another individual, or the self; proto-tool use consists of hitting an object or food against a fixed substrate; simple manipulation refers to handling or carrying a single object without contact. Statistical tests conducted in SPSS 26.0 and R console, including GLMM, binary logistic regression, and Spearman correlation, evaluated individual differences in manipulation involvement, predicted acquisition rates, and assessed links between simpler manipulations and tool use, excluding unclear actor data from statistical but not descriptive analysis. The artificial environment of BNP notably influenced the monkeys' manipulation behaviors, introducing novel anthropogenic materials and altering their techniques relative to natural populations. While overall manipulation frequency varied by sex and age (with males and juveniles manipulating more), specific manipulation types did not show such variation, and tool use correlated with simpler manipulations, supporting a learning-based progression Unexpectedly, tool use yielded lower rates of food acquisition than other manipulation types. Furthermore, food acquisition through tool use was more frequent among males, possibly attributable to the dominant male's lack of tool use, which did not provide a reliable model for this behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"347-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147372665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed dispersal by monk sakis (Pithecia monachus).","authors":"Malika Gottstein, Katrin Heer, Eckhard W Heymann","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01251-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01251-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seed dispersal by animals traditionally considered seed predators challenges the classical dichotomy between antagonistic and mutualistic plant-animal interactions. Pitheciines are typically regarded as specialized seed predators due to their seed-masticating feeding behavior, yet evidence suggests they can also contribute to endozoochorous seed dispersal when seeds escape damage during ingestion. We investigated fecal samples of monk sakis (Pithecia monachus) in a seasonally flooded forest in western Amazonia over the course of one year, quantifying and identifying intact seeds recovered from the samples. Of 92 fecal samples analyzed, 54% contained one or more intact seeds, with up to 17 seeds and three morphospecies per sample. In total, we recovered 165 intact seeds representing 20 morphospecies, all small-seeded taxa with a maximum seed length of < 1 cm. Fresh fecal pellets float on the water surface in flooded forest habitats, suggesting a potential interaction between endozoochorous and hydrochorous dispersal. Although we did not assess seed viability or germination, our results demonstrate that monk sakis can contribute to seed dispersal through gut passage and place them along the seed dispersal-predation continuum. These findings highlight the need to further investigate the dispersal potential and ecological significance of seed-predating primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"281-285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147593973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No systematic difference in obesity susceptibility between two groups of zoo primates with distinct digestive physiologies: hindgut-fermenting lemurs and foregut-fermenting colobines.","authors":"Christiane Krauss, Elisa Garand, Max Hahn-Klimroth, Dennis W H Müller, Paul W Dierkes, Ikki Matsuda, Marcus Clauss, João Pedro Meireles","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01245-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01245-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is an often-stated issue in zoo animals, including primates, and has historically been particularly emphasized for lemurs. By contrast, similar reports for colobine species-which are literally called 'slim monkeys' in at least one other language-are absent. This has been hypothsized to be linked to the colobine foregut fermentation system; diets high in easily digestible carbohydrates might disturb the microbiome in the foregut, similar to acidosis in domestic ruminants, leading to reduced intake and disease rather than obesity, but empirical data is lacking. We compared body mass (BM) data for 14 lemur species (7187 individuals) and 10 colobine species (1443 individuals) with literature data on free-ranging specimens to test this concept. In contrast to expectations, a similar percentage of species had a majority of individuals above the 'healthy' BM range in at least one sex (36% of lemur and 40% of colobine species). However, colobines had a higher percentage of individuals considered 'underweight', especially in the two rarely kept species with the more complex 'quadripartite' stomachs (Nasalis larvatus, Pygathrix nemaeus). Neither sample size, sexual size dimorphism, the degree of folivory, nor indications for a seasonal physiology were clearly associated with species' propensity for zoo obesity. There were no clear historical trends in the development of obesity in these species. We conclude that no general rules about species' susceptibility to obesity appear to apply. Body mass and condition of zoo primates should be monitored continuously, and feeding regimes possibly be adapted to contain diets of higher fibre levels more similar to those reported in natural diets.</p>","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"313-329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146258898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An unusual association: co-use of mineral licks by howler and spider monkeys (Alouatta sara and Ateles chamek).","authors":"Sam Pottie, Gladys Tapara, Adrian Forsyth","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01247-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01247-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"331-336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147356217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What fieldwork makes possible: perspectives from Japanese primatology in a technological era.","authors":"Ikki Matsuda","doi":"10.1007/s10329-026-01258-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10329-026-01258-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20468,"journal":{"name":"Primates","volume":" ","pages":"257-261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}