Land Degradation & Development最新文献

{"title":"Floral Visitors Associated With the Cultivation of Achira (Canna indica) in Different Altitudinal Zones in the Department of Huila","authors":"Arsened Vargas Guarín, Juan Pablo Herrera Cerquera, Guillermo Edmundo Caicedo Díaz, Jordano Salamanca Bastidas","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5536","url":null,"abstract":"The achira crop (<jats:italic>Canna indica</jats:italic>) is an ancestral symbol of the department of Huila. According to the Regional Information System (SIR) of the Governor's Office of Huila, the area planted annually with achira in the department for 2020 was 82.3 ha, and the local demand for starch (400 tons/year) is imported from other departments (Cundinamarca and Nariño). Beyond its economic potential, achira contributes to ecosystem services. Its organic management, limited to cultural practices, helps mitigate pollinator population decline, particularly among wild bees. The problems caused by the growth of areas planted in coffee and other conventionally managed crops make it crucial to better understand the relationship between biodiversity and agricultural production; therefore, it is imperative to develop sustainable management strategies that promote the conservation of floral visitors, pollinators, and biodiversity in general. This study aims to characterize the diversity of floral visitors in Achira (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Canna indica</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>) crops across different altitudinal zones in the department of Huila, characterizing the study area, identifying native bees and floral visitors in the crop through fieldwork conducted on three farms located in the municipalities of Garzón and San Agustín. The variations in altitudinal zones may affect the distribution of native bee species and other visitors, reducing their abundance. Further studies are recommended to establish a direct correlation between altitude and floral visitor diversity. Organic crops of high cultural value, such as (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Canna edulis</jats:italic></jats:styled-content>), represent an alternative to safe conditions to stimulate the visit of wild bees and other insects that can be considered of high economic value due to their biological importance in agroecosystems.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Degraded Trails in Protected Natural Areas Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Scientific Literature","authors":"Marcos Vinícius Ribeiro de Castro Simão, Estela Inés Farías-Torbidoni, Manel Llena","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5579","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the use of trails for outdoor recreation in recent decades has led to pressure on existing trails and the creation of informal new ones, resulting in damage and degradation to some of these infrastructures. This degradation is concerning because many of these trails are located in protected natural areas, which aim to conserve natural resources and associated biodiversity. Concurrently, ecosystems worldwide have also been experiencing increased degradation, prompting the United Nations to declare this the Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. In this context, through a systematic review of the scientific literature, our study identifies significant gaps in knowledge regarding the management of degraded trails in protected natural areas worldwide. We observed that the number of research studies has been growing, particularly in the last decade, and is concentrated in countries with developed economies and by researchers from these countries. Notably, while the literature on trail degradation is abundant, there is a pronounced scarcity of empirical research focusing on strategies for the reversal of such degradation. Moreover, the variability in the use of terms such as restoration, recovery, and rehabilitation across studies indicates a lack of consensus that may hinder effective communication and implementation of strategies to address the reversal of trail degradation. Thus, the strength of this research lies in its ability to bridge existing gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis of current terminologies and methodologies. By clarifying the terms' meanings, this study enhances their application in trail management. This enhancement, in turn, boosts management practices and aids in the global effort to restore degraded ecosystems. Not only does this work map out the existing research landscape, but it also underscores the urgent need for more targeted empirical studies that could inform practical, effective strategies for trail restoration in protected natural areas.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Karst Tiankeng Is the Refuge of Microbial Diversity in the Degraded Karst Landscape","authors":"Cong Jiang, Changchun Qiu, Yuqing Wu, Sufeng Zhu, Wei Shui","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5582","url":null,"abstract":"Known as the largest negative terrain on the earth's surface, the karst tiankeng is isolated by vertical cliffs and maintains a unique ecosystem within it. However, knowledge of the microbial ecology of karst tiankengs does not match their importance. To this end, we conducted extensive sampling across 16 karst tiankengs and 2 sites and used high-throughput sequencing methods to analyze soil bacteria and fungi. This study found abundant and diversified microbial communities in karst tiankengs, with <i>Proteobacteria</i>, <i>Acidobacteriota</i> (Bacteria), and <i>Ascomycota</i>, <i>Basidiomycota</i> (Fungi) being the main phyla. Compared to the degraded karst landscape, karst tiankengs maintained a higher richness of bacterial taxa. The common and exclusively microbial taxa in karst tiankengs follow copiotrophic and opportunistic strategies, and these taxa are associated with high soil nutrients (TN and SOM) and water content. Karst tiankeng maintained a stable microbial network structure through cooperation, and the dispersal limitation dominated the bacterial and fungal community assembly. Our results enhance the understanding of microbiomes in subterranean karst ecosystems, highlighting that karst tiankengs are important refuges for microbial diversity in degraded karst landscapes.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Efficiency of Coupling Sustainable Well‐Being in Mountain Villages: A Case Study of Qinba Mountain Areas in China","authors":"Chengji Han, Tong Li, YuPing Yang, Feng Han","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5549","url":null,"abstract":"Under the global Sustainable Development Goals initiative, the pursuit of well‐being is gradually shifting from wealth to sustainable development. Re‐examining the contribution of regional economic, ecological, and social development to the common creation of well‐being, analyzing their deep connections, will help us understand the multidimensional concepts and processes of development, and provide ideas for further promoting the construction of a more equitable and sustainable world. China is moving from comprehensive prosperity to common prosperity, and the continuous improvement of sustainable well‐being provides effective samples for our research. This study focuses on 46 counties in the Qinba Mountains Areas of China and constructs a coupled performance indicator system for sustainable well‐being in mountain villages. The Super SBM model is used to evaluate the matching performance of input and output factors, with Economic capital, Ecological capital, and Social capital as explanatory variables and Sustainable Happiness Index as the expected output. Research has found that: (1) There is a mismatch between the input and output factors of sustainable well‐being in the Qinba Mountain Areas, and management techniques are a key factor hindering the improvement of the coupling performance level of sustainable well‐being in the Qinba Mountain Areas; (2) The coupling performance level of sustainable happiness in the Qinba Mountain Areas is showing a downward trend, and only adjusting the input–output relationship by about 1.02% can achieve optimization and growth in performance level; (3) There is a significant shortage of input factors, with 87% of counties experiencing insufficient economic capital, about 76% experiencing insufficient arable land, and 41% experiencing insufficient social capital. In order to solve the above problems, it is necessary to strengthen the level of sustainable management in the ecological, economic, and social integration of the counties, respectively. Continuously promote capital investment in the mountain economy, such as logistics, industry, consumption, and public services, in order to upgrade the economy. Strict use of arable land and optimization of the land use structure, and implementation of arable land protection policies. Strengthening the level of social governance and enhancing the satisfaction of residents, thereby raising the level of sustainable well‐being. This research will provide a useful reference for achieving sustainable development goals in similar regions of the world.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use Changes and Their Ecological Risk in the Global Largest Inland Arid Urban Agglomeration","authors":"Xiaojuan Zhi, Xiaojun Song, Jing Ma, Yongjun Yang, Zhanbin Luo, Fu Chen","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5561","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid global urbanization had significantly altered land use (LU), threatening the ecology and sustainability of arid regions. Systematic and forward-looking analyses of land use changes (LUCs) and ecological risks in Asia's arid zones, particularly the urban agglomeration on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (UANSTM), remained limited. Herein, the LUCs in UANSTM under four scenarios, including the ecology-economy balanced development scenario (EES), ecological protection scenario (EPS), economic development scenario (EDS), and natural development scenario (NDS) in 2030, was predicted by employing the PLUS model and the multi-objective programming (MOP) model. Then, an evaluation system was developed from the dimensions of urban expansion, ecological risk, food demand, and ecological degradation to assess the corresponding ecological risk in each case. The results showed that: (1) Under each scenario, desert bare land and grassland were found to be the main LU modes in UANSTM, with a significant increase in cultivated land and negligible change in water and forest; (2) the grassland area decreased under the NDS scenario, while the areas of grassland, forest land, cultivated land, and construction land increased under other scenarios, especially from unused land and grassland; (3) LU-induced ecological risks under these scenarios showed similarities, with overall high ecological risks. Among them, 52.04% of the areas were found to be at high and relatively high-risk levels, and only 2.97% were at low-risk levels. This study reveals the diversified risks of LUCs under different scenarios, thereby facilitating the individualized planning of environmental protection and ecological restoration in the UANSTM.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Metabolic Limitation in Response to Phosphorus Enrichment: Implications for Carbon Sequestration in a Nitrogen-Enriched Desert Steppe","authors":"Zhao Fang, Hailong Yu, Feng Jiao, Juying Huang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5505","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) significantly influences microbial metabolism, thereby affecting soil carbon (C) sequestration. However, it remains unclear how microbial resource limitation and C turnover dynamics respond to P availability under elevated N loads in dryland ecosystems. To address this, we conducted a 7-year experiment in a desert steppe in northern China, applying a gradient of P additions (0–16 g P m⁻² year⁻¹) under conditions of N loading (atmospheric N deposition +5 g N m⁻² year⁻¹). Our aim was to investigate microbial nutrient limitations and their impact on microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) based on stoichiometry theory. Our findings revealed that, under N loading, microbial metabolism in both the surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (10–20 cm) layers of the topsoil was limited by both C and P. Interestingly, with increasing P addition, microbial C limitation initially increased and then decreased at the surface but remained unchanged in the subsurface. Under conditions of C limitation, P enrichment did not alleviate microbial P limitation in either soil layer. Surprisingly, the microbial communities in both the surface and subsurface layers maintained plastic stoichiometric homeostasis despite aggravated C:P and N:P imbalances. Furthermore, P enrichment decreased microbial CUE in both soil layers, with the surface experiencing the most significant decline. Further analysis showed that the factors driving microbial nutrient limitation and CUE varied between soil layers under P enrichment, with enhanced microbial C limitation strongly inhibiting CUE. Our study indicates that increased C limitation due to P enrichment can reduce CUE and exacerbate stoichiometric imbalances. This could potentially lead to greater C loss in N-enriched dryland soils.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Distance From the Sea Determined the Distribution Pattern of Saline-Alkali Soil Quality Through Indirect Effect","authors":"Hanwen Liu, Meng Chen, Qingmiao Yang, Yi Zhang, Haibo Zhang, Xiaoling Liu, Qian Ma, Guangxu Cui, Guangmei Wang","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5566","url":null,"abstract":"Soil quality is a crucial attribute for maintaining biological productivity, human health, and ecosystem service function. However, the distribution of saline-alkali soil quality and its influencing factors in the Yellow River Delta region remain poorly understood, posing challenges to sustainable agricultural development. The study evaluated soil quality across various land-use types and depths in the southern Yellow River Delta region. A total of 134 soil samples were collected from two soil layers at 67 soil sample points, distributed across three land use types. Spatial distribution maps revealed that inland areas exhibited improved soil texture and nutrient levels compared to coastal regions. All nutrients, except soil total potassium, were higher in the 0–20 cm soil layer than in the 20–40 cm soil layer. The spatial distribution pattern of Soil Quality Index (SQI) demonstrated a pattern of higher values at the central part of the study area, gradually declining toward the edges. Furthermore, SQI in cultivated land was found to be 1.8%–8% higher than in forest land and 52.7%–84% higher than in wasteland. The Structural Equation Modeling results indicated that distance from the sea indirectly influenced soil quality through different mechanisms between the two soil layers. In the model for the 0–20 cm soil layer, SQI was indirectly affected by chemical properties, nutrients, and base ions, explaining 85% of the variation in SQI. In the model for the 20–40 cm soil layer, SQI was primarily influenced by chemical properties, accounting for 83% of the variation. These findings offer valuable insights for land use and crop selection aligned with soil properties, supporting sustainable agricultural practices in the region.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and Tradeoff‐Synergy Analysis of Ecosystem Services in an Ecologically Vulnerable Region in the Northern China","authors":"Lili Zhao, Mengzhu Liu, Yanjun Shen, Yan‐Jun Shen, Hongyan Liu, Fengpeng Han, Hongwei Pei","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5560","url":null,"abstract":"The Northern Hebei Province (NHB) in Northern China serves as a crucial geographical barrier for ensuring the ecological security of the mega city‐group of Beijing –Tianjin‐Hebei. Due to rapid urbanization and anthropogenic afforestation, the NHB is confronted with a significant challenge in coordinating the preservation of ecosystem services (ESs) and socio‐economic development. Consequently, understanding the impacts of these human disturbances on ESs is essential for future decision‐making in ecological management and optimal provisions of ESs. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade‐offs Tools (InVEST) model was used for evaluating the long‐term trends of five key ESs in the NHB, namely carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ), water yield (WY), net primary productivity (NPP) and food production (FP). Further, the trade‐offs/synergy of these five ESs were analyzed, with ESs bundles identified. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) From 1996 to 2020, the impervious surface (+122.84%), barren (+169.74%), forest (+19.8%) and shrub (+49.03%) were increased; waters (−39%), cropland (−20.22%) and grassland (−6.14%) were decreased. (2) HQ, CS, and WY decreased by −5.68%, −10.69% and − 20.55%, respectively, while the other ESs increased (NPP by 115.09%, FP by 137.14%). Increases in the forest area improved multiple ESs but reduced WY. Increases in the barren significantly reduced ESs but enhanced land use efficiency. (3) Five pairs of ESs showed synergies, and another five pairs of ESs showed trade‐offs. The trade‐offs between the three pairs of ESs (CS‐WY, FP‐WY, and FP‐NPP) were strengthened, while the synergies between the other ESs were enhanced. (4) The ecologically fragile bundle decreased by 19.44% at the county level and by 83.89% at the pixel level. As evidenced by the ES bundles at the two levels, there are distinct goals for ESs management at different levels. ESs planning and management should be based on ESs bundles at two spatial levels, which can provide the necessary information to support the sustainable development of regional ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Characterization of Mining‐Induced Disturbed Aeolian Sandy Soil—A Case Study of Daliuta Mining Area, China","authors":"Dejun Yang, Minyue Wang, Ping Luo, Jiachao Jian, Xueyu Geng","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5553","url":null,"abstract":"Mining leads to soil degradation and land subsidence, resulting in decreased soil quality. However, there are limited studies on the detailed effects of mining activities on soil properties, particularly in western aeolian sand. This study, therefore, quantitatively assessed the aeolian sandy soil disturbance induced by mining activities in the contiguous regions of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia. The following soil physical quality indices were measured in the pre (May 2015), mid (October 2015), and postmining period (April 2016), such as the soil water content (SWC), particle size (PS), soil penetration (SP), and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (SSHC). The results showed that mining activities brought irreversible effects on soil structures. In the pre‐mining period, land subsidence broke up large soil particles, destroying soil structure, leading to decreased PS (218.33 vs. 194.36 μm), SP (4615.56 vs. 2631.95 kPa), and subsequently decreased SSHC (1.12 vs. 0.99 cm/min). Rainfall during the midmining period exacerbated this fragmentation. Thereafter, low temperatures and humidity caused the soil to freeze, allowing the small soil particles to merge into larger ones. Meanwhile, the natural re‐sedimentation, subsidence, and heavy mechanical crushing in the post‐mining period increased PS and SP. The SSHC hence increased to 1.21 cm/min. Furthermore, the evaluation of soil indices from different stress zones showed that the external pulling stress zone always had a higher SSHC than the neutral zone in any mining period, possibly due to the presence of large cracks and high SWC. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of mining activities on soil physical qualities, providing a theoretical basis and quantitative guidance for the surface damage caused by coal mining in the aeolian sandy area in Western China.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Dynamic Changes and Scenario Predictions of Carbon Storage in a Small Watershed Driven by Social‐Natural Factors in Cold Regions","authors":"Xiaomeng Guo, Li Wang, Zilong Wang, Qiang Fu, Fang Ma","doi":"10.1002/ldr.5556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.5556","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon storage (CS) influences the balance and stability of the carbon cycle in global terrestrial ecosystems. Research on changes in CS and scenario forecasting is essential for developing sustainable socioeconomic policies. To more accurately predict the CS in small watersheds in cold regions, this study takes the Ashi River watershed (ARW) as a case to explore the “past–present–future” in CS. We quantify the dominant factors affecting CS and further focus on the prediction of CS under four SSP–RCP scenarios considering the dominant factors from a new perspective by coupling the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) and Patch‐generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) models, which is important for implementing the dual carbon policy in cold regions. The findings revealed a pattern of growth followed by reduction in CS between 1990 and 2020, resulting in an overall increase of 2.68% to 3947.40 × 10<jats:sup>4</jats:sup> Mg in 2020. Both natural and socioeconomic factors drove changes in CS, with natural factors having a direct positive impact and socioeconomic factors a direct negative impact. Climate factors and land use types were significantly correlated with CS. The simulations showed a significant increase in CS across all four scenarios, with the largest increase of 52.39% occurring under the ecological protection scenario and 18.36% under the black soil cropland conservation scenario. A carbon management strategy was developed based on land use and land cover change (LUCC) and the ARW's developmental trajectory to establish an economic–ecological balanced development model. The results of this study can provide a valuable reference for decision‐makers in formulating sustainable development strategies for CS units in cold regions.","PeriodicalId":203,"journal":{"name":"Land Degradation & Development","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}