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Stress-Induced Birefringence in Gradient-Index Structures Fabricated by Ion-Exchange 离子交换制备梯度折射率结构的应力诱导双折射
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.pd3
Todd H. Tomkinson, C. Saxer
{"title":"Stress-Induced Birefringence in Gradient-Index Structures Fabricated by Ion-Exchange","authors":"Todd H. Tomkinson, C. Saxer","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.pd3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.pd3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines an axial gradient-index (GRIN) glass sample produced by ion-exchange in the glass system:\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 0.704\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 SiO\u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 +\u0000 0.044\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Al\u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 O\u0000 3\u0000 \u0000 +\u0000 (\u0000 0.252\u0000 −\u0000 χ\u0000 (\u0000 z\u0000 )\u0000 )\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Na\u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 O\u0000 +\u0000 χ\u0000 (\u0000 z\u0000 )\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Li\u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 O\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 (where χ(z) represents the degree of exchange versus position, z), with the intention of determining χ(z) from a measurement of the index profile, n(z). Due to the ion-exchange conditions, the sample contains “frozen-in” stresses that strain the glass network, preventing it from obtaining its free expansion volume. The resulting volume change causes an additional birefringent index change. Therefore, when the index profile of the sample, n(z), is measured, it is necessary to take into account the sample’s birefringence to accurately determine the exchange profile, χ(z).\u0000 The gradient’s index change, Δn(z), (where, Δn(z)=n(z)-nb, and nb is the base index), can be determined to accuracies reaching 0.03%. This paper shows that when frozen stresses are not taken into consideration, errors in determining χ(z) can reach 1.8%. However, it is shown that by also measuring the sample’s birefringence, determination of χ(z) may become more accurate.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131370180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Eye Contact GRIN Lenses 眼神接触露齿笑容镜片
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwb1
Y. Koike
{"title":"Eye Contact GRIN Lenses","authors":"Y. Koike","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwb1","url":null,"abstract":"Additional design by controlling the radial graded-index (GRIN) inside a lens medium has generated considerable interest especially in reducing spherical aberration or increasing optical power. However in the case of glass materials, it is difficult to prepare large dimensional GRIN materials with about 10 mm diameters. On the other hand, polymer materials are suitable for obtaining a large dimension such as 10mm - 100mm1).","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114514754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
GRIN-Optics with High Numerical Aperture by Silver-Exchange 基于银交换的高数值孔径grin光学
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtue5
T. Possner, B. Messerschmidt, M. Palme, R. Göring
{"title":"GRIN-Optics with High Numerical Aperture by Silver-Exchange","authors":"T. Possner, B. Messerschmidt, M. Palme, R. Göring","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtue5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtue5","url":null,"abstract":"The ion-exchange process is a well established technology for the generation of gradient-index elements /1/. Because of the high achivable refractive index differences and high transparency of the generated elements Tl-exchange is preferred. But beside the toxicity of Tl-containing salt melts and glasses there is a further disadvantage of Tl-GRIN-elements. This is the high chromatic aberration introduced by the Tl-ion.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114861262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Index Gradient Fabrication by Ion-Exchange 离子交换制备指数梯度
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwa1
T. Possner, R. Göring, C. Kaps
{"title":"Index Gradient Fabrication by Ion-Exchange","authors":"T. Possner, R. Göring, C. Kaps","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwa1","url":null,"abstract":"Although the ion-exchange technique has been used for more than a century to produce tinted glass and for several decades for glass strengthening it received increasing attention during the last 10 years. This attention arises from demands of integrated optics for low loss, robust and cheep waveguides and microoptic for small sized optical components fitted to miniaturized light sources, detectors and optical fibres as well as to arrays of these components. Today ion-exchanged components as the GRIN-rod lenses and planar microlenses are commercially available. Ion-exchanged branching elements are introduced into optical communication networks.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"406 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116332287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measurement of refractive index and dispersion in axial gradient material using prism refractometry 用棱镜折射法测量轴向梯度材料的折射率和色散
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwa3
R. Pagano, P. Manhart, Paul T. Sherman
{"title":"Measurement of refractive index and dispersion in axial gradient material using prism refractometry","authors":"R. Pagano, P. Manhart, Paul T. Sherman","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwa3","url":null,"abstract":"Axial gradient material is now fabricated via controlled diffusion of glass plates for a wide variety of optical applications. The variation in both refractive index and dispersion, through this new optical material, challenges current refractive index measurement techniques. To provide accurate characterization of refractive index, as a function of thickness, at multiple wavelengths, a prism refractometer was constructed. Multiple laser lines are spatially filtered and passed through a right-angle prism of gradient material. A movable exit slit selects the region under test along the angled back face of the prism. The selected slit of radiation is then retro-reflected back through the prism and the refracted angle is measured directly. By scanning the exit slit along the prism back face, the refractive index variation through the prism is measured at multiple wavelengths. This paper describes, in detail, the test method summarized above and reports on the precision and accuracy of this laboratory test.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"66 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116599118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Refractive Index Profile Determination of Graded-index (GRIN) Waveguides from Near-Field Measurements 近场测量中梯度折射率(GRIN)波导折射率分布的测定
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtud4
L. Chen, T. Pham, S. Haumont, P. Noutsios, G. Yip
{"title":"Refractive Index Profile Determination of Graded-index (GRIN) Waveguides from Near-Field Measurements","authors":"L. Chen, T. Pham, S. Haumont, P. Noutsios, G. Yip","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtud4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtud4","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of the refractive index profile (RIP) of graded-index (GRIN) waveguides can yield important characteristics necessary for photonic device design involving ion-exchanged waveguides in glass, proton-exchanged guides in LiNbO3, or other GRIN fabrication techniques. Thus, it is very important to establish an efficient, non-destructive and accurate method to determine the RIP. In the literature, many such methods have been proposed [1, 2, 3] one of which includes the well-established inverse method of RIP reconstruction from near-field measurements of the fundamental mode intensity distribution [4, 5]. Profiles for planar and channel guides have been determined by measuring the near-field intensity with infrared vidicon tubes that need to be corrected for their non-linear response. In this paper, we propose a more accurate approach using a CCD camera to image the near-field pattern and a frame grabber to capture it pixel-by-pixel. Once this pattern is measured, a simple numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation is carried out to determine the RIP from its digitized near-field image.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"552 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127670942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Annealed proton-exchanged planar lithium tantalate waveguides fabricated in concentrated and diluted pyrophosphoric acid 在浓缩和稀释焦磷酸中制备的退火质子交换平面钽酸锂波导
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtuc5
D. Kan, G. Yip
{"title":"Annealed proton-exchanged planar lithium tantalate waveguides fabricated in concentrated and diluted pyrophosphoric acid","authors":"D. Kan, G. Yip","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtuc5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtuc5","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium tantalate is a promising substrate for electro-optical integrated-optical devices because of its low sensitivity to optical damage and its high electro-optic coefficient. The annealed proton-exchange technique[1] (APE), which includes an additional annealing step after proton-exchange, is being established as a reliable method for producing stable, low-loss devices with little reduction in the electro-optic constant (from the bulk value). For the optimal design and fabrication of APE waveguide devices, accurate characterization data are necessary.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132080153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Couplin of Single-Mode Fibers to GRIN Waveguides by Butt-Joining 单模光纤与GRIN波导对接耦合
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtud5
S. Ríos, C. Gómez-reino
{"title":"Couplin of Single-Mode Fibers to GRIN Waveguides by Butt-Joining","authors":"S. Ríos, C. Gómez-reino","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtud5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtud5","url":null,"abstract":"The use of guided-wave optical devices will depend on how well they can be coupled to optical fibers. There are many works about coupling efficiences between optical fibers and waveguides which also evaluate waveguide transmission losses [1,2]. The aim of this work is to evaluate the coupling efficiency between a step-index single-mode fiber and a planar single-mode GRIN waveguide by butt-joining. In this way the coupling efficiency between a step-index single-mode fiber of 4μ core diameter and three single-mode planar ion-exchanged waveguides fabricated in this laboratory has been calculated and measured as well as the waveguide transmission losses. The results agree with the theoretical calculations.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125412211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Technology of Ultra-Thin Graded-Index Objective 超薄分级指数物镜技术
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtue4
D. Tagantsev, G. Kurbatova, Yuri G. Korolyov
{"title":"Technology of Ultra-Thin Graded-Index Objective","authors":"D. Tagantsev, G. Kurbatova, Yuri G. Korolyov","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtue4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtue4","url":null,"abstract":"It is known1 that the cylindrical glass sample π/2g long with the radial distribution of refractive index works as an objective, where n is the refractive index, no is the refractive index at the objective axis, \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 g\u0000 =\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 n\u0000 0\u0000 \u0000 Δ\u0000 n\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 is a constant which characterizes the optical power of the objective, Δn is the refractive index drop between the side surface of the objective and its axis, h\u0000 i\u0000 are aberration coefficients, r is the current radius. One of the most wide-spread methods of creating the racial refractive index distribution is an ion-exchange diffusion2. The basis of such technology is the ability of alkali cations of glasses to exchange with the alkali cations of salt melts. The exchange is carried out at temperatures near glass transition ones.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116972818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Planar optical waveguides in glass by diffusion of copper films 铜膜扩散在玻璃中的平面光波导
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtuc4
H. Marquez, D. Salazar, E. Razon, G. Paez
{"title":"Planar optical waveguides in glass by diffusion of copper films","authors":"H. Marquez, D. Salazar, E. Razon, G. Paez","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtuc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtuc4","url":null,"abstract":"Ion-exchanged passive waveguide components fabricated in glass have been considered as an important method for fabricating passive integrated optical devices. These components show potential for low production cost, immunity to optical damage, and low losses for propagation and coupling with commercial fiber interfacing [1-3].","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128998508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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