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Sol-Gel Method for Making Radial Gradient-Index Glass in the SiO2-TiO2-R2O System 溶胶-凝胶法制备SiO2-TiO2-R2O体系径向梯度折射率玻璃
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwb3
J. B. Caldwell
{"title":"Sol-Gel Method for Making Radial Gradient-Index Glass in the SiO2-TiO2-R2O System","authors":"J. B. Caldwell","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwb3","url":null,"abstract":"The use of sol-gel methods to make titanium silicate gradient-index (GRIN) glass is now well established [1-9]. The basic technique consists of the following steps: 1) make a titanium silicate gel from Si and Ti alkoxides, 2) soak the gel in an acid bath to partly leach and thus create a concentration gradient of Ti, 3) arrest the leaching process by soaking the gel in an appropriate solvent such as alcohol or water, 4) dry the gel, 5) sinter the gel by controlled heating to a high temperature. This technique can be used to produce transparent monolithic radial gradient-index glass rods up to 8mm or more in diameter with a nearly parabolic index profile. A drawback of this technique is that the concentration of titania in the final glass article is limited by devitrification to less than 10 mole percent. As a result, the largest index change so far achieved in the TiO2-SiO2 system is about 0.027 [8].","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123146657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spherical Aberration of a Schematic Eye with a Grin Crystalline Lens in Several Accommodation States 带Grin晶状体的示意图眼在几种调节状态下的球差
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwb5
M. Melgosa, A. Poza, E. Hita, C. Gómez-reino
{"title":"Spherical Aberration of a Schematic Eye with a Grin Crystalline Lens in Several Accommodation States","authors":"M. Melgosa, A. Poza, E. Hita, C. Gómez-reino","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwb5","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous work1 we analyzed the spherical aberration of LeGrand’s unaccommodated theoretical eye2 modified by several GRIN crystalline-lens models. That effort has been complemented by the present work, in which we consider several theoretical eyes, with different states of accommodation, in a search for a more detailed analysis of the influence in the spherical aberration of both a homogeous/GRIN crystalline model and a spherical/aspherical corneal surface.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122333559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Preparation of Macro Axial Gradient Index Glasses for F/3 Singlet Lenses 用于F/3单透镜的宏观轴向梯度折射率玻璃的制备
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwa2
Xiaojie J. Xu, M. Savard
{"title":"The Preparation of Macro Axial Gradient Index Glasses for F/3 Singlet Lenses","authors":"Xiaojie J. Xu, M. Savard","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwa2","url":null,"abstract":"Macro-size axial gradient index glasses with different refractive index profiles have been produced by fusing together layers of glasses of progressively different indices of refraction. Smooth, step-free gradients are formed by controlled diffusion within and across the layers. The refractive index profiles and wavefront distortions of the lens blanks made from these materials were characterized. Different F/3 singlet lenses were designed and fabricated using these gradient glasses. The performance of these gradient lenses were tested using MTF and interferogram methods. These lenses, having only spherical surfaces, have practically no spherical aberration, and the on-axis performance reached diffraction limit. The methods of preparation of the gradient materials are discussed as well as the advantageous properties of macro gradients in optics.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122492065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design and Fabrication of 25mm Diameter Axial Gradient Singlets 直径25mm轴向梯度单线的设计与制造
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtub3
P. Manhart, R. Pagano, Paul T. Sherman
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of 25mm Diameter Axial Gradient Singlets","authors":"P. Manhart, R. Pagano, Paul T. Sherman","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtub3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtub3","url":null,"abstract":"Several F/3 single element axial gradient index lenses with a focal length of 75 mm have been fabricated and tested with emphasis being on performance and repeatability. The lens material was made via a fusion/diffusion process. This paper discusses the results of this endeavor.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126457089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A New Analytical Profile to Characterize Planar Waveguides 一种新的平面波导分析剖面
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtud3
C. Montero, X. Prieto, J. Liñares, S. Pelli, G. Righini
{"title":"A New Analytical Profile to Characterize Planar Waveguides","authors":"C. Montero, X. Prieto, J. Liñares, S. Pelli, G. Righini","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtud3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtud3","url":null,"abstract":"Ion-exchange technique has been by far the most popular technique to produce optical waveguides in glass [1]. In order to design, fabricate, and study their properties, it is necessary to have an accurate knowledge of the refractive index profile resulting from this fabrication process. Until a few years ago, the refractive-index profile has been approximated by several functions that, generally, have not provided a satisfactory model. Some ones, for instance the Gaussian one, are only empirical functions that does not fulfil the physical boundary conditions of the process. Other ones, the Erfc and the truncated-parabolic ones, are only valid for determined values of the parameter α = 1 - r, with r the ratio between the self-diffusion coefficient of the incoming (Di) and outgoing (Do) ions. Recently, it has been presented [2,3] new more accurate models, to characterize silver (Ag+) and potassium (K+) waveguides, valid in a wide range of α. Nevertheless, these models do not describe well almost steplike profiles (α → 1) because the approximations used in their derivation are not adequate.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115088212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
General Method to Fit Refractive Index of Planar Microlenses to Simplified Formula 平面微透镜折射率拟合简化公式的一般方法
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.pd1
E. Acosta, S. Ríos, M. Oikawa, K. Iga
{"title":"General Method to Fit Refractive Index of Planar Microlenses to Simplified Formula","authors":"E. Acosta, S. Ríos, M. Oikawa, K. Iga","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.pd1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.pd1","url":null,"abstract":"We present a general method to find a simplified formula for the refractive index profile of planar microlenses in terms of functional expressions containing a lower number of coefficients compared to the usual matrix fit.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115094891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Heuristic Solution for the Arbitrary Index Distribution and Ray-Trajectory-Angular-Frequency Aberration Linkage 任意折射率分布和射线-轨迹-角频像差联动的启发式解
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtub2
V. G. Il’in
{"title":"An Heuristic Solution for the Arbitrary Index Distribution and Ray-Trajectory-Angular-Frequency Aberration Linkage","authors":"V. G. Il’in","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtub2","url":null,"abstract":"The applied gradient index optics is 25 years old today. And almost all the time the long-thin-GRIN-rod-lenses with good imaging capability being the most dramatic examples of GRIN systems were a challenge for fabrication, investigation and actual design. It is well known that the ion-exchange diffusion technology yields the best results in achieving smooth, controllable and reproducible refractive index distributions. But even in that case we can not avoid some discrepancies of actual index distributions from the ideal or prescribed ones. For actual design these discrepancies are to be accurately measured and characterized, and it must be pointed out, that for the low numerical aperture GRIN rod lenses with the index difference of about 0.003 we are dealing with discrepancies of the order of 0.00005 in marginal areas of the rod and even less in the main paraxial area.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131587540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Glass structure and ion exchange 玻璃结构与离子交换
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gtue1
S. Houde-Walter
{"title":"Glass structure and ion exchange","authors":"S. Houde-Walter","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gtue1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gtue1","url":null,"abstract":"Measurable degradation in the image quality of radial and spherical gradient lenses can be caused by what might seem to be excruciatingly small perturbations from ideal gradient-index profiles. These are controlled by a number of empirically determined fabrication parameters that include glass composition, salt melt composition, thermal history, applied electric field and multiple diffusion steps.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126058057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
New method for measuring the distribution of refractive index in blanks for GRIN optical elements 测量GRIN光学元件毛坯折射率分布的新方法
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwa4
L. Gerasimova
{"title":"New method for measuring the distribution of refractive index in blanks for GRIN optical elements","authors":"L. Gerasimova","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwa4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwa4","url":null,"abstract":"Characterization of refractive index distribution in optical materials is an important problem in the fabrication of glass blanks for GRIN optical elements. Most of the existing methods for such characterization have different disadvantages. For example, all methods of deviated beam depend on the accuracy of the distance measurements which are always limited by the radius of the laser beam scanning along the sample. Interference methods based on using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer can be used only for optical materials with small gradients of refractive index because of resolution limitations. Their disadvantage is also sensitivity to vibrations and temperature variations decreasing the accuracy of measurements.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134039233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chromatic Dispersion of Selected Gradient-Index Glasses 所选梯度折射率玻璃的色散
Gradient Index Optical Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/giois.1994.gwa5
C. Saxer, D. Moore
{"title":"Chromatic Dispersion of Selected Gradient-Index Glasses","authors":"C. Saxer, D. Moore","doi":"10.1364/giois.1994.gwa5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/giois.1994.gwa5","url":null,"abstract":"The degree to which gradient-index (GRIN) elements can be effectively used in optical systems depends partly on the ability to characterize them. This paper discusses measurements of the chromatic dispersion and birefringence made with a multi-wavelength, harmonic phase-shifting interferometer1 on several types of gradient-index glasses.","PeriodicalId":203841,"journal":{"name":"Gradient Index Optical Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134444604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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