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Nanoparticles in chemotherapy: characteristics, design strategies, mechanism of internalization and intracellular degradation 化疗中的纳米颗粒:特性、设计策略、内化机制和细胞内降解
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-05-27 Print Date: 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_441
Joanna Pilch
{"title":"Nanoparticles in chemotherapy: characteristics, design strategies, mechanism of internalization and intracellular degradation","authors":"Joanna Pilch","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although significant advances have been made in cancer treatment, effective methods of treatment are still limited. Classical chemotherapy is one of the main cancer treatments, but it often causes many side effects that may cause non-specific drug action. This is mainly due to the lack of significant differences between cancer and normal cells as well as drug resistance. To reduce the side effects and increase the specificity and the selectivity of chemotherapeutics to cancer cells, new methods of their delivery to tumors are being sought. One of these methods is the application of nanoparticles (NPs), e.g. Quantum Dots (QDs) as drug delivery platforms. This review describes the most popular NPs in chemotherapy, including quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, and liposomes. The review describes also a strategy of design and synthesis of NPs, mechanism of cellular uptake, as well as intracellular degradation and toxicity of NPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"68 2","pages":"196-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40564101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effective mucosal vaccines - opportunities and challenges 有效的粘膜疫苗——机遇与挑战
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-05-24 Print Date: 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_439
Agnieszka Razim, Sabina Górska, Andrzej Myc
{"title":"Effective mucosal vaccines - opportunities and challenges","authors":"Agnieszka Razim,&nbsp;Sabina Górska,&nbsp;Andrzej Myc","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most pathogens enter the body through the surfaces of the mucous membranes, e.g. the nose or the intestines. The mucosal immune response is essential for the effective elimination of invading pathogens. Unfortunately, most vaccines which are administered intramuscularly by injection do not induce an adequate protective immune response on mucous membranes. For example, after intramuscular injection, the level of secretory IgA antibodies is low and often insufficient to successfully combat the pathogen. On the other hand, mucosal-induced immunity produces a long-lasting effect in the form of a local and systemic response to the pathogen. Moreover, the administration of such vaccines does not generate hazardous medical waste and their application does not require the presence of qualified medical personnel. Therefore, intensive research into vaccines administered via the mucosal route is ongoing. An obstacle in the development of mucosal vaccines is the natural defense mechanisms of the mucosa, the overcoming of which requires the use of specialized adjuvants. Currently, there are no such formulations on the market.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"68 2","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
GPR18 receptor – the structure and the role in the physiology and pathophysiology GPR18受体的结构及其在生理病理生理中的作用
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-05-24 Print Date: 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_399
Michalina Jurkiewicz, Greta Steć, Adrian Szczepaniak, Jakub Fichna, Marta Zielińska
{"title":"GPR18 receptor – the structure and the role in the physiology and pathophysiology","authors":"Michalina Jurkiewicz,&nbsp;Greta Steć,&nbsp;Adrian Szczepaniak,&nbsp;Jakub Fichna,&nbsp;Marta Zielińska","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>G-protein coupled receptors constitute the largest family of membrane receptors and they participate in the maintenance of the homeostasis in the body. Some of these receptors still remain orphan receptors as there is insufficient research and ambiguous evidence concerning their function and endogenous ligands. For a long time, GPR18 belonged to this group, but recently it has been classified as an endocannabinoid receptor due to its affinity to cannabinoid ligands. GPR18 receptor is expressed in the encephalon, thyroid gland, leukocytes, lungs and testicles. The modulatory role of GPR18 receptor has been proven in the regulation of intraocular pressure, neuroimmunomodulation, regulation of arterial blood pressure and in metabolic disorders. In this article we summarize the current knowledge concerning the GPR18 receptor – its expression, ligands and the in the physiological processes and the pathophysiological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"68 2","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epigenetic on Earth and in Space 地球和太空中的表观遗传
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-05-24 Print Date: 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_437
Emilia Korczmar, Aga Belter, Mirosława Z Naskręt-Barciszewska, Stefan Jurga, Jan Barciszewski
{"title":"Epigenetic on Earth and in Space","authors":"Emilia Korczmar,&nbsp;Aga Belter,&nbsp;Mirosława Z Naskręt-Barciszewska,&nbsp;Stefan Jurga,&nbsp;Jan Barciszewski","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The year 1961 went down in history with exceptional scientific achievements. On May 13, the journal Nature published two articles on the first isolation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which is an intermediate product between a gene and a protein. Just two weeks later, on May 27, the first letter of the genetic code, phenylalanine, was discovered. These discoveries made it possible to understand how genetic information is encoded and processed, thus causing the dynamic development of molecular biology. The breakthroughs of 1961 concerned not only nucleic acids. On April 12, the first human, Yuri Gagarin, entered space. Eight years later, in 1969, Neil Armstrong made his first walk on the moon, uttering the famous phrase: It is a small step for man, but a great leap for humanity. The era of conquering and learning about the cosmos has begun, mainly motivated by the natural curiosity of man and the desire to learn about the surrounding reality. The environmental factors in space are very different from terrestrial conditions, which raises questions about their effects on living organisms. In search of answers, a variety of scientific research has been carried out at the International Space Station (ISS) for over twenty years. As space travel is set to become more common in the near future, detailed studies of the effects of long-term space missions on the human body are required. These studies are currently carried out, among others using molecular biology techniques that enable detailed analysis of nucleic acids and proteins, but not only. The breakthrough achievements of 1961 initiated the development both in the field of molecular biology and the science of space, thanks to which today, 60 years after those events, we can combine knowledge and technological achievements from both fields to analyze and understand changes at the molecular level that occur as a result of being in organisms in outer space.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"68 2","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Molecular mechanisms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and new therapeutic strategies 杜氏肌营养不良的分子机制及新的治疗策略
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-05-24 Print Date: 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_428
Paulina Podkalicka, Małgorzata Myszka, Józef Dulak, Agnieszka Łoboda
{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and new therapeutic strategies","authors":"Paulina Podkalicka,&nbsp;Małgorzata Myszka,&nbsp;Józef Dulak,&nbsp;Agnieszka Łoboda","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease affecting approximately 1 in 5,000 born boys. It is caused by mutations in the DMD gene encoding dystrophin, which protects muscle fibers upon contraction. Its absence leads to muscle weakening and premature death mostly due to cardio-respiratory failure. Many experimental therapies have been developed to restore functional dystrophin or counteract processes contributing to disease progression. Nonetheless, DMD remains an incurable disease, and glucocorticoids, exerting many side effects, still serve as the “gold standard” of treatment. Hence, there is a need to develop innovative therapeutic options that will at least alleviate the symptoms of DMD. Among them, targeting specific microRNAs (miRs), e.g. miR-378a, restoring normal angiogenesis and the use of cytoprotective factors such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S) might be of special interest. In this review, we describe both the pathology of the disease and the aforementioned new therapeutic options in DMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"68 2","pages":"109-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The role of oxidative and nitrosative stress and the tryptophan catabolites pathway in the pathogenesis of depression 氧化和亚硝化应激及色氨酸分解代谢途径在抑郁症发病机制中的作用
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_436
Paulina Wigner, T. Śliwiński
{"title":"The role of oxidative and nitrosative stress and the tryptophan catabolites pathway in the pathogenesis of depression","authors":"Paulina Wigner, T. Śliwiński","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_436","url":null,"abstract":"Depression is the most common mental illness, affecting approximately 350 million people around the world. Despite numerous studies, the etiology of this disease remains unclear. Previous studies suggest the involvement of interrelated biochemical pathways, i.e. oxidative and nitrative stress as well as abnormalities of the tryptophan catabolites pathway (TRYCATs) in the depression development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the role of oxidative and nitrative stress as well as disorders in the course of the TRYCATs pathway in the molecular basis of depression. In this study, an attempt was made to determine the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms, located in genes, encoding enzymes involved in oxidative and nitrative stress, and the TRYCATs pathway on the incidence of depression. Moreover, using an in vivo model of depression, the impact of chronic mild stress stimuli on mRNA expression and protein amount as well as the degree of methylation of the promoter regions of genes encoding enzymes involved in the studied pathways was assessed. The obtained results clearly confirmed the studied biochemical pathways are involved in the development of depression at the molecular level.","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"116 1","pages":"80-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85174569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Epigenetic mechanisms of sexual reproduction in Angiosperms 被子植物有性生殖的表观遗传机制
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_418
K. Niedojadło, E. Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
{"title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of sexual reproduction in Angiosperms","authors":"K. Niedojadło, E. Bednarska-Kozakiewicz","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_418","url":null,"abstract":"Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, RNA interference, posttranslational histone modifications and rearrangements of chromatin structure play an important role during genome reprogramming in both animals and plants. The correct epigenetic pattern of eu- and heterochromatin marks allows for maintaining chromatin in an active or transcriptionally silenced state. In the life cycle of angiosperms, epigenetic mechanisms participate in genome reprogramming during: 1) differentiation of sporophyte cells into spore mother cells (SMC) that undergo meiosis, 2) development of female and male gametophytes, within which the gametes differentiate and 3) after double fertilization during the embryo and endosperm development. SMC speciation and control of meiosis, followed by reprogramming of the sperm cells and egg cell genome, are non-cell-autonomous and require RdDM pathway. These processes involve companion cells, which produce „mobile” siRNAs signal molecules. Epigenetic control of gene expression through siRNAs also participates in maintenance of gametes and embryo genome integrity and in the parental imprinting.","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"22 1","pages":"57-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84735720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The plant immune system – zig-zag model 植物免疫系统-之字形模型
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-02-13 Print Date: 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_427
Joanna Banasiak
{"title":"The plant immune system – zig-zag model","authors":"Joanna Banasiak","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unlike vertebrates, plants lack specialized mobile immune cells and antibodies. However, it doesn’t mean that plants are not able to effectively defend themselves against pathogens. In the case of plants, almost every cell appears to be able of triggering an effective defense response thanks to the action of the immune system. The latter is well described by zig-zag model proposed by JD Jones and JL Dangle, which encompasses two branches of the plant immune system. Importantly, the zig-zag model, for the first time, has clearly presented the complex interplay between plants and their pathogens, moreover, it is extremely useful from a didactic point of view.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"68 2","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40566051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cellular mechanisms ensuring the mammalian female germ cells quality 哺乳动物雌性生殖细胞质量的细胞机制
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-01-23 Print Date: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_421
Zbigniew Polański, Łukasz Gąsior
{"title":"Cellular mechanisms ensuring the mammalian female germ cells quality","authors":"Zbigniew Polański,&nbsp;Łukasz Gąsior","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_421","url":null,"abstract":"Gametes are extremely differentiated cells participating in the fertilization to give the beginning of a new life. Except enabling fertilization, however, the fully functional gamete, should also guarantee full and undisturbed development of the whole individual. The aim of this article is to approximate the mechanisms which occur during mammalian oogenesis which are crucial for ensuring the proper course of development as well as the quality of the genetic material transmitted to the progeny.","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"67 4","pages":"323-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39880849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
In health and disease – microRNA in skeletal muscles function 在健康和疾病中——骨骼肌功能中的microRNA
Postepy biochemii Pub Date : 2022-01-14 Print Date: 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.18388/pb.2021_419
Karolina Romańczuk, Bartosz Mierzejewski, Zuzanna Michalska, Anita Florkowska
{"title":"In health and disease – microRNA in skeletal muscles function","authors":"Karolina Romańczuk,&nbsp;Bartosz Mierzejewski,&nbsp;Zuzanna Michalska,&nbsp;Anita Florkowska","doi":"10.18388/pb.2021_419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18388/pb.2021_419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs), although do not encode proteins, they are involved in many biological processes. Here we focus on their role in skeletal muscle development and function. In health, they play an important role during skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating satellite cells quiescence, activation, proliferation, differentiation into myoblasts, and finally formation of myotubes. Moreover, miRNAs play a role in muscles disease development. For this reason, they can be used as disease biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, physical activity also influences the changes in miRNA expression. Certain types of exercises, their duration, and intensity differently impact the expression of many miRNAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20335,"journal":{"name":"Postepy biochemii","volume":"67 4","pages":"420-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39880850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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