{"title":"Taking a Cue From the Human","authors":"K. Starr, Sabine Braun, Jaleh Delfani","doi":"10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.138","url":null,"abstract":"Human beings find the process of narrative sequencing in written texts and moving imagery a relatively simple task. Key to the success of this activity is establishing coherence by using critical cues to identify key characters, objects, actions and locations as they contribute to plot development. \u0000In the drive to make audiovisual media more widely accessible (through audio description), and media archives more searchable (through content description), computer vision experts strive to automate video captioning in order to supplement human description activities. Existing models for automating video descriptions employ deep convolutional neural networks for encoding visual material and feature extraction (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, & Hinton, 2012; Szegedy et al., 2015; He, Zhang, Ren, & Sun, 2016). Recurrent neural networks decode the visual encodings and supply a sentence that describes the moving images in a manner mimicking human performance. However, these descriptions are currently “blind” to narrative coherence. \u0000Our study examines the human approach to narrative sequencing and coherence creation using the MeMAD [Methods for Managing Audiovisual Data: Combining Automatic Efficiency with Human Accuracy] film corpus involving five-hundred extracts chosen as stand-alone narrative arcs. We examine character recognition, object detection and temporal continuity as indicators of coherence, using linguistic analysis and qualitative assessments to inform the development of more narratively sophisticated computer models in the future.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133727964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Embracing the Complexity","authors":"Elena Davitti, Annalisa Sandrelli","doi":"10.47476/JAT.V3I2.2020.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/JAT.V3I2.2020.135","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the key findings of the pilot phase of SMART (Shaping Multilingual Access through Respeaking Technology), a multidisciplinary international project focusing on interlingual respeaking (IRSP) for real-time speech-to-text. SMART addresses key questions around IRSP feasibility, quality and competences. The pilot project is based on experiments involving 25 postgraduate students who performed two IRSP tasks (English–Italian) after a crash course. The analysis triangulates subtitle accuracy rates with participants’ subjective ratings and retrospective self-analysis. The best performers were those with a composite skillset, including interpreting/subtitling and interpreting/subtitling/respeaking. Participants indicated multitasking, time-lag, and monitoring of the speech recognition software output as the main difficulties; together with the great variability in performance, personal traits emerged as likely to affect performance. This pilot lays the conceptual and methodological foundations for a larger project involving professionals, to address a set of urgent questions for the industry.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130398789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Netflix's No-censorship Policy in Subtitling Taboo Language from English into Arabic","authors":"Alanoud Alsharhan","doi":"10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.127","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at examining the Arabic subtitles currently used in Netflix, particularly in instances that include taboo language. Because Netflix has a no-censorship policy, identifying the different subtitling strategies that translators working for Netflix have applied, as well as determining whether they are different from those identified as the norm in subtitling taboo language into Arabic, such as omission and euphemism are important questions to be answered in this study. Subtitling strategies applied are identified and analysed while the current subtitling strategies for extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) are used as a starting point to establish a new, modified taxonomy that represents subtitling taboo language in the two languages and cultures under analysis. The data suggest that two prominent modifications of the current subtitling strategies are needed, which are euphemism and shift in register. The audiovisual material examined in this study consists of five Netflix programs from different genres, in which taboo content and language are abundant. The subtitles of these shows are extracted in order to compile a small parallel corpus to be analysed both qualitatively and quantitively. The results indicate that a variety of subtitling strategies are used to render taboo language into Arabic on Netflix shows, which is different from previous norms that commonly used omission and other forms of euphemising taboo language. Another important result is that nearly half of the taboo language instances are still euphemised despite the no-censorship policy.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129629485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Translating Foreign Languages and Non-Native Varieties of English in Animated Films","authors":"Vincenza Minutella","doi":"10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.141","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to explore how foreign languages (i.e., languages other than English) and non-native varieties of English are used in Anglo-American animated films and to investigate the strategies adopted in Italian dubbing to deal with such multilingual features. The paper combines insights into professional practice with a close examination of a specific case study. The film Despicable Me 2 (dir. Pierre Coffin, Chris Renaud, Illumination Entertainment, 2013) has been chosen for analysis since it displays more than one language and several language varieties (British English, American English and foreign-accented English). The film also exploits visual and verbal stereotypes which enhance the comedic elements of the film. This multiplicity of voices and identities through language variety represents a challenge for audiovisual translators. By analysing the representation of characters and drawing on personal communication with Italian dubbing practitioners, the article aims to unveil how linguistic variation, multilingualism and diversity are dealt with in dubbing. The article will show that, although general trends may be identified as far as foreign languages and non-native varieties are concerned, the solutions offered by dubbing professionals often depend on a variety of factors and agents.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132916571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perspectives on Complex Understandings","authors":"Jan Pedersen, A. Matamala","doi":"10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v3i2.2020.168","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue contains a peer-reviewed selection of papers presented at Media for All 9: Complex understandings, a conference which took place in Stockholm in 2019. This introduction links the 15 articles included in this special issue to the conference theme, which is also the theme of this volume: complex understandings. The ultimate aim of the research presented here is to throw light on the various and complex perspectives, processes, views and agents involved in audiovisual translation and media accessibility. This introductory article highlight the main points of the different papers, and it also organises the contributions according to the different perspectives they take: product-based studies, process-based studies, training-based studies, user-based studies and policy-based studies. Overall, this volume offers a thorough overview of state-of-the-art research in audiovisual translation and media accessibility.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121642466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Template Files:","authors":"P. Georgakopoulou","doi":"10.47476/jat.v2i2.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v2i2.84","url":null,"abstract":"The use of English template files in workflows involving the multilanguage creation of subtitles from the same source audio assets, typically English, was one of the greatest innovations in the subtitling industry at the turn of the century. It streamlined processes, eliminated duplication of work, reduced direct costs, improved timelines and facilitated the quality control of large volumes of subtitle files whilst expanding the pool of available translators to complete the work. Template files set the basis for the globalisation of the subtitling industry and, almost two decades since their inception, they are still a topic of debate among language service providers and subtitlers. The present paper is a descriptive work, presenting a set of guidelines devised by the present author at the turn of the century, and used in practice for almost a decade in the production of multilingual subtitling work, enhanced and improved upon by the very subtitlers that worked with them. It aims at providing a reference point for debate to researchers in the subtitling field, so as to further the ongoing discussion on interlingual subtitling quality, practices and standards.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132222353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finding the Right Words","authors":"Sabine Braun, K. Starr","doi":"10.47476/jat.v2i2.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v2i2.103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines first steps in identifying and compiling human-generated corpora for the purpose of determining the quality of computer-generated video descriptions. This is part of a study whose general ambition is to broaden the reach of accessible audiovisual content through semi-automation of its description for the benefit of both end-users (content consumers) and industry professionals (content creators). Working in parallel with machine-derived video and image description datasets created for the purposes of advancing computer vision research, such as Microsoft COCO (Lin et al., 2015) and TGIF (Li et al., 2016), we examine the usefulness of audio descriptive texts as a direct comparator. Cognisant of the limitations of this approach, we also explore alternative human-generated video description datasets including bespoke content description. Our research forms part of the MeMAD (Methods for Managing Audiovisual Data) project, funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130708674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Game on! Burning issues in game localisation","authors":"Carmen Mangirón","doi":"10.47476/JAT.V1I1.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/JAT.V1I1.48","url":null,"abstract":"Game localisation is a type of audiovisual translation that has gradually been gathering scholarly attention since the mid-2000s, mainly due to the increasing and ubiquitous presence of video games in the digital society and the gaming industry's need to localise content in order to access global markets. This paper will focus on burning issues in this field, that is, issues that require specific attention, from an industry and/or an academic perspective. These include the position of game localisation within the wider translation studies framework, the relationship between game localisation and audiovisual translation, game accessibility, reception studies, translation quality, collaborative translation, technology, and translator training.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132368881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Standardising accessibility: Transferring knowledge to society","authors":"A. Matamala, P. Orero","doi":"10.47476/JAT.V1I1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/JAT.V1I1.49","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes standardisation work in the field of media accessibility with a focus on the international standardisation bodies ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and ITU (International Telecommunication Union). It provides an overview of what standards are and how standardisation agencies work, with a focus on the technical procedures, types of documents and Code of Conduct to be followed. The specific tasks of working groups dealing with access services is presented and their main outputs in the form of standards are summarised. The article also discusses the main challenges researchers face when getting involved in standardisation work and the benefits of transferring into society and the industry through standardisation.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127796633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The nature of accessibility studies","authors":"G. Greco","doi":"10.47476/JAT.V1I1.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47476/JAT.V1I1.51","url":null,"abstract":"Accessibility has come to play a pivotal role on the world’s stage, gradually pervading different aspects of our lives as well as a vast range of fields, giving rise to a plethora of fruitful new ideas, methods and models, and becoming an ever more key issue within a process that is reshaping the very fabric of society. The ubiquitous effects of accessibility have led to the emergence of a new research field, namely accessibility studies (AS). This paper presents both the path that has led towards the emergence of AS as well as the distinctive features of this new field. AS is defined as the field concerned with the investigation of accessibility processes and phenomena, and the design, implementation and evaluation of accessibility-based and accessibility-oriented methodologies. The analysis is carried out mainly, though not exclusively, in reference to media accessibility (MA), as it is one of the most mature areas in which the process of the formation of AS has been taking place. It concludes by arguing that AS is a timely field that addresses the most pressing issues our society is facing nowadays and appealing to MA to embrace its identity as an area of AS.","PeriodicalId":203332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Audiovisual Translation","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123795725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
