Polymer Science U.s.s.r.Pub Date : 1991-01-01Epub Date: 2003-06-11DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(91)90222-C
A.A. Baulin, V.M. Kopylov
{"title":"Kinetic characteristics of chain propagation and transfer to aluminium alkyl in the high temperature polymerization of ethylene on Ziegler-type titanium-magnesium catalysts","authors":"A.A. Baulin, V.M. Kopylov","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90222-C","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90222-C","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concentrations of active propagation centres and rate constants for elementary acts of PE macrochain propagation and the limitations of its propagation by alumino-organic compounds in the polymerization of ethylene under conditions of the PE in a hydrocarbon solvent at 433 K on titanium-magnesium catalytic systems (based on a bulk catalyst and on a system with dissolved components), and also on a traditional Ziegler system based on titanium trichloride are determined by radiochemical methods. It is shown that titanium-magnesium catalytic systems have a several times higher content of active centres in their composition, and that the high temperature polymerization of PE under their action has larger values of the above constants than with the classical Ziegler system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 6","pages":"Pages 1161-1167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90222-C","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76303903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Science U.s.s.r.Pub Date : 1991-01-01Epub Date: 2003-06-11DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(91)90013-G
I.N. Gorbacheva, Ye.Ye. Skorikova, G.A. Vikhoreva, L.S. Gal'braikh, K.K. Babiyevskii
{"title":"On the structure and properties of chitosan sulphate","authors":"I.N. Gorbacheva, Ye.Ye. Skorikova, G.A. Vikhoreva, L.S. Gal'braikh, K.K. Babiyevskii","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90013-G","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90013-G","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chitosan sulphate samples have been synthesized with predominant formation of O-substituted products. It was found that unlike the crystalline semirigid chitosan, chitosan sulphate has an amorphous structure and the polymer chain is less rigid. The polyelectrolyte properties of chitosan sulphate in water-salt solutions have been investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 9","pages":"Pages 1778-1783"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90013-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75255853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phase segregation in diethylene glycol (adipate-terephthalate) co-oligomers","authors":"A.T. Gubaidullin, B.Ya. Teitel'Baum, N.P. Apukhtina, S.M. Yakzhina, T.A. Yagfarova","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90023-J","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90023-J","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Statistical co-oligoesters containing 36% by weigth of terephthalate units were prepared and studied. By small-angle X-ray scattering the presence of a dispersed phase is revealed, formed by association of terephthalate units. The scattering characteristics change nonuniformly with the content of these units—this can be explained by the size, shape and internal structure of the particles. The presence of the microphase does not lead to curing of the oligomers. A regular increase in background scattering with growing molecular mass of the oligomers was observed, pratiically uncorrected with the content of the terephthalate units.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 9","pages":"Pages 1856-1861"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90023-J","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84064379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydrodynamic behabiour of cellulose triacetate in solution and structure of the interface","authors":"A.N. Krasovskii , D.N. Polyakov , V.G. Baranov , S.S. Mnatsakanov , A.V. Varlamov","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90218-F","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90218-F","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Expressions relating the relative viscosity <em>η</em><sub>rel</sub> of cellulose triacetate (CTA) in solution to the degree of filling of the hydrodynamic volume [<em>η</em>]<sub>0</sub><em>c</em> have been used to determine the concentration dependences of <em>η</em><sub>rel</sub> for CTA solutions (<em>n</em> = 300; 95) in CHCl<sub>3</sub>. In addition, the IR absorption spectra of dilute and of moderately concentrated CTA solutions were investigated, as well as the reflection spectra of the boundary layers pertaining to the CTA solution-solid interface. It is shown that a sharp increase in the amount of CTA mesophase in the volume of the solution at levels of [<em>η</em>]<sub>0</sub><em>c</em>⩾7 is due to the existence of a critical effective volume occupied by CTA macromolecules. When this limit is exceeded, the result is that polymer-oolymer contacts predominate over polymer-solvent ones. The transition from solution volume phase to CTA boundary layers leads, at [<em>η</em>]<sub>0</sub><em>c</em>>2, to a significant increase in the amount of CTA mesophase. It was found that at [<em>η</em>]<sub>0</sub><em>c</em><1 the boundary layer CTA macromolecules retain a high degree of orientational order under the action of the carrier field, and their arrangement is such that the major axis is directed perpendicular to the interface; moreover the orientational parameter of the boundary layer macromolecules corresponds to nematic LC phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 6","pages":"Pages 1132-1137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90218-F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73073838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Change of properties of a densely crosslinked polymer induced by solid-phase deformation and annealing","authors":"A.A. Askadskii, V.A. Beloshenko, M.K. Pakter, K.A. Bychko, M.P. Valetskii","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90109-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90109-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of solid-phase deformation and annealing on elastic, strength and relaxation properties of a densely crosslinked polymer prepared from the epoxide resin ED-16 have been investigated. The variation of mechanical properties is connected with changes in polymer structure and the appearance of internal microstress during deformation in the solid phase. The kinetics of stress relaxation was analyzed by means of new relaxation kernels. A model has been proposed for elucidating the lowered concentration of crosslinks during annealing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 10","pages":"Pages 2077-2084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90109-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75232701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Science U.s.s.r.Pub Date : 1991-01-01Epub Date: 2003-06-11DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(91)90146-H
V.S. Batalov
{"title":"Determination of polymer compressibility over a broad temperature interval by dilatometry","authors":"V.S. Batalov","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90146-H","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90146-H","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>By changing the mode of sample heating one may determine the coefficient of compressibility of a thermoplastic polymer by analysing the heating curve.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 4","pages":"Pages 834-836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90146-H","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87653788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equilibrium in the polycaproamide-caprolactam-water system below the melting point of the polymer modified by addition of hexamethylene adipamide","authors":"L.N. Mizerovskii, D.L. Signalov, V.G. Silant'eva, Ye.S. Artsis","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90152-G","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90152-G","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of modification of the amorphous phase of polycaproamide by fragments of hexamethylene adipamide (HA) on the amide equilibrium and cycle-chain equilibrium in polycaproamide below its melting point is analysed. It is shown that in the temperature interval studied (423–463 K) the amide equilibrium constant of modified polycaproamide is systematically lower than for the unmodified. A variant is proposed for calculating the cycle-chain equilibrium constant <em>K</em><sub>3</sub> which is not directly related to the mechanism of the reaction of polyattachment of caprolactam. The <em>K</em><sub>3</sub> values thus calculated are a linear function of the initial moisture content of the monomer melt and the thermodynamic characteristics of the reaction (especially <em>ΔS</em>) calculated on the basis of the temperature dependence of the <em>K</em><sub>3</sub> values obtained by extrapolation to zero humidity differ from those previously found.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 5","pages":"Pages 880-885"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90152-G","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83836443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic spectra of some polypropylene glycols. mechanism of structural relaxation","authors":"A.A. Chuiko, V.S. Sperkach, V.M. Ogenko, T.P. Tantsyura, L.N. Ganyuk, L.V. Dubrovina, B.T. Yeleyusinov","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90208-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90208-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The molecular mechanisms of structural relaxation in polypropylene glycols are reviewed. The rate constants and the activational parameters of the reactions of rupture of the intermolecular bonds have been determined. In the high molecular mass sample of polypropylene glycol structural relaxation is governed by the relaxation only of shear viscosity. The high and low frequency elasticity moduli have been calculated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 6","pages":"Pages 1066-1069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90208-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84051999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structure and properties of water-soluble protein derivatives and hydrophilic polymers","authors":"L.I. Valuyev , V.V. Chupov , T.A. Valuyeva , L.V. Vanchugova , V.A. Sinani , O.V. Noah , N.A. Platé","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90272-R","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90272-R","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interaction of proteins (as illustrated by ovomucoid of duck's egg protein) and their unsaturated derivatives with the redox system ammonium persulphate-tetramethylethylene diamine has been studied. Such interaction results in the formation of water-soluble protein products with raised MM. The main contribution to this reaction is made by recombination of the macroradicals formed on interaction of the protein molecules with the primary radicals. The introduction into the studied system of low molecular mass comonomers changes the character of the process underway: in this case a decisive contribution to the formation of HMCs is made by the chain propagation reaction. The influence of the conditions of polymerization and the nature of the hydrophilic comonomer on the biological activity of the products formed is shown and ideas advanced on the causes of change in the activity of the water-soluble protein derivative and hydrophilic polymers as a function of the rigidity of the polymer chain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 1","pages":"Pages 74-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90272-R","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89967742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymer Science U.s.s.r.Pub Date : 1991-01-01Epub Date: 2003-06-11DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(91)90057-W
I.N. Sapozhnikova, A.Ye. Chalykh
{"title":"A method for quantitative determination of defects in polymer layers by X-ray microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy","authors":"I.N. Sapozhnikova, A.Ye. Chalykh","doi":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90057-W","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0032-3950(91)90057-W","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A universal, rapid and based on scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis has been developed for determining quantitatively the defectiveness of polymeric surface coatings. The method makes use of the fact that defects, regardless of their type (concentration fluctuations, dispersed inclusions, form defects, etc.) can be considered as compositional defects, each in its own scale, and can be evaluated from the induced change in intensity of a characteristic X-ray radiation of defects containing a surface element as compared to an element without defects. Two alternatives are proposed for evaluating the defects—either from their total number (<em>D</em><sub><em>s</em></sub>) or according to defect type (<em>D</em><sub><em>l</em></sub>). The quantity <em>D</em><sub><em>s</em></sub> can be estimated by measuring the intensity of X-ray radiation in different scales: by varying the magnification in the scanning electron microscopy of the defect-containing surface area and, on the other hand, at the “point” of a defectless surface. The parameter <em>D</em><sub><em>l</em></sub> is determined by comparing the intensities of X-ray radiation from the respective “points” in the defective and defectless areas of the investigated surface. The method was checked on heterogeneous, layered filled systems similar to those used in the magnetic hard disks. The results enabled us to devise defectograms of ferromagnetic layers of magnetic memory devices (disks). By using the defects as a negative property we were able to deduce a generalized dependence property-composition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20280,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science U.s.s.r.","volume":"33 8","pages":"Pages 1677-1685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0032-3950(91)90057-W","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"112732152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}