Pituitary最新文献

{"title":"Differential diagnosis between Cushing's syndrome and non-neoplastic hypercortisolism: are we getting there?","authors":"Rosario Pivonello, Chiara Simeoli, Nicola Di Paola, Annamaria Colao","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01458-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01458-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"451-454"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142293602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular risk in patients with acromegaly vs. non-functioning pituitary adenoma following pituitary surgery: an active-comparator cohort study.","authors":"Melanie Stocker, Simona E Zimmermann, Rahel Laager, Claudia Gregoriano, Beat Mueller, Philipp Schuetz, Alexander Kutz","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01405-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01405-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Given the increased cardio-metabolic risk in patients with acromegaly, this study compared cardiovascular outcomes, mortality, and in-hospital outcomes between patients with acromegaly and non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) following pituitary surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a nationwide cohort study using data from hospitalized patients with acromegaly or NFPA undergoing pituitary surgery in Switzerland between January 2012 and December 2021. Using 1:3 propensity score matching, eligible acromegaly patients were paired with NFPA patients who underwent pituitary surgery, respectively. The primary outcome comprised a composite of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, intracranial hemorrhage, hospitalization for hypertensive crisis) and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included individual components of the primary outcome, surgical re-operation, and various hospital-associated outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 231 propensity score-matched patients with acromegaly and 491 with NFPA, the incidence rate of the primary outcome was 8.18 versus 12.73 per 1,000 person-years (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-1.32]). Mortality rates were numerically lower in acromegaly patients (2.43 vs. 7.05 deaths per 1,000 person-years; HR, 0.34; [95% CI, 0.10-1.17]). Individual components of the primary outcome and in-hospital outcomes showed no significant differences between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This cohort study did not find an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with acromegaly undergoing pituitary surgery compared to surgically treated NFPA patients. These findings suggest that there is no legacy effect regarding higher cardio-metabolic risk in individuals with acromegaly once they receive surgical treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"518-526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroendocrine challenges and clinical outcomes in men with chronic traumatic brain injury: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Saumya Susan Zacharia, Raji Thomas, Johns T Johnson, Nitin Kapoor, Saraswathi Ramanathan, Hesarghatta S Asha, Kripa Elizabeth Cherian, Thomas V Paul","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01433-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01433-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Marked changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis have been documented in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). These enduring endocrine challenges could significantly influence the physical and psychological outcomes thereby impacting overall recovery. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of endocrine dysfunction in men with chronic TBI and to determine the association of endocrine dysfunction with clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study that included male participants of 25-45 years (N = 66) with moderate to severe TBI within 6-24 months of injury. Serum Cortisol, Free T4, TSH, Luteinizing hormone, Testosterone, ACTH, Prolactin and IGF-1 were assessed. Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores were also assessed in them.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study cohort comprised male patients with a mean ± age of 32.8 ± 5.7 years. Low IGF-1 levels were most commonly encountered, followed by hypogonadism. Hypopituitarism was present in 56.1%. The proportion of hypogonadism was significantly higher in the group with moderate-total dependence (13/26) as compared to the functionally independent (8/40) group (50% vs. 20%; P = 0.011). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with hypopituitarism, revealing that severity of injury (OR = 2.6;) and GOS-E (OR = 3.1) were significant (P < 0.10) on univariate analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study emphasizes the need to screen TBI patients for neuroendocrine dysfunction during the chronic phases and to establish screening criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"693-704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth hormone increase by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone reflects gonadotroph-related characteristics in acromegaly.","authors":"Yuto Mitsui, Kosuke Mukai, Michio Otsuki, Satoru Oshino, Youichi Saitoh, Masaharu Kohara, Eiichi Morii, Atsunori Fukuhara, Iichiro Shimomura","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01410-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01410-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We previously showed the clinical characteristics of acromegaly with a paradoxical growth hormone (GH) response to oral glucose or thyrotropin-releasing hormone. However, the clinical characteristics of acromegaly with an increased GH response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH responders) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics, especially gonadotroph-related characteristics of LHRH responders in acromegaly.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The clinical characteristics of 33 LHRH responders and 81 LHRH nonresponders were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No differences in age, sex or basal serum levels of GH, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and gonadotropin were observed between the two groups. Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), and LH expression was more frequently observed in LHRH responders (P < 0.05). In addition, a greater increased rate of GH after LHRH loading, and the proportion of GnRHR and gonadotropin expression was observed in pituitary tumor with SF-1 expression than that without the expression (P < 0.01). LHRH responders showed a greater GH decrease in the octreotide test and a greater IGF-1 decrease after first-generation somatostatin ligand than LHRH nonresponders (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the proportion of hypointense pituitary tumors on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and tumors with densely granulated type was higher in LHRH responders than in LHRH nonresponders, respectively (P < 0.05). No difference between the two groups was observed in either somatostatin receptor 2 or 5 expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The increased GH response to LHRH is associated with the gonadotroph-related characteristics. This response may reflect the biological characteristics of somatotroph tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"527-536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11513710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a novel treatment adherence, satisfaction and knowledge questionnaire (TASK-Q) for adult patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders.","authors":"Sofia Llahana, Kevin C J Yuen","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01425-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01425-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Successful treatment outcomes of adults with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders necessitate the adoption of intricate self-management behaviors, yet current scales for evaluating treatment adherence and satisfaction are inadequate for this patient group. This research introduces a novel treatment adherence, satisfaction and knowledge questionnaire (TASK-Q) developed specifically to identify patients' unmet needs in better assessing and managing these disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in three phases: (1) generating items and testing content validity, (2) refining these items through a pilot study, and (3) a main study evaluating the psychometric properties of the TASK-Q scale among 262 adults in a Pituitary Nurse-led Clinic, with 152 (58%) patients completing the questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure and construct validity of the TASK-Q, revealing a 22-item scale divided into Satisfaction and Knowledge (17 items) and Adherence (5 items) subscales, and exhibiting high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.90). Significant correlations were identified between satisfaction and knowledge (r = 0.67, p < 0.001), satisfaction and adherence (r = 0.23, p = 0.005), and knowledge and adherence (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). Complex treatment regimens, like daily growth hormone injections and adjusting glucocorticoids during illness, negatively affected adherence (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The TASK-Q is a novel validated scale that can effectively evaluate patients' perspectives on adherence, knowledge and satisfaction. Our findings highlight the significant impact of Advanced Nurse Practitioners in improving patient self-management behaviors, which likely leads to better treatment outcomes for people with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"673-684"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11513723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcome of non-functioning ACTH pituitary tumors: silent does not mean indolent.","authors":"Nicolas Sahakian, Lise Goetz, Romain Appay, Thomas Graillon, Isabelle Raingeard, Cécilia Piazzola, Jean Regis, Frédéric Castinetti, Thierry Brue, Henry Dufour, Thomas Cuny","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01428-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01428-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Silent corticotroph tumors (siACTH) represent a rare entity of pituitary tumors (PT), usually more aggressive than other PT. Few predictor factors of recurrence in the post-operative period have been proposed until now. This study aimed (1) to evaluate the clinical outcome of siACTH after surgery according to a five-tiered clinicopathological classification (2) to compare siACTH characteristics to ACTH-secreting macroadenomas (macroCD), and silent gonadotropinomas (siLH/FSH).</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Between 2008 and 2022, 29 siACTH out of 865 PT cases operated in one tertiary center were included. Clinical, paraclinical, histological, and surgical data were collected and compared to 25 macroCD and 143 siLH/FSH cases, respectively. The tumor grading was established according to both invasion (no = 1; yes = 2) and proliferation (no = a; yes = b). Progression-free survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 15 (51.7%) grade 1a, 11 (37.9%) grade 2a and 3 (10.3%) grade 2b siACTH with a trend for a 7-fold-time higher risk of progression/recurrence in grade 2b as compared to 1a (p = 0.06). The repartition of tumor grades was similar between the three subgroups, however a 5.7-fold-higher risk of progression was observed in grade 1a siACTH than in grade 1a siLH/FSH (p = 0.02). Compared to siLH/FSH, higher ACTH levels may help to preoperatively identify siACTH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The five-tiered clinicopathological classification contribute to predict the risk of recurrence of operated siACTH tumors. Noteworthy, non-invasive and non-proliferative siACTH exhibit a less favorable outcomes than their siLH/FSH counterparts, which should prompt for a personalized follow up.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"644-653"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical use of [¹⁸F]fluoro-ethyl-L-tyrosine PET co-registered with MRI for localizing prolactinoma remnants.","authors":"Victoria R van Trigt, Leontine E H Bakker, Huangling Lu, Iris C M Pelsma, Marco J T Verstegen, Wouter R van Furth, Lenka M Pereira Arias-Bouda, Nienke R Biermasz","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01430-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01430-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the utility of [¹⁸F]fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine PET co-registered with magnetic resonance imaging ([¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR) in patients with difficult-to-localize prolactinoma to inform clinical decision-making and (surgical) treatment planning.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study of 17 consecutive patients with prolactinoma undergoing [¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR between October 2020 and September 2022 for either (1) additional information in case of difficult-to-visualize remnants after prior transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), or pharmacological treatment, or (2) radiological diagnosis in absence of a (clear) adenoma on diagnostic/post-treatment conventional MRI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>[¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR identified a lesion in 14/17 patients, yet failed to identify active lesions in 2 patients with negative conventional MRI despite prolactin > 7.5 times upper limit of normal. [¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR results were inconclusive in 1 patient due to diffuse tracer uptake 10 weeks post-surgery. [¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR was completely concordant with a suspected lesion on conventional MRI in 10/17 patients, and partially concordant in 3/17 patients. New foci were identified in 4/17 patients. The [¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR conclusions influenced clinical shared decision-making in 15/17 patients, of whom 7 patients underwent TSS and 8 refrained from TSS. One patient underwent TSS despite negative [¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR, and one patient underwent additional imaging. Intraoperative findings corresponded with [¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR in 5/8 patients, and immunohistochemistry was positive in 5/8 patients. The treatment goal was achieved in 7/8 patients, and remission was achieved in 5/7 patients in whom total resection was considered feasible.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>[¹⁸F]FET-PET/MRI^CR can be of added value in the preoperative decision-making process for selected patients with difficult-to-localize prolactinoma (remnants), or patients lacking a substrate on conventional MRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"614-624"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11513721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141748930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Utility of copeptin in predicting non-pathological postoperative polyuria in patients affected by acromegaly undergoing pituitary neurosurgery.","authors":"Emanuele Varaldo, Nunzia Prencipe, Alessandro Maria Berton, Luigi Simone Aversa, Fabio Bioletto, Raffaele De Marco, Valentina Gasco, Francesco Zenga, Silvia Grottoli","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01419-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01419-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"742-743"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11513729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141470351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic characteristics of patients with acromegaly according to tumor size at diagnosis.","authors":"Leticia Marinho Del Corso, Cleo Otaviano Mesa Junior, Vicente Florentino Castaldo Andrade, Solena Ziemer Kusma Fidalski, Cesar Luiz Boguszewski","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01432-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01432-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate clinical, laboratory, radiological, therapeutic, and prognostic characteristics of patients with acromegaly according to the size of the growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma at diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational, retrospective, single-center study of patients with acromegaly followed at a tertiary center. Data were collected regarding clinical presentation, characteristics of the adenoma in the magnetic resonance imaging, GH and IGF-1 levels, and disease control after surgery or adjuvant treatment (normal IGF-1 levels). Patients were divided according to the adenoma size at diagnosis in: group I < 10 mm; II 10-19 mm; III 20-29 mm; IV 30-39 mm; and V ≥ 40 mm. Comparisons were made between the groups, and correlations of tumor size with disease parameters, ROC curves, and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate tumor size and confounding factors that could impact the outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>117 patients were studied [59 women, age at diagnosis 43 ± 13 years; group I = 11 patients (9%); group II 54 (46%); group III 34 (29%); group IV 10 (9%); group V 8 (7%)]. Hypopituitarism, cavernous sinus invasion, GH levels, and use of somatostatin receptor ligands had their prevalence increased according to the adenoma size. Age showed a negative correlation with tumor size. A tumor diameter around 20 mm was the best predictor for the presence of hypopituitarism, invasiveness, need of adjuvant therapies, and poorer disease control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adenomas < 20 mm showed lower morbidity and better therapeutic response in acromegaly, while those ≥ 20 mm had similar clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"537-544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular risk and glucocorticoids: a Dutch National Registry of growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency analysis.","authors":"Tessa N A Slagboom, Christa C van Bunderen, Aart Jan van der Lely, Madeleine L Drent","doi":"10.1007/s11102-024-01448-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11102-024-01448-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Patients with hypopituitarism are at increased cardiovascular risk, in part because of growth hormone deficiency (GHD), but probably also because of the overuse of glucocorticosteroids in concomitant adrenal insufficiency (AI). We hypothesized that patients with hypopituitarism that were on glucocorticosteroid replacement therapy for concomitant AI would have worse cardiovascular outcomes than those without.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective nationwide cohort study. GHD patients from the Dutch National Registry of Growth Hormone Treatment in adults were grouped by the presence (AI; N = 1836) or absence (non-AI; N = 750) of concomitant AI, and differences between groups were analyzed for baseline characteristics and cardiovascular risk, at baseline and during GHRT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, AI patients had higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol (both p < 0.01). During GHRT, AI patients were more likely to use cardiovascular drugs (p ≤ 0.01), but we did not find worse outcomes for blood pressure, body composition, lipid and glucose metabolism. The risk of developing peripheral arterial disease (HR 2.22 [1.06-4.65]) and non-fatal cerebrovascular events (HR 3.47 [1.60-7.52]) was higher in AI patients, but these differences disappeared in the models adjusted for baseline differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found no clear evidence to support our hypothesis that patients with hypopituitarism and concomitant AI have worse cardiovascular outcomes than non-AI patients. This suggests that glucocorticoid replacement therapy in AI may be safer than previously thought. However, cardiovascular burden, events and medication use at baseline and during GHRT (in unadjusted models) were higher in AI; so the lack of power, the important role of (adjusting for) other risk factors, and the inability to distinguish between glucocorticoid treatment regimens may have influenced the outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20202,"journal":{"name":"Pituitary","volume":" ","pages":"590-604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11513701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}