Photomedicine and laser surgery最新文献

{"title":"Infrared Laser Improves Collagen Organization in Muscle and Tendon Tissue During the Process of Compensatory Overload.","authors":"Stella Maris Lins Terena,&nbsp;Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes,&nbsp;Sandra Kalil Bussadori,&nbsp;Aldo Brugnera Junior,&nbsp;Daniela de Fátima Teixeira da Silva,&nbsp;Eric Moreno Ramos Magalhães,&nbsp;Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The photobiomodulation using the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) exerts a positive modulating effect on the synthesis of collagen in skeletal muscles and tendons. However, few studies have addressed this effect during the compensatory overload.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Evaluate the effect of infrared laser on the deposition and organization of collagen fibers in muscle and tendon tissue during compensatory overload of the plantar muscle in rats.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral ablation of the synergist muscles of the hind paws and divided in groups: Control, Hypertrophy, and Hypertrophy (H)+LLLT (780 nm, 40 mW, 9.6 J/cm² and 10 s/point, 8 points, total energy 3.2 J, daily), evaluated at 7 and 14 days. Muscle cuts were stained with Picrosirius-Red and hematoxylin-eosin and tendon cuts were submitted to birefringence for determination of collagen distribution and organization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 7 days an increase was observed in the area between beam muscles in H+LLLT (25.45% ± 2.56) in comparison to H (20.3% ± 3.31), in mature fibers and fibrilis in H+LLLT (29346.88 μm² ± 2182.56; 47602.8 μm² ± 2201.86 respectively) in comparison to H (26656.5 μm² ± 1880.46; 45630.34 μm² ± 2805.82 respectively) and in the collagen area in H+LLLT (2.25% ± 0.19) in comparison to H (2.0% ± 0.15). However, after 14 days a reduction was observed in the area between beam muscles in H+LLLT (13.88% ± 2.54) in comparison to H (19.1% ± 2.61), in fibrils and mature fibers in H+LLLT (17174.1 μm² ± 2563.82; 32634.04 μm² ± 1689.38 respectively) in comparison to H (55249.86 μm² ± 1992.65; 44318.36 μm² ± 1759.57) and in the collagen area in H+LLLT (1.76% ± 0.16) in comparison to H (2.09 ± 0.27). A greater organization of collagen fibers in the tendon was observed after 7 and 14 days in H+LLLT groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Infrared laser irradiation induces an improvement in collagen organization in tendons and a reduction in the total area of collagen in muscles during compensatory atrophy following the ablation of synergist muscles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"130-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35850924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation in Light of Our Biological Clock's Inner Workings.","authors":"Luis Santana-Blank, Elizabeth Rodríguez-Santana","doi":"10.1089/pho.2018.4445","DOIUrl":"10.1089/pho.2018.4445","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"119-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5863078/pdf/pho.2018.4445.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36003490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Assessment of Liver Samples with Several Stages of Fibrosis.","authors":"Diego A Fabila-Bustos,&nbsp;Úrsula D Arroyo-Camarena,&nbsp;María D López-Vancell,&nbsp;Marco A Durán-Padilla,&nbsp;Itzel Azuceno-García,&nbsp;Suren Stolik-Isakina,&nbsp;Alma Valor-Reed,&nbsp;Elizabeth Ibarra-Coronado,&nbsp;Luis F Hernández-Quintanar,&nbsp;Galileo Escobedo,&nbsp;José M de la Rosa-Vázquez","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>During the last years, fluorescence spectroscopy has been used as a potential tool for the evaluation and characterization of tissues with different disease conditions due to its low cost, high sensitivity, and minimally or noninvasive character.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study 19 paraffin blocks containing human liver tissue from biopsies.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>All samples were previously analyzed by two senior pathologists in a single-blind trial. After their evaluation, four liver samples were classified as nonfibrosis (F0), four as initial fibrosis (F1-F2), four as advanced fibrosis (F3), and six as cirrhosis (F4). The fluorescence was induced at different wavelengths as follows: 330, 365, and 405 nm using a portable fiber-optic system. The fluorescence spectra were recorded in the range of 400-750 nm. A distinctive correlation between the shape of each spectrum and the level of fibrosis in the liver sample was detected. A multi-variate statistical analysis based on principal component analysis followed by linear discrimination analysis was applied to develop algorithms able to distinguish different stages of fibrosis based on the characteristics of fluorescence spectra. Pairwise comparisons were performed: F0 versus F1-F2, F1-F2 versus F3, F3 versus F4, and F1-F2 versus F4. The algorithms applied to each set of data yielded values of sensitivity and specificity that were higher than 90% and 95%, respectively, in all the analyzed cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With this study, it is concluded that fluorescence spectroscopy can be used as a complementary tool for the assessment of liver fibrosis in liver tissue samples, which sets the stage for subsequent clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"151-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35604671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Plasma Growth Factors (VEGF, PDGF, EGF, ANG1, and ANG2) in Patients with Varicose Veins Before and After Treatment with Endovenous Laser Ablation.","authors":"Nabil A Al-Zoubi,&nbsp;Rami J Yaghan,&nbsp;Tagleb S Mazahreh,&nbsp;Emad M Hijazi,&nbsp;Ahmad Alqudah,&nbsp;Yasmin N Owaisy,&nbsp;Shadi Hamouri,&nbsp;Nawaf J Al-Shatnawi","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To measure pre- and postoperative plasma concentrations of growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, EGF, ANG1, and ANG2) in patients with primary lower limb varicose veins (VVs) treated with endovenous laser ablation (EVLA).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Many studies have explored the potential relationship between primary VVs and growth factors. No previous studies were done for patients treated with EVLA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Blood samples were obtained from 30 patients with primary VVs undergoing treatment with EVLA before and 1 week after treatment. Similar samples were obtained from 20 healthy matched adults as a control. Plasma concentrations of growth factor derivatives (VEGF, PDGF, EGF, ANG1, and ANG2) were measured through commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was statistically significant reduction in median plasma growth factor (VEGF, PDGF, EGF, and ANG1) levels in the preoperative group (p = 0.001) when compared with the control group except for ANG2, which showed increased plasma level (p = 0.001). However, values of plasma concentration of those growth factors after treatment with EVLA were nearly equal to the control group, especially in EGF and VEGF (p = 0.564, 0.515, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The altered plasma concentrations of growth factors VEGF, PDGF, EGF, ANG1, and ANG2 among patients with VVs normalized 1 week after treatment with EVLA compared with the control group. This may support the role of these factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Future studies may evaluate if these changes can play a prognostic and/or predictive value regarding the adequacy of treatment and the possibility of recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35637312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Photobiomodulation and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Tissue Repair on Collagenase-Induced Achilles Tendon Inflammation in Rats.","authors":"Ingvill Fjell Naterstad,&nbsp;Rafael Paolo Rossi,&nbsp;Rodrigo Labat Marcos,&nbsp;Nivaldo Antonio Parizzoto,&nbsp;Lucio Frigo,&nbsp;Jón Joensen,&nbsp;Patrícia Sardinha Leonardo Lopes Martins,&nbsp;Jan Magnus Bjordal,&nbsp;Rodrigo Alvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tendinopathy is characterized by pain, edema, and structural changes in tendon tissue.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this animal study we decided to compare the short- and medium-term effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), dexamethasone, and diclofenac on inflammation and tendon tissue repair in collagenase-induced tendinitis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Two hundred five female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Animals in the control group were given a saline injection and the experimental groups received a collagenase injection (100 μg/tendon) in the peritendinous Achilles and received no treatment, LLLT (3 J, 810 nm, 100 mW), diclofenac (1.1 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (0.02 mg/kg). Histological analyses were performed at 10 time points up to 60 days (n = 5/group each time point), and included an assessment of the severity of inflammation, collagen fiber content, and organization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Collagenase injection induced a severe inflammatory reaction with significant reduction in collagen content for 48 h, and disorientation of collagen fibers lasting between 14 and 21 days. Diclofenac and dexamethasone reduced inflammatory signs during the first 2 days, although there was prolongation of the inflammatory phase and slower normalization of tendon quality, particularly in the dexamethasone group. LLLT prevented hemorrhage, reduced inflammation severity, and preserved tendon morphology compared with the other groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LLLT showed a significant superiority over commonly used anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical agents in acute collagenase-induced tendinitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35677864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Patients' Functional Capacity in the Postoperative Period of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","authors":"Cinara Stein,&nbsp;Rafael Oliveira Fernandes,&nbsp;Aline Paula Miozzo,&nbsp;Christian Correa Coronel,&nbsp;Bruno Manfredini Baroni,&nbsp;Adriane Belló-Klein,&nbsp;Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the functional capacity to exercise tested by incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen male patients (60 ± 9 years) were crossed over during the experiment, to compare the outcomes after active LLLT and placebo LLLT treatments. LLLT (850 nm, 200 mW, 30 J to each point, resulting in a total of 240 J per quadriceps muscle), using a multidiode cluster (five spots; 6 J/spot) in eight points per leg was performed 3 min before the ISWT. We analyzed distance walked, Borg scale of perceived exertion, heart rate, and brachial arterial blood pressure. Markers of tissue damage [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] and oxidative stress [lipid peroxidation, total thiol levels, and antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were also measured in peripheral blood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparison of the distances walked revealed no significant differences between the LLLT and placebo LLLT groups (p = 0.779). Regarding the Borg scale (p = 0.567), heart rate (p = 0.506) as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.164 and p = 0.140, respectively), no differences were observed between LLLT and placebo LLLT groups. Application of LLLT was not able to change levels of LDH (p = 0.214), oxidative lipid damage (p = 0.733), total thiol levels (p = 0.925), SOD (p = 0.202), and CAT (p = 0.825) enzyme activities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acute LLLT improved neither functional capacity to exercise nor the markers of oxidation after CABG.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Registered as a clinical trial (NCT02688426).</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 3","pages":"122-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35850377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Firearm Projectile in the Maxillary Tuberosity Located by Adjunctive Examination of Wide-Field Optical Fluorescence.","authors":"Sérgio Araújo Andrade,&nbsp;Fernando de Pilla Varotti,&nbsp;Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato,&nbsp;Sebastião Pratavieira","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Demonstrate the use of wide-field optical fluorescence as an adjunctive examination in a clinical routine to oral diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Background data: </strong>Use of wide-field optical fluorescence in the oral cavity has been restricted to topics related to the detection and diagnosis of oral cancer.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In a regular medical appointment, a 58-year-old female patient, without any complaint or oral symptom, underwent the complementary examination by wide-field optical fluorescence. A device with high-power light-emitting diode emitting light centered at a wavelength of (400 ± 10) nm and maximum irradiance of (0.040 ± 0.008) W/cm² was used for fluorescence visualization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We report the location of a firearm projectile, intraosseous, in the maxillary tuberosity using wide-field optical fluorescence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is evidenced that wide-field optical fluorescence, within a clinical routine, can provide relevant images and data, with an immediate result, without the use of ionizing radiation, enabling an efficient oral diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"112-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35491121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photobiomodulation Therapy Alleviates Tissue Fibroses Associated with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Two Case Reports and Putative Anti-Fibrotic Roles of TGF-β.","authors":"Joel B Epstein,&nbsp;Judith E Raber-Durlacher,&nbsp;Marie-Charlotte Huysmans,&nbsp;Maria C E Schoordijk,&nbsp;Jerry E Cheng,&nbsp;Rene-Jean Bensadoun,&nbsp;Praveen R Arany","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients who receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may experience oral complications due to chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). The manifestations may include progressive sclerosis-like changes that may involve various body sites, including the oropharynx.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>We present two cGVHD cases of oropharyngeal fibrotic changes that affected functions that were treated with photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. These case reports suggest that PBM therapy represents an additional, innovative approach affecting discrete phases in cGVHD-associated fibrotic changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We discuss these observations in the context of currently understood molecular mechanisms, especially induction of transforming growth factor beta and NFκB that appear to be counter-intuitive to their known roles in matrix synthesis and inflammation that contribute to tissue fibroses. The clinical benefit noted in the two cases presented clearly indicates that there are distinct mechanistic and biological insights in the regulation of these molecular pathways in determining therapeutic efficacy with PBM therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"92-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35528388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different Protocols of Photobiomodulation Therapy of Hyposalivation.","authors":"Božana Lončar Brzak,&nbsp;Livia Cigić,&nbsp;Marinka Baričević,&nbsp;Ivan Sabol,&nbsp;Marinka Mravak-Stipetić,&nbsp;Dubravko Risović","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has proved to be effective for a wide range of oral pathologies including oral dryness, but the literature still lacks reports of clinical trials and protocols. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of different wavelengths of PBM on salivation in patients suffering from hyposalivation aiming at determination of optimal treatment protocol.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study included 30 patients whose major salivary glands were treated with low-intensity diode laser BTL2000 (Medical Technologies, s.r.o., Czech Republic) during 10 consecutive days. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups, each of 15 patients, and treated with PBM of 830 nm and PBM of 685 nm, respectively. The whole unstimulated and stimulated saliva quantities were measured each day during 10 days, before and after laser treatment, and at 10th day after treatment was ended.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results have shown that the laser treatment significantly improves salivation (p < 0.0001) in both groups after 10 days treatment. The salivation also remains improved 10 days after the end of treatment. The patients treated with PBM of 830 nm have had continuously higher values of quantity of saliva.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results have shown that both laser wavelengths were effective in increasing salivary flow rate, and the improvement in salivation was statistically significant. The effect of treatment could be observed 10 days after the completion of treatment, thus providing evidence not only of stimulative effect but also indicating regenerative potential of PBM therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"78-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35443440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser Sintering Technology and Balling Phenomenon.","authors":"Perihan Oyar","doi":"10.1089/pho.2017.4311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this review was to evaluate the balling phenomenon which occurs typically in Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).</p><p><strong>Background data: </strong>The balling phenomenon is a typical SLS defect, and observed in laser sintered powder, significantly reduces the quality of SLS, and hinders the further development of SLS Technology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic database searches were performed using Google Scholar. The keywords \"laser sintering, selective laser sintering, direct metal laser melting, and balling phenomenon\" were searched in title/abstract of publications, limited to December 31, 2016. The inclusion criteria were SLS, balling phenomenon, some alloys (such as Cr-Co, iron, stainless steel, and Cu-based alloys) mechanical properties, microstructure and bond strength between metal-ceramic crown, laboratory studies, full text, and in English language.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 100 articles were found the initial search and yielded a total of 50 studies, 30 of which did not fulfill the inclusion criteria and were therefore excluded. In addition, 20 studies were found by screening the reference list of all included publications. Finally, 40 studies were selected for this review.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The method in question is regulated by powder material characteristics and the conditions of laser processing. The procedure of formation, affecting factors, and the mechanism of the balling effect are very complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":20117,"journal":{"name":"Photomedicine and laser surgery","volume":"36 2","pages":"72-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1089/pho.2017.4311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35604019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}