Physical Review Applied最新文献

{"title":"Transport properties of interface-type analog memristors","authors":"Sahitya V. Vegesna, Venkata Rao Rayapati, Heidemarie Schmidt","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034028","url":null,"abstract":"Interface-type, analog memristors have quite a reputation for real-time applications in edge sensorics, edge computing, and neuromorphic computing. The <i>n</i>-type conducting <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mrow><mi>Bi</mi><mi>Fe</mi><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></math> (BFO) is such an interface-type, analog memristor, which is also nonlinear and can therefore not only store, but also process data in the same memristor cell without data transfer between the data-storage unit and the data-processing unit. Here we present a physical memristor model, which describes the hysteretic current-voltage curves of the BFO memristor in the small and large current-voltage range. Extracted internal state variables are reconfigured by the ion drift in the two write branches and are determining the electron transport in the two read branches. Simulation of electronic circuits with the BFO interface-type, analog memristors was not possible so far because previous physical memristor models have not captured the full range of internal state variables. We show quantitative agreement between modeled and experimental current-voltage curves exemplarily of three different BFO memristors in the small and large current-voltage ranges. Extracted dynamic and static internal state variables in the two full write branches and in the two full read branches, respectively, can be used for simulating electronic circuits with BFO memristors, e.g., in edge sensorics, edge computing, and neuromorphic computing.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic induction sensor based on a dual-frequency atomic magnetometer","authors":"Hengyan Wang, Michael Zugenmaier, Kasper Jensen, Wenqiang Zheng, Eugene S. Polzik","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034030","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate a combined static- and oscillating-field alkali atom magnetometer and use it as a magnetic induction tomography sensor. The magnetometer realizes simultaneous measurements of the static and oscillating magnetic fields using two different Zeeman transitions of a single sensor. This approach dramatically enhances the long-term stability and sensitivity of detection of low-conductivity objects. Using our dual-frequency magnetometer, we detect small containers with salt water with conductivity as low as 0.55 S/m. We achieved a conductivity measurement uncertainty of 0.18 S/m with a 10-s integration time. This performance is sufficient to distinguish between healthy and malignant tissue in the human body. The dual-frequency magnetometer can also be used as a self-stabilized radio-frequency magnetometer.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trojan-horse attack on a real-world quantum key distribution system: Theoretical and experimental security analysis","authors":"Ivan S. Sushchev, Daniil S. Bulavkin, Kirill E. Bugai, Anna S. Sidelnikova, Dmitriy A. Dvoretskiy","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034032","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a theoretical and experimental demonstration of a security analysis of a Trojan-horse attack (THA) on a real-world quantum key distribution (QKD) system. We show that the upper bound on the information leakage depends solely on the fidelity between the states of the adversary. We find the lower bound for fidelity between THA states in both the polarization- and phase-coding BB84 protocols, considering both pure and mixed states. Our bounds depend only on the mean photon number per pulse available to an adversary. We also present an experimental analysis of a QKD system, including optical time-domain reflectometry measurements with centimeter resolution and spectral transmittance measurements for optical defense elements ranging from 1100 to 1800 nm with a noise floor lower than <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mo>−</mo><mn>100</mn></math> dB. Finally, by considering the optimal attack, we obtain the value of the mean photon number per pulse available to an adversary and calculate the key leakage that needs to be eliminated during the privacy amplification procedure.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser-frequency stabilization using light shift in compact atomic clocks","authors":"Claudio E. Calosso, Michele Gozzelino, Filippo Levi, Salvatore Micalizio","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034033","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the light-shift laser-lock (LSLL) technique, an alternative method intended for laser-based compact atomic clocks. The technique greatly simplifies the laser setup by stabilizing the pumping-laser frequency to the same atoms involved in the clock operation, without the need of an external reference. By alternating two clock sequences, the method estimates and cancels out a controlled amount of induced light shift, acting on the laser frequency. The LSLL technique is compatible with state-of-the-art three-level clocks and was demonstrated with field-programmable-gate-array-based electronics on a pulsed-optically-pumped vapor-cell clock developed at INRIM. The results have shown that the LSLL technique operates robustly, having a capture range of gigahertz without significantly compromising clock stability. In our tests, the clock exhibited a white frequency noise of <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mn>3.2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>13</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> for averaging times <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>τ</mi></math> up to 4000 s, reaching a floor below 1×<math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup></math> up to 100 000 s. This level of performance meets the requirements of future global navigation satellite systems on-board clocks, adding the benefits of a reduced clock footprint, as well as increased reliability and robustness.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double half-Heusler alloys X2Ni2InSb (X = Zr, Hf) with promising thermoelectric performance: The role of varying structural phases","authors":"Bhawna Sahni, Aftab Alam","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034034","url":null,"abstract":"Double half-Heusler (HH) alloys are a new class of compounds that can be seen as transmuted versions of two single half-Heusler alloys with higher flexibility of tunability of their properties. Here, we report a detailed study of the thermoelectric (TE) properties of two double HH alloys <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>X</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ni</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>InSb</mi></math> (<math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>X</mi></math> = <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>Hf</mi></math>, <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>Zr</mi></math>), using first-principles calculation. These alloys exhibit a rich phase diagram with the possibility of tetragonal, cubic, and solid-solution phases. As such, a comparative study of the TE properties of all these phases is highly desired. The simulated band gap, obtained using a hybrid functional, of the ordered phase of <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>Hf</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ni</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>InSb</mi></math> and <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>Zr</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ni</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>InSb</mi></math> lies in the range 0.24–0.4 and 0.17–0.59 eV, respectively, while, for the disordered phase, it lies in between 0.05 and 0.06 eV. A simulated TE figure of merit (<math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>Z</mi><mi>T</mi></math>) as high as 2.02 and 2.45 is obtained for <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>Hf</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ni</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>InSb</mi></math> and <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><msub><mi>Zr</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ni</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mi>InSb</mi></math>, respectively. In both compounds, electronic transport plays the dominant role in achieving the promising <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>Z</mi><mi>T</mi></math> values. We believe this study will attract the attention not only of experimentalists but also of theoreticians from the thermoelectric community to further investigate similar double HH alloys.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trusted-source-noise model of discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution","authors":"Mingze Wu, Junhui Li, Bingjie Xu, Song Yu, Yichen Zhang","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034024","url":null,"abstract":"Discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution offers a pragmatic solution, greatly simplifying experimental procedures, while retaining robust integration with classical optical communication. Theoretical analyses have progressively validated the comprehensive security of this protocol, paving the way for practical experimentation. However, imperfect sources in practical implementations introduce noise. The traditional approach is to assume that eavesdroppers can control all of the source noise, which overestimates the ability of eavesdroppers and underestimates the secret-key rate. Some parts of source noise are intrinsic and cannot be manipulated by the eavesdropper, so they can be seen as trusted noise. We tailor a trusted-noise model specifically for the discrete-modulated protocol and upgrade the security analysis accordingly. Simulation results demonstrate that this approach successfully mitigates the negative impact of an imperfect source on system performance, while maintaining security of the protocol. Furthermore, our method can be used in conjunction with a trusted-detector-noise model, effectively reducing the influence of both source noise and detector noise in the experimental setup. This is a meaningful contribution to the practical deployment of discrete-modulated-continuous-variable-quantum-key-distribution systems.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"310 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of helical twist in liquid crystals: Examples and terpenoids as chiral dopants","authors":"M.P. Rosseto, S. Hurley, E.K. Lenzi, D.-K. Yang, R.S. Zola","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034027","url":null,"abstract":"Helical twists exist in liquid crystals as a result of the addition of chiral dopants or boundary conditions and play a role in several liquid-crystal phenomena and devices. To date, various methodologies have been explored, albeit with varying degrees of precision and complexity, often resulting in the measurement of just one parameter, such as helical sense. However, a consensus on the optimal technique remains elusive. We developed a technique to determine the total twist angle and handedness of the twist by using optical transmission spectroscopy. We present the theoretical background and experimental technique and test it against some other results and results from data published elsewhere. Furthermore, we investigate the use of three naturally occurring terpenoid materials as chiral dopants for liquid crystals and determine the helical handedness using the spectroscopy method.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topological logical elements based on defect-mediated sound-wave manipulation","authors":"Shi-Feng Li, Jie-Yu Lu, Cui-Yu-Yang Zhou, Xin-Ye Zou, Jian-Chun Cheng","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034025","url":null,"abstract":"Growing interest in acoustic topological insulators arises from their robust edge states, which are resistant to defects and backscattering. Traditionally, the edge states of topological insulators are believed to be nearly immune to subwavelength-sized defects. As a result, there have been few studies focusing on utilizing defects to enhance wave control. Here, we investigate the impact of introducing periodic defects into acoustic pseudospin systems on the band structures and extend our analysis to nonperiodic structures. We discover that even a single subwavelength defect can significantly affect the topological boundary states, providing a platform for controlling and switching pseudospin edge states using defects. Expanding on this discovery, we develop a broadband topological sound switch (TSS) that achieves a high transmission ratio before and after switching by simply rotating a single scatterer. Additionally, we design three topological logic gates based on this TSS and experimentally verify their functionality. Our theory and experiments demonstrate that the spatial arrangement of defects can serve as a means of manipulating sound waves, potentially advancing acoustic computing and information processing.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exceptional points in time-varying oscillators with enhanced sensing sensitivity","authors":"Yabin Jin, Wenjun Li, Bahram Djafari-Rouhani, Daniel Torrent, Yanxun Xiang, Fu-Zhen Xuan","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.034026","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the exceptional points (EPs) in mass-spring oscillators with time-varying stiffness. The second-order EPs result from the coalescences of the fundamental and harmonic eigenmodes that can be achieved by a time modulation of the spring stiffness. The occurrence of EPs is first demonstrated in a theoretical model by solving the eigenvalue problem with the state-space method. The signature of the EP can be seen in the response spectrum when the system is subjected to an external excitation. The undamped and damped cases are both considered in this mass-spring oscillator, and the impact of the damping ratio and modulation amplitude on the EPs is systematically investigated. Based on an analogy of the equation of motion with the Mathieu differential equation, we discuss the stability of the undamped time-varying system under different modulation parameters and explore its connection to the EP phenomenon. As a typical property of a second-order EP, the square-root dependence of the frequency splitting response to a perturbation is studied by introducing an added mass. In a second part, the above theoretical concepts are established by simulation methods in an elastic solid mass-spring model and an equivalent time-varying stiffness is realized by shunting a piezoelectric patch with switch-controlled external negative capacitance circuits. This work should pave the way for applications of crack or perturbation detection in elastic media and inspire other elastic wave modulation functions in time-varying systems.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142185206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric transmission of electrons in ballistic graphene","authors":"Xin Tong, Ling Zhou, Ruihuang Zhao, Jiaxin Wang, Jinhu Luo, Junjie Du","doi":"10.1103/physrevapplied.22.l031003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.22.l031003","url":null,"abstract":"Semiconductor <math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>p</mi></math>-<math display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mi>n</mi></math> junctions with depletion zones have gained widespread use as a conventional way to give rise to electron asymmetric transmission. However, the approach is not applicable to monolayer graphene due to its characteristic feature of zero band gap. Asymmetric transmission in ballistic graphene therefore remains elusive to date. Here a simple approach based on the engineering of a four-layer array of quantum dots is proposed. Despite the array having few layers, it has the combined functionality of electron metasurfaces and band-gap materials with the symmetry breaking of spatial inversion, the extraordinary properties enabling electron asymmetric transmission. Our results open up the possibility of realizing electronic units dependent on the one-way effect and show great application potential with nearly perfect efficiency and simple design.","PeriodicalId":20109,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review Applied","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142224192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}