Physiological Entomology最新文献

{"title":"Geometric analysis of macronutrient selection and balancing in the superworm, Zophobas atratus","authors":"Yongsoo Choi,&nbsp;Kwang Pum Lee","doi":"10.1111/phen.12388","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12388","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The larvae of <i>Zophobas atratus</i> F. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are a promising source of dietary protein for animal feed. However, there has been no detailed investigation on macronutrient selection and requirement in <i>Z. atratus</i> larvae. Here, we used the geometric framework to explore the behavioural and physiological regulation of protein and carbohydrate in <i>Z. atratus</i> larvae. When provided with pairs of nutritionally imbalanced but complementary foods (choice experiment), <i>Z. atratus</i> larvae self-composed a diet with a protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of 1.47:1 or 1.19:1 throughout the experimental period. Across different choice combinations, the intake of carbohydrate was more tightly regulated than that of protein. When confined to one of six foods imbalanced with respect to P:C ratio (no-choice experiment), <i>Z. atratus</i> larvae regulated their protein–carbohydrate intake to form linear intake arrays across nutrient space in a manner similar to those previously described for other nutritional generalists. The negative slope of the linear intake arrays was shallow (−0.67 to −0.54), suggesting that protein was over-consumed by <i>Z. atratus</i> larvae to a greater extent than carbohydrates. The nutritional landscapes fitted for larval performance traits exhibited that the performance of <i>Z. atratus</i> larvae was maximized at the P:C ratio of 2:1 and fell rapidly as the P:C ratio decreased below 1:1. There was evidence for post-ingestive regulation for body nutrient growth through adjusting the utilization efficiencies of ingested protein and carbohydrate. Our results represent the most comprehensive analysis of macronutrient regulation in <i>Z. atratus</i> and have implications for designing an optimal diet for this beneficial insect.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 3","pages":"188-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88907840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical screening, insecticidal and reprotoxic activities of Tecoma stans ethanolic leaf extract against the vector mosquito Culex pipiens","authors":"Nour-El Houda Hafsi,&nbsp;Kaouther Hamaidia,&nbsp;Noureddine Soltani","doi":"10.1111/phen.12386","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12386","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To select potential plant-based insecticides, <i>Tecoma stans</i> (Bignoniaceae) leaf extract was screened for its larvicidal and delayed effects against a medically important mosquito species <i>Culex pipiens</i> L. (Diptera: Culicidae). First, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was conducted on <i>T. stans</i> extract, collected in ethanol for its chemical characterization and detection of active constituents. Second, insecticidal bioassays were made with several concentrations on earlier fourth instar larvae (L4) of <i>Cx. pipiens</i> for 24 h as recommended by WHO, in order to determine the lethality parameters of the tested extract. For that, two concentrations (LC₃₀ and LC₅₀) were applied on L4 for 24 h, and emerged adults were observed for their reproductive performance success like fecundity, percentage of hatching (fertility), body and gonads' volume. The biochemical composition of whole bodies of adults was investigated. Also, the specific activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathion S-transferase (GST), biomarkers of neurotoxicity and detoxification, respectively, were also determined in L4 at different time intervals. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis (GC–MS) of the extract unveiled nine phytoconstituents with 2-[4-cyclohexylbutanoylamino]-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (36.24%) and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (22.65%) as major components. The early L4 of <i>Cx. pipiens</i> were exposed to LC₃₀ and LC₅₀, and after 24 h, surviving individuals have been further reared until adult emergence. All over, <i>T. stans</i> leaves ethanolic extract impairs adults reproductive traits; it adversely affected gonad's size, fecundity and fertility, which negatively affected the survival of their offspring. Lipids contents were found to increase in both male and female adults. <i>T. stans</i> ethanolic extract increased GST activity and slightly inhibited AChE activity in L4. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of <i>T. stans</i> could be a potential candidate used as a sustainable botanical insecticide for controlling mosquito.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 3","pages":"176-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73053155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walking and foraging activity of Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at different temperatures","authors":"Johana P. Ramirez-Olier,&nbsp;Jessica J. Sanches,&nbsp;Júlia V. S. Barbosa,&nbsp;Liliana R. Botero,&nbsp;Vincent Fourcassié,&nbsp;José Cola Zanuncio,&nbsp;Ronald Zanetti","doi":"10.1111/phen.12384","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans</i> (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a leaf-cutting ant species found in the Brazilian Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest and causes serious damages to cultivated plants. Knowledge about its foraging activity could help to improve the integrated pest management of this species and to better understand its ecology. The relationship between ambient temperature and the biomass collected by individuals of one <i>Ac. subterraneus molestans</i> colony was studied in the laboratory. The colony remained in an experimental room at 24°C and its foragers had access to an arena in an incubator set at six different temperatures (10, 16, 22, 28, 34 or 40°C). Fresh leaves of <i>Hibiscus</i> sp. were put in the arena and the flow of ants leaving and returning to the nest, the proportion of ants returning to the nest with a leaf fragment, as well as the dry mass of these fragments, were evaluated during 1 h for each temperature. The head width of foraging ants (laden and unladen) and their running speed were also measured. The rate of biomass collected was almost null at 10°C, increased from 16 to 34°C, and decreased abruptly at 40°C. The size of the workers did not vary across temperatures, and the running speed increased with increasing temperatures but more rapidly for unloaded ants than for loaded ones. The lower flow intensity at 28 and 40°C was somewhat compensated at the individual level by the selection of larger leaf fragments or by an increase in the probability to return loaded to the nest, respectively. The results obtained in this study could improve the management of these ants, allowing to target the most favourable meteorological conditions to apply toxic baits, increase the probability for the baits to be carried to the nest, in addition to reducing their availability to nontarget organisms. Furthermore, they could be used to make predictions on the effects of global warming on the foraging activity of this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 3","pages":"162-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85370808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological evaluation of newly invasive jorō spiders (Trichonephila clavata) in the southeastern USA compared to their naturalized cousin, Trichonephila clavipes","authors":"Andrew K. Davis,&nbsp;Benjamin L. Frick","doi":"10.1111/phen.12385","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12385","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A newly-invasive spider from east Asia, <i>Trichonephila clavata</i>, or “jorō spider”, is spreading in the southeastern United States. Little is known about the biology or physiology of this species in this new range. Interestingly, a closely-related species in the same genus, the “golden silk spider,” <i>Trichonephila clavipes</i>, is already successfully established in this same region over the last 160 years. The golden silk spider, which is native to the tropics, has not expanded its range beyond the southeast, likely because of thermal limitations. This investigation is to determine how the biology and physiology of <i>T. clavata</i> compare to <i>T. clavipes</i>. We reason that if their physiologies are similar, then <i>T. clavata</i> would be similarly confined to the southeast. We examine online records submitted to iNaturalist.org to compare seasonal distributions and timing, and we collect females to measure physiological traits that help predict environmental tolerance, including metabolic rates, cardiac functioning (heart rate) during cold-exposure, and survival during brief (2 min) below-freezing temperature. Results show the jorō spider has a shorter season than its cousin, indicating it can complete its lifecycle within a narrow period of suitable weather. It has an inherently higher metabolism (twice as high), and has a 77% higher heart rate when exposed to low temperature. Finally, jorō spiders survive better (74% compared to 50%) in a brief freeze. These findings suggest the jorō spider can exist in a colder climatic region than the southeastern USA, which can be useful information for management or planning purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 3","pages":"170-175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74921657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of antennal responses of Ovalisia festiva and Phloeosinus aubei to volatile compounds of their common host, Thuja occidentalis","authors":"Gábor Bozsik,&nbsp;Béla Péter Molnár,&nbsp;Gábor Szőcs","doi":"10.1111/phen.12383","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12383","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cypress jewel beetle, <i>Ovalisia festiva</i> L. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Chrysochroinae), and the cypress bark beetle, <i>Phloeosinus aubei</i> Perris (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), are invasive wood-boring pests of scale-leafed conifers (Cupressaceae), threatening tree nurseries and urban green areas. In order to reveal which volatile compounds of their common host, the American arborvitae, <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> L. cultivar ‘Smaragd’, they can perceive, we collected headspace volatiles from live attached twigs and screened them for bioactivity by gas chromatography coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). Compounds eliciting antennal responses were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Synthetic samples of bioactive compounds were then screened by electroantennography. GC-EAD analyses of volatile collections revealed that E–<i>β</i>–caryophyllene elicited antennal responses only from <i>O. festiva</i> (from both sexes), whereas borneol only from <i>P. aubei</i>. Electroantennography screening of synthetic compounds showed further differences between the two species. Even many of those compounds, which elicited responses from both species, differed in the relative intensities of responses they evoked. This indicates that <i>O. festiva</i> and <i>P. aubei</i> probably use different key compounds in the <i>Thuja</i> volatile blend for host recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 2","pages":"136-146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77424947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction of larval resistance and adult reproductive capacity in Spodoptera littoralis at different degrees of superparasitization by Microplitis rufiventris","authors":"Esmat M. Hegazi,&nbsp;Wedad E. Khafagi","doi":"10.1111/phen.12381","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12381","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The solitary endoparasitoid, <i>Microplitis rufiventris</i> Kok, attacks and can develop in the first three instars of <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> (Boisd.) larvae with preference for third-instar. We used the last three instars to show the effect of increasing superparasitization on host resistance and reproductive capacity of surviving moths of <i>S. littoralis</i> that had been parasitized during their newly moulted fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae. The degree of resistance of late instars and reproductive capacity of surviving moths varied significantly as a function of both, the virulence factors (number of wasp eggs, venom and polydnavirus) and size of host instars. Increasing number of parasitism events overcame resistance in larger host instars. The host survival was increased with the host instar and decreased with the number of ovipositions, while the chances that at least one wasp emerges follow a reverse pattern. When the survived parasitized hosts were able to pupate, parasitism usually reduced their weight, but sometimes the host pupal weight was increased. Furthermore, for surviving hosts, the weight of egg masses produced in female moths, decreased with increasing superparasitization, that is, the number of ovipositions during their larval stage. The ‘threshold’ number of parasitoid eggs, which allows the development of host, accounts for three parasitoid eggs in the fourth and fifth host instar and five parasitoid eggs in the sixth instar. The survived parasitized hosts (L4–L6) exhibited fitness-related costs in terms of smaller size and lower reproductive output.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 2","pages":"117-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85394737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory investigation of pheromone pre-exposure in Lobesia botrana males indicates minor role of desensitization in the field","authors":"Aitor Gavara,&nbsp;Vicente Navarro-Llopis,&nbsp;Jaime Primo,&nbsp;Sandra Vacas","doi":"10.1111/phen.12382","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12382","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The role of desensitization in mating disruption (MD) of European Grapevine Moth (EGVM), <i>Lobesia botrana</i> (Dennis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is studied by exposing males to different airborne pheromone concentrations for various time intervals prior to evaluate their behavioural response. By using different types of dispensers, male moths are exposed to three decreasing pheromone concentrations (up to the minimum concentration able to desensitize them) for 1, 3, and 24 h. The airborne pheromone concentration present in all treatments is accurately quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry equipment to compare these data with actual airborne pheromone concentrations under field conditions. The effect of pheromone exposure on <i>L. botrana</i> males is studied in wind tunnel and electroantennogram assays, immediately and 24 h after the exposure period. Results show that the reduction of response to the pheromone depended on the dose and the duration of the treatment, but the lowest dose tested did not produce desensitization. These results support that the most important mechanisms of MD acting in fields treated against EGVM are the competitive ones and that the non-competitive ones only may become relevant very close to pheromone dispensers. Our results support the hypothesis of cross-adaptation to other chemical stimuli in the pre-exposed moths to their pheromone although more studies are needed to draw stronger conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 2","pages":"126-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81435195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No increase in alcohol dehydrogenase levels following repeated ethanol exposure in young honeybee workers","authors":"Krzysztof Miler,&nbsp;Daniel Stec,&nbsp;Laura Pardyak,&nbsp;Alicja Kamińska,&nbsp;Karolina Kuszewska","doi":"10.1111/phen.12380","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12380","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Some workers of the honeybee show high alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) levels and high resistance to the sedative effects of alcohol, yet it is unknown whether these two issues are directly related. Here we looked for a link between ADH levels and sedation latency in response to alcohol exposure. We used molecular and immunoblotting methods to investigate a possible induction of ADH production in young, ADH-lacking workers in response to repeated ethanol vapour presentation. Although we found increased sedation latency in individuals after several ethanol encounters, this was not accompanied by detectibly increased ADH levels in such workers. The lack of ethanol-induced ADH production indicated that it was not needed for increased coping with alcohol inebriation. In this work, we expanded current knowledge about the effects of alcohol on honeybee workers and related it to the existing literature on the subject.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 2","pages":"110-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120870469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of floor pattern on flight behaviour of the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai, during orientation flight in a sex pheromone plume","authors":"Ryusuke Miyamoto,&nbsp;Jun Tabata,&nbsp;Yooichi Kainoh","doi":"10.1111/phen.12379","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12379","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insects control their flight toward a distant odour source by integrating multimodal sensory information, such as olfactory and visual information. Control of flight speed in orientation flight toward an odour source using visual patterning below has been observed in many species of moths. However, there are few reports about moth flight behaviour over solid-coloured floors. To examine, which visual stimuli affect flight behaviour of moths, male smaller tea tortrix (<i>Adoxophyes honmai</i>) were released in a pheromone plume over two striped floors (longitudinal and transverse stripes) and two unpatterned floors (solid white and solid black). Flight behaviours were videotaped, and upwind flight speed, height (altitude) and the number of backward movements moths made as they approached the pheromone source were determined. Male moths significantly increased mean and maximum upwind flight speed over longitudinal stripes relative to their speed over transverse stripes. Their speed over a solid black floor was the fastest of all floor patterns tested. As males approached the pheromone source, their mean upwind speed decreased significantly over all floor patterns, except for the black floor. Fewer moths made backward movements over the black floor compared with the other three floors. In addition, male moths flew significantly higher over the white floor than over the other three floors, while 60–40 cm from the pheromone source. This is the first time that differences in moth flight behaviour over two patternless floors have been reported. These results suggest that orientation flight behaviour of male moths is affected not only by visual patterns, but also by the reflectance or reflected wavelength spectrum of the floor.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"47 2","pages":"96-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80748049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher’s Note: Entomology—A New Open Access Journal","authors":"G. Stefenelli, Enric Sayas, S. Lin","doi":"10.3390/entomology1010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/entomology1010001","url":null,"abstract":"MDPI has been publishing Insects (ISSN: 2075-4450) [...]","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"383 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80724219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}