Physiological Entomology最新文献

{"title":"Key questions for future research in Physiological Entomology","authors":"Thies H. Büscher, Arthur G. Appel, Tim Lüddecke, Vladimir Kostal, Pedro F. Vale, Fiona Clissold, José L. Maestro, Hideharu Numata, Kenji Tomioka, Nicky Wybouw, Nicholas Teets, Toby J. A. Bruce","doi":"10.1111/phen.12481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Physiological Entomology</i>—the study of how insects work—can contribute to basic understanding of biology and evolutionary adaptation as well as inform insect conservation and pest management. We are keen to emphasise the breadth of the subject and how it is relevant to wider contemporary scientific developments such as big data and genomics.</p><p>In a horizon scanning exercise, editors of <i>Physiological Entomology</i> considered key questions for future research in the subject, and these form the subject of this editorial.</p><p>This article was developed in the wider context of raising awareness of <i>Physiological Entomology</i> and highlighting the broad scope and relevance of the journal to help the community frame research questions at the forefront of our discipline (Bruce et al., <span>2024</span>).</p><p>All these themes concern physiological mechanisms by which insects can increase their evolutionary fitness (ability to survive and reproduce) (Orr, <span>2009</span>). The core themes are shared by all animals and reflect the increasingly integrative nature of insect physiology. For example, senses are required for perception of the environment and other organisms, are modulated by phenotypic plasticity including learning behaviour and play key roles in finding mates and food for reproduction and nutrition.</p><p>Environmental adaptation is a major theme in <i>Physiological Entomology</i>. Indeed, if we were to rename the journal, ‘Insect Environmental Adaptations’ could perhaps be a strong contender. Questions raised range from why insects are so successful at adapting to the environment in general, to more focussed aspects such as adaptation to cold stress (Lemay et al., <span>2024</span>), heat stress (Huang et al., <span>2024</span>) or starvation (Lenhart et al., <span>2024</span>). It is remarkable that insects are the most successful animals both in terms of number of species and in terms of biomass. It is estimated that there are 5.5 million species of insect (Stork, <span>2018</span>) and 1 gigaton of carbon biomass globally (Bar-On et al., <span>2018</span>). Interest in understanding environmental adaptations in insects arises from several viewpoints. Besides understanding the processes responsible for evolution of the amazing biodiversity of insects, research is conducted to address how they deal with challenges posed by environmental stresses and what factors suppress insect propagation to provide measures for pest control (Piersanti et al., <span>2023</span>).</p><p>Insects have evolved a suite of adaptations to cope with biotic and abiotic stressors. What is the extent of these adaptations, and why do some species have narrow ranges while others have broad distributions? (Bonadies et al., <span>2024</span>). This question is important and timely because of accelerating climate change and its probable effects on agriculture and food security as well as human and animal disease transmission (Dwyer-Joyce et al., <s","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential expression of hemolymph proteins in wild bumblebees provides insights into species-specific impacts of heat stress","authors":"Kimberly Przybyla,&nbsp;Baptiste Martinet,&nbsp;Denis Michez,&nbsp;Michel Bocquet,&nbsp;Dalel Askri,&nbsp;Philippe Bulet","doi":"10.1111/phen.12470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12470","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildlife faces an increasing threat from extreme climatic events, such as heatwaves, which can have a severe impact on various species, including crucial pollinators like bumblebees. Bumblebees are cold-adapted and heterothermic, possessing the ability to regulate their internal temperature. The impact of heat stress seems species specific in bumblebees. While most species are impacted, some bumblebee species manage to survive, potentially by employing physiological mechanisms, including the modulation of their protein profile (e.g. Heat Shock Proteins). However, there is limited understanding of how their protein profiles are associated with heat exposure. In this study, we examined the global variation in the protein profile of males from two bumblebee species sampled in the wild: the heat-tolerant <i>Bombus terrestris</i> and the heat-sensitive <i>Bombus magnus</i>. After subjecting them to heat stupor at 40°C in controlled condition, it was observed that nearly all <i>B. terrestris</i> survived the stress, while over 50% of <i>B. magnus</i> individuals succumbed to the heat exposure. Through off-gel bottom-up proteomics and LC–MS/MS analysis of the hemolymph proteome, we identified 164 proteins in both species with a large part of differentially expressed proteins after heat exposure. Additionally, quantitative analysis of fat bodies revealed that the relative mass was stable in <i>B. terrestris</i>, while it was significantly lower in <i>B. magnus</i> exposed to heat stress. Our data suggest that compared with <i>B. magnus</i>, <i>B. terrestris</i> displays a higher adaptability of its hemolymph proteome in response to heat stress. This adaptability could be a key factor contributing to the high physiological resistance of <i>B. terrestris</i> and its ability to adapt to new, stressful environments expected due to climate change. Understanding these mechanisms of protein regulation in bumblebees could provide valuable insights into their resilience and vulnerability facing environmental stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"105-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How insects work—Linking genotype to phenotype","authors":"Toby Bruce,&nbsp;Thies H. Büscher,&nbsp;Fiona Clissold,&nbsp;Nicholas Teets,&nbsp;Nicky Wybouw","doi":"10.1111/phen.12472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12472","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Physiological Entomology&lt;/i&gt; considers how insects function and cope with their environment. We address these proximate questions in insect physiology across all biological levels and disciplines, including molecular genetics, morphology and ecology. The mission of &lt;i&gt;Physiological Entomology&lt;/i&gt; is broad and not restricted to one particular field within insect physiology. &lt;i&gt;Physiological Entomology&lt;/i&gt; further welcomes research that focuses on non-insect arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the past century, &lt;i&gt;Physiological Entomology&lt;/i&gt; has published original high-quality research that carries broad implications for the field of entomology. Although our emphasis is centred on research manuscripts, we also welcome reviews. Review manuscripts are expected to provide a comprehensive and timely review of the study area. We are also encouraging the community to submit proposals for Special Issues. Together with Wiley, we will support Guest Editors of these Special Issues throughout the entire process. Finally, we now also provide researchers with a &lt;i&gt;Methods&lt;/i&gt; platform to promote the development and dissemination of novel methods in insect physiology.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Physiological Entomology&lt;/i&gt; is a Royal Entomological Society journal and contributes to the society's goal to support the broad research community and the study and practice of insect science. To support this mission, we have a prize for the best research by an Early Career researcher award, which will be awarded soon on a biannual basis. To be eligible, authors must be the lead author and an early career researcher, which the RES defines as any researcher who is within 10 years of completing their undergraduate degree or with less than 10 years working in entomology in any capacity, with or without a degree. Time for career breaks is not counted in the 10-year time period. We will also shortly be introducing a competition for timely review articles written by early career researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In February 2024, Thies Büscher (Kiel University), Nick Teets (University of Kentucky) and Nick Wybouw (Ghent University) joined our editorial board as new Editors-in-Chief. Thies Büscher is a functional morphologist who researches the evolution and biomechanics of insect attachment systems to elucidate how they interact with and are adapted to surfaces in their environment. Nick Teets focuses on adaptations to variable and extreme environmental conditions, including mechanisms underlying thermal tolerance and overwintering, and the implications of environmental variation for pest control. Nick Wybouw is an evolutionary geneticist who studies the molecular-genetic basis of complex traits within the broader fields of endosymbiosis, herbivory and speciation. This new set of complementary expertise in our editorial board will enable us to continue publishing impactful and high-quality studies. To further ensure the publication of high-quality studies across the broad scope of ","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 4","pages":"279-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142596399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface wettability affects attachment of male bed bugs Cimex lectularius to rough Perspex substrates","authors":"Rob Dwyer-Joyce,&nbsp;Dagmar Voigt,&nbsp;Klaus Reinhardt","doi":"10.1111/phen.12471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12471","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insects attach to various surfaces that differ, among others, in roughness and wettability. Identifying surface characteristics that allow or prevent insects from attaching are an important research avenue of pest control. Here we take an experimental approach to analyse the attachment of common bed bugs, <i>Cimex lectularius</i> Linnaeus (1758), to Perspex (PMMA) substrates. We construct a reliable centrifuge device that allows the measurement of attachment forces at substrate roughnesses, Ra, between 0.02 and 1.3 μm and at two wettabilities. Our results suggest that bed bug attachment to surfaces is minimal at a substrate roughness of 0.2 and 0.4 μm on normal PMMA, where the lowest attachment force was 0.8 mN and the safety factor 15. At lower and higher roughness, attachment forces were higher and the safety factor increased to a maximum of 133. On PMMA that was made superhydrophobic by spray-coating, attachment was lowest (0.2 mN) at the lowest roughness and continuously increased with increasing roughness, reaching 2.5 mN and a safety factor of 46. For every roughness, attachment forces were lower on superhydrophobic than on normal PMMA. This knowledge may inspire the development of repelling substrates for bed bug control.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thin-film iridescence in the eggshell of a stick insect (Myronides glaucus)","authors":"Gerben Debruyn,&nbsp;Thies H. Büscher,&nbsp;Michaël P. J. Nicolaï,&nbsp;Jessica L. Dobson,&nbsp;Wanjie Xie,&nbsp;Karen De Clerck,&nbsp;Liliana D'Alba,&nbsp;Matthew D. Shawkey","doi":"10.1111/phen.12469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12469","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Colours in nature can be pigmentary, structural or a combination of both. The prevalence, function and nanostructural origin of structural coloration in eggs is largely unknown. Stick and leaf insect eggs display a wide variety of colours, most of which are produced by pigments. The eggs of <i>Myronides glaucus</i> (Phasmida: Lonchodidae; Hennemann, 2021), however, show a clear purple to green iridescence. Here, we use micro-spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared reflectance, transmission- and scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, finite-difference time-domain optical simulations and experimental approaches to elucidate the mechanism for iridescence in <i>M. glaucus</i> eggshells, which together reveal that iridescence is caused by thin-film interference by a 200- to 450-nm-thick outermost layer. These results highlight the diversity of phasmid eggs and the need to study the different mechanisms and functions of structural coloration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult dietary experience influences mortality of the pest melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), to an ingested toxin","authors":"Charles J. Mason,&nbsp;April Grummer,&nbsp;Michael Bosch,&nbsp;Ikkei Shikano","doi":"10.1111/phen.12468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12468","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ingested toxins formulated as baits can be effective in the management of insect pests, but their efficacy may be influenced by insect foraging alongside active ingredients. There are several components that might influence insect consumption of toxic baits, one of which being prior nutritional exposure. In our study, we investigated how protein deprivation following adult emergence influences lethal and sublethal effects of boric acid on the pest tephritid melon fly, <i>Zeugodacus cucurbitae</i>. We performed a series of experiments to address the impact of prior diet on mortality, diet consumption, enzymes involved in detoxification and antioxidation and fly activity. Newly emerged melon fly adults were provided either diet containing 3:1 sucrose/yeast hyrdrolysate or just sucrose for three days prior to bioassays. Overall, protein deprivation had a strong effect on fly interactions with boric acid. In two separate experiments (continuous exposure and short duration feeding), insects only pre-fed sucrose had significantly higher mortality compared with those pre-fed protein. Insects that were pre-fed only sucrose removed more liquid diet over the same duration of the experiments, suggesting compensatory foraging behaviours. Adults pre-fed sucrose had higher catalase (1.5×) and superoxide dismutase (1.7×) activities compared with adults pre-fed sucrose-yeast, but we found no effect of boric acid on their activity or that of glutathione-S-transferase or acetylcholinesterase activity. Boric acid consumption also significantly reduced the activity of melon flies. Overall, our results demonstrate that prior diet in fly adulthood can impact subsequent exposure to and efficacy of ingested toxicants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"77-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential expression of vitellogenin in the brain of Solenopsis invicta workers based on social and nutritional context","authors":"Chloe Hawkings,&nbsp;Cecilia Tamborindeguy","doi":"10.1111/phen.12467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12467","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vitellogenin (Vg) has been recognized as a co-opted gene involved in social colonies where it is associated with reproduction in the queen and task transitions in workers. The <i>Solenopsis invicta</i> genome harbours four Vg genes, Vg1, Vg2, Vg3 and Vg4, and this study explored the regional expression of these genes in the brain and head of the worker caste in different subcaste and social contexts. Transcriptomic analyses of the worker brain while in the presence or absence of brood revealed differential expression of genes involved with social behaviours. Among these, we found higher expression of Vg2 and Vg3 in the brains of workers in the absence of brood. The influence of brood on expression of Vg between worker castes was also investigated. RT-qPCR revealed higher expression of Vg in the head of workers in the absence of brood. Further studies demonstrated that Vg was also differentially expressed in the heads of workers conducting specific tasks and differing between subcastes. Nurses maintained higher Vg expression than foragers. We conclude worker Vg expression may be linked to the brood and/or nutritional state. Vg expression changes when workers are deprived of protein suggesting it is regulated by nutritional signalling and the presence of brood.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"64-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The trade-off between immunity and product quality of Opisthoplatia orientalis (Blattodea: Blaberidae) under low temperatures","authors":"Xiaoming Qiu,&nbsp;Yongwen Lin,&nbsp;Jing Huang,&nbsp;Komivi S. Akutse","doi":"10.1111/phen.12466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Opisthoplatia orientalis</i> Burmeister is a traditional medicinal insect in China that is mass-produced by entrepreneur farmers. However, low temperatures pose a serious threat to the survival and quality of this insect, causing economic losses to the farmers. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that low temperatures induce a trade-off between immunity and physical condition of <i>O. orientalis</i>. The phenoloxidase activity and hemocyte concentration of <i>O. orientalis</i> under 25°C and 5°C were measured by micro-determination and haemocytometre, respectively. The immunocompetence of the insect was also evaluated by inoculating it with <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> M11, an entomopathogenic fungus. The physical factors (protein content, fatty acid content and body weight) of <i>O. orientalis</i> were determined accordingly. The results showed that phenoloxidase activity and hemocyte concentration increased from 9.21 mOD/min and 122.30 hemocyte/ml to 3.64 mOD/min and 55.70 hemocyte/ml when temperature down-regulated from 25 to 5°C. However, the insects at 5°C had higher protein and fatty acid content, but lower body weight, than those at 25°C. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between immunity and protein or fatty acid content, indicating a trade-off between immunity and physical condition in <i>O. orientalis</i> under low temperatures. This study provides useful insights for improving the efficiency of insect breeding and enhancing the quality of this medicinal insect.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"57-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing immune priming: A double-edged defence mechanism in insects","authors":"Seena R. Subhagan,&nbsp;Berin Pathrose,&nbsp;Mani Chellappan","doi":"10.1111/phen.12465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12465","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insects are known to dominate adverse ecological conditions due to their diverse adaptations and resilient biological traits, with their immune systems playing a crucial role in this dominance. Traditionally, insects were thought to lack adaptive immune responses due to their inability to produce antibodies and transfer immunity across generations. However, recent research using insects as model organisms has challenged this notion, revealing that prior exposure to sublethal doses of pathogens or pathogen-derived materials can protect against subsequent lethal exposures—a phenomenon known as ‘immune priming’. Evidence of bacterial, fungal and viral immune priming across different insect species highlights various types of priming, including trans-stadial (across life stages) and trans-generational (across generations) priming. Despite differing views on immune priming, its potential applications in agriculture are considerable, especially in biological control, the utilization of beneficial insects and sustainable pest management. This review explores the intricate dynamics of immune priming in insects, comparing it to vertebrate immunity and investigates its mechanisms, potential agricultural applications and future prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"10-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negative immune regulation contributes to disease tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Arun Prakash,&nbsp;Katy M. Monteith,&nbsp;Pedro F. Vale","doi":"10.1111/phen.12464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Disease tolerance is an infection phenotype where hosts show relatively high health despite harbouring elevated pathogen loads. Variation in the ability to reduce immunopathology may explain why some hosts can tolerate higher pathogen burdens with reduced pathology. Negative immune regulation would therefore appear to be a clear candidate for a mechanism underlying disease tolerance. Here, we examined how the negative regulation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway affects disease tolerance in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> when infected with four doses of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen <i>Pseudomonas entomophila</i>. We find that while flies unable to regulate the IMD response exhibited higher expression of antimicrobial peptides and lower bacterial loads as expected, this was not accompanied by a proportional reduction in mortality. Instead, ubiquitous UAS-RNAi knockdown of negative regulators of IMD (<i>pirk</i> and <i>caudal</i>) substantially increased the per-pathogen-mortality in both males and females across all tested infectious doses. Our results therefore highlight that in addition to regulating an efficient pathogen clearance response, negative regulators of IMD also contribute to disease tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"50 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143116683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}