Physiological Entomology最新文献

{"title":"The transition from diet to blood: Exploring homeostasis in the insect haemolymph nutrient pool","authors":"Robert Holdbrook,&nbsp;Awawing A. Andongma,&nbsp;Joanna L. Randall,&nbsp;Catherine E. Reavey,&nbsp;Yamini Tummala,&nbsp;Geraldine A. Wright,&nbsp;Stephen J. Simpson,&nbsp;Judith A. Smith,&nbsp;Kenneth Wilson,&nbsp;Sheena C. Cotter","doi":"10.1111/phen.12440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12440","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nutrition is vital to health, but while the link between diet and body nutritional composition is well explored in humans and other vertebrates, this information is not well understood in insects, despite the vital roles they play in ecosystems, and their increasing use as experimental models. Here we used Nutritional Geometry to explore the rapid physiological response to ingested nutrients in the haemolymph nutritional profile of <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> caterpillars. We ask whether blood nutrients are maintained homeostatically in the face of variable nutritional intake, or if regulation is more flexible for some nutrients than others (allostasis), which allows animals to adapt to stress by responding in a way that prioritises efficiency of responses in the face of trade-offs. Caterpillars were placed on 1 of 20 diets, systematically varying in their nutrient ratios (protein: carbohydrate) and density (calorie content), and their consumption was measured. After 48 h, caterpillars were bled, and the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrates and lipids) and nutrient metabolite (amino acids and simple sugars) content of the haemolymph was measured. Proteins comprised 93% of the haemolymph macronutrient pool on average and their concentration increased with protein eaten. The amino acid (AA) pool was dominated by five AAs, and the total pool increased with total nutrient intake. However, the ratio of essential to non-essential AAs increased as the proportion of protein consumed increased. Carbohydrates were tightly controlled, increasing only on the most extreme carbohydrate intakes. Simple sugars were dominated by glucose and trehalose, and overall, the simple sugar pool showed high levels of homeostasis. Rather than strict homeostasis of blood nutritional properties, an allostatic model seemed to be a better fit for blood nutrient regulation in this generalist herbivore. This flexibility in response to the nutritional composition of the diet may, in part, explain how this species has evolved to extreme dietary generalism and may play a role in its worldwide pest status. Given the range of fitness-related processes affected by the haemolymph, future studies should examine the physiological impacts of blood nutrient variation on reproduction, growth and response to infection and the trade-offs between them.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"227-243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interaction between Onthophagus binodis and cattle dung pH: Impacts on reproduction and offspring phenology","authors":"Thomas Heddle,&nbsp;Zac Hemmings,&nbsp;Adrienne Burns,&nbsp;Nigel R. Andrew","doi":"10.1111/phen.12436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12436","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The environment surrounding invertebrates can influence the physiology of larval offspring. Dung beetles provide several significant ecological functions, including dung breakdown, fly control and nutrient cycling. Cattle diet influences the chemical and physical constituents of dung, of which pH is considered critical. Few studies have assessed this, though a pH of 6.3 is the lowest threshold for dung beetle reproduction. We investigated the effects of an introduced and widespread dung beetle (<i>Onthophagus binodis)</i> on cattle dung pH (7.3, 6.0 and 5.0) and pH on <i>O. binodis</i> reproduction, offspring phenotypic traits and development time. Dung beetle presence increased the Δ pH (more alkaline) within dung pads after 96 h. Dung beetles produced broods in dung with a pH of 5.0, though in fewer numbers compared with the other pH treatments. Larval development was delayed in pH 5.0 with an average of 50 days compared with 44 days in dung with pH 6, 7, and the control (7.3). Smaller broods (ellipsoid volume [mm³]) were produced in dung with a pH of 5.0 compared with pH 6.0 and 7.0, and offspring emerging from broods produced from dung with a pH of 6.0 were larger compared with the other pH treatments. Our results show that dung pH is important for brood production and progeny phenotypic traits of <i>O. binodis</i>, an agricultural ecosystem engineer and that there is no experimental evidence to support the suggestion that dung pH influences the provisioning of broods in this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"177-188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved cold tolerance of Rhagoletis species from different host fruits and elevations in Colorado, USA","authors":"Katelyn Lemay,&nbsp;Mackenzie Moore,&nbsp;Paige Brown,&nbsp;Lahari Gadey,&nbsp;Gregory J. Ragland,&nbsp;Jantina Toxopeus","doi":"10.1111/phen.12439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12439","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding and characterizing how insects tolerate low temperatures is important for predicting their overwintering survival and subsequent geographic spread. This study characterized the cold tolerance of two members of the <i>Rhagoletis</i> genus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Colorado, USA. Pupae were collected from the infested fruits in late summer and early fall. For the first time, we show that the rosehip fly <i>Rhagoletis basiola</i> Osten Sacken is freeze-avoidant; overwintering pupae could supercool to temperatures as low as −26°C and survive. Interestingly, the temperature at which ice forms (supercooling point; SCP) did not vary between <i>R. basiola</i> at high (c. 2900 m above sea level [m a.s.l.]) and lower (c. 1650 m a.s.l.) elevations. We also report the apple maggot <i>R. pomonella</i> Walsh infesting an unusual host fruit, the Dolgo crabapple, in close proximity to infested hawthorn trees. <i>R. pomonella</i> infesting hawthorn fruits and crabapples had similar SCPs and survived temperatures as low as −21°C. Pupae from both host fruits also survived prolonged exposure (2 weeks or more) to mild low temperatures (0 to −5°C). Further study into the mechanisms underlying the impressive and conserved cold tolerance of <i>R. pomonella</i> and <i>R. basiola</i> is an interesting avenue for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"216-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trait-dependent plasticity erodes rapidly with repeated intergenerational acclimation in an invasive agricultural pest","authors":"Shaw Mlambo,&nbsp;Honest Machekano,&nbsp;Brighton M. Mvumi,&nbsp;Ross N. Cuthbert,&nbsp;Casper Nyamukondiwa","doi":"10.1111/phen.12438","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12438","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is associated with increased mean temperatures and amplitudes manifesting both acutely and chronically, triggering organism stress responses that confer fitness costs and/or benefits. The larger grain borer (LGB), <i>Prostephanus truncatus</i> (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is an invasive postharvest agricultural pest. While host shift is its well-known potential invasive mechanism, how repeated intergenerational stress environments may influence offspring phenotypes is largely unknown. We thus evaluated physiological and ecological performance of LGB following repeated intergenerational acute heat acclimation to insinuate its likely responses to projected increased bouts of heat stress associated with climate change. Parental colonies were acutely heat-acclimated separately at 35°C and 38°C; 80% RH for 2 h in climate chambers and released onto sterilized maize grain at optimal conditions (32°C, 80% RH). The F₁ progenies were, respectively, acclimated at the same conditions and incubated to F₂ generation. We then evaluated physiological and ecological performance under optimal conditions across parental, F₁ and F₂ generations. Our results showed that plasticity was highly trait dependent, and that acclimation did not affect F₁ and F₂ critical thermal maxima, but did improve critical thermal minima. However, while acclimation improved heat knockdown time at F₁, repeated acclimation significantly reduced heat knockdown times at F₂, suggesting plasticity erosion with generational repeated acclimations. Acute acclimation negatively affected ecological performance of F₁ generations although this was restored with repeated acclimation in F₂ populations. Our results suggest that the LGB may inflict more economic damage with repeated heat stress due to generational adaptation to temperature stress. The results contribute to knowledge on pest forecasting modelling under changing climates and provides a framework for phytosanitary adjustments in heat treatment protocols for international grain trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"202-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140696241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female delayed mating has a limited impact on the reproductive output of Cerambyx welensii, a synovigenic longhorn beetle","authors":"Luis M. Torres-Vila","doi":"10.1111/phen.12435","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12435","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Increased female age at mating is considered a detrimental factor on reproductive output and fitness in insects, even if the impact is rather species specific. The effect of delayed mating on reproductive output has been widely studied in pest species controlled with mating disruption, as if the method is not fully effective in suppressing matings, it could still delay them, limiting female fitness and pest damage. Female mating delay, however, may also occur in natural habitats without invoking mating disruption. We studied the effect of female delayed mating in <i>Cerambyx welensii</i> (Küster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an oak-living sapro-xylophagous longhorn beetle considered a critical factor in oak decline. Several life history and ecological traits may potentially delay mating, including low abundance, (re)colonisation processes, sexual communication channel, host-produced kairomones, operational sex ratio, reproductive interference and adverse weather conditions. We conducted laboratory tests to assess the impact of mating delays (0-, 10-, 20- and 30-day post-emergence) on reproductive output. Data showed that mating delay until at least 20 days of age had a limited effect on mating success, lifetime fecundity, longevity and fertility. The daily fecundity pattern depended on mating delay, and virgin females showed ovarian retention. We conclude that <i>C. welensii</i> females have evolved physiological adaptations to overcome mating delays and optimise fitness. We discuss our results from an evolutionary perspective, considering specifically the risk of early predation and egg-laying time limitation. We hypothesise that unpredictable recurrent stochastic variation in male availability could act as an additional driver selecting for synovigeny in this longhorn species.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"167-176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet-dependent reproductive investment in gumleaf skeletonizer moths, Uraba lugens","authors":"Hiếu ThỊ Phạm,&nbsp;Kathryn B. McNamara,&nbsp;Mark A. Elgar","doi":"10.1111/phen.12434","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12434","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Juvenile diet can profoundly affect subsequent adult development, morphology and reproductive investment. Yet, little is known about how juvenile diet affects adult investment into chemical-based sexual signalling, perhaps due to the historical assumption that pheromone production is not costly. We explored how juvenile diet influenced the reproductive investment of adults in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, <i>Uraba lugens</i>. Juveniles were reared on different host plant species (<i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> and <i>Eucalyptus moorei</i>) and on <i>E. moorei</i> host plants with different fertilizer treatments (fertilized and non-fertilized). These juvenile diets differ in foliage carbon and nitrogen content. Several adult life history traits were influenced by juvenile diet, including body size in females, and longevity in males. However, we found no evidence from Y-maze olfactometer assays that diet affected the attractiveness of female pheromones to males. Finally, host plant species affected male pre-copulatory investment: males reared on <i>E. moorei</i> had longer antennae, but less dense sensilla. Combined, our experiments suggest that the effects of juvenile diet on investment in reproductive traits, including those associated with signalling, differ between males and females. Females allocate nutrients to adult body size, which determines fecundity. In contrast, males allocate nutrients to adult longevity and antennae size, both of which improve mate search and mating success.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"157-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ageing and mating status affect food utilization efficiencies and assimilation of macronutrients in adults of Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister","authors":"Priyanka Yadav,&nbsp;Priya Patel,&nbsp;Arvind Kumar Patel,&nbsp;Ritabrata Chowdhury,&nbsp;Ankit Upadhyay,&nbsp;Bhupendra Kumar,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar","doi":"10.1111/phen.12433","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12433","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigations of age-based food conversion and utilization efficiencies in phytophagous insects are very few. Studies examining the effects of age, sex and mating status on biochemical assimilation of macronutrients by phytophagous insects are scarce as well. Hence, we designed the present study to evaluate the combined effect of age, sex and mating status on food consumption and utilization efficiencies, and the assimilation of macronutrients by the Parthenium beetle, <i>Zygogramma bicolorata</i> Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on the invasive weed, <i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> Linnaeus (Asterales: Asteraceae). We hypothesized that mated adults would consume and utilize more food than unmated adults, that assimilation of nutrients by old adults would be lower than young adults and that females would consume and utilize food more efficiently than males. However, our results revealed that as adults aged, their food consumption and utilization efficiencies decreased, and they assimilated less proteins and glucose in their body. Despite that, their mean body biomass and assimilation of triglycerides increased. While mated adults had higher food utilization efficiencies and increased assimilation of triglycerides and glucose, unmated adults assimilated more proteins. Females had higher food consumption rates and increased assimilation of nutrients, whereas males had higher food conversion efficiencies and growth rates. Furthermore, middle-aged adults had higher food utilization efficiencies and they assimilated more nutrients than young and old adults. Our results therefore suggest compensatory feeding in adults of <i>Z. bicolorata</i> with ageing. We also recommend the release of more numbers of mated middle-aged females to control <i>P. hysterophorus</i> in agro-ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 3","pages":"147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual behaviour of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae): Do laboratory domestication conditions influence male courtship behaviour?","authors":"Inajara Viana Gomes,&nbsp;Alzira Kelly Passos Roriz,&nbsp;Alexandre Santos Araújo,&nbsp;Vanessa Simões Dias,&nbsp;Antonio Nascimento,&nbsp;Iara Sordi Joachim-Bravo","doi":"10.1111/phen.12432","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analysed the influence of laboratory domestication, under relaxed conditions, on the courtship behaviour of the fruit fly species <i>Anastrepha obliqua</i>, an important agricultural pest. We compared the temporal patterns of pheromone emission (Calling behaviour) and the frequencies and sequences of the courtship behavioural units of males of a laboratory lineage and a wild lineage. Our results indicated similarities in the temporal behavioural patterns of calling, the durations of their behavioural sequences, the final sequences of courtships resulting in copulation, of wild and laboratory males. Differences, however, were observed between the two populations in terms of the frequencies of the behavioural units executed and the initial sequence of courtship. Differences were noted in the presence or absence of some behavioural units within the courtship behavioural repertoires of the laboratory-reared and wild. The wild males did not show units such as Alignment, Contact, Fighting and Marking Leaf that were observed in the laboratory males' courtship behaviour under laboratory conditions; on the other hand, laboratory males did not show the Abdominal movements and Oscillation observed in the courtship behaviour of wild males. The rearing of <i>A. obliqua</i> males under relaxed conditions in the laboratory provides an environment adequate for the preservation of behavioural characteristics relevant to the successful mating, such as Movement, Arrowhead 1, and Attempt, and in temporal patterns of pheromone emission.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 2","pages":"99-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140440787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat stress reduced survival but sped up development in Heliconius erato butterflies","authors":"Yuqian Huang,&nbsp;Josie McPherson,&nbsp;Chris D. Jiggins,&nbsp;Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich","doi":"10.1111/phen.12431","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic climate change is thought to present a significant threat to biodiversity, in particular to tropical ectotherms, and the effects of long-term developmental heat stress on this group have received relatively little research attention. Here, we studied the effects of experimentally raising developmental temperatures on a tropical butterfly. We measured survival, development time, adult body mass and wing size of <i>Heliconius erato demophoon</i> (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across three temperature treatments. Egg survival was lower in the hotter treatments, with 84%, 73% and 49% of eggs hatching in the 20–30°C (fluctuating temperature with 12 h at 20°C followed by 12 h at 30°C), 23–33°C and 26–36°C treatments, respectively. Larval survival was three times lower in the 26–36°C treatment (8%) compared with the 20–30°C treatment (26%), and we did not detect differences in pupal survival across treatments due to high mortality in earlier stages. Under a moderately increased temperature at 23–33°C, larvae developed faster and adults had a higher body mass and wing loading, but this was not seen in the hottest treatment (26–36°C). Females were also heavier than males in the 23–33°C treatment, but there was no associated increase in wing size. This may suggest a different developmental response to moderately elevated temperatures between the sexes. In summary, high developmental temperatures are particularly lethal for eggs and less so for larvae and also affect adult morphology. This highlights the importance of understanding the effects of temperature variation across ontogeny in tropical ectotherms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 2","pages":"136-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/phen.12431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140447660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of continuous cadmium exposure on some biological and physiological performance of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera","authors":"Roya Azizi,&nbsp;Jalal Jalali Sendi","doi":"10.1111/phen.12430","DOIUrl":"10.1111/phen.12430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A detailed effect of continuous exposure of Cd on an important pest of crops like <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> is lacking in the current literature. The cadmium was provisioned at 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg in the artificial diet and fed to newly hatched larvae for at least three subsequent generations. The total developmental period and fecundity were severely affected with no larval hatching in treated insects. Total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count (i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes) were decreased significantly compared to controls in treated insects. The antioxidant system (i.e., catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase), and the two detoxifying agents glutathione-s-transferase showed increased activity compared to controls. The results of the acetylcholinesterase assay showed a decrease in activity. Increased rate of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid and decreased rate of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the first generation but showing an increasing trend in next two generations. The acid phosphatase activity was increased in the first two generations but significantly reduced in the third generation. The discrepancy in all physiological activities corresponded with the histological study of midgut infrastructure. It is inferred from the obtained results that cadmium continuous exposure affects every system of any organism that may perform irreparable damages.</p>","PeriodicalId":20081,"journal":{"name":"Physiological Entomology","volume":"49 2","pages":"118-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139784837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}