PharmaNutrition最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacological characteristics and solubility profiles of calcium supplement preparations: A comparative study with clinical implications","authors":"Qiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Tang ,&nbsp;Hao Nie ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Guangkui Wang ,&nbsp;Chaoqiang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Calcium is essential for bone health and various physiological processes, but the poor water solubility of calcium supplements often leads to inadequate absorption and potential adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal discomfort. This study aims to evaluate and compare the in vitro dissolution characteristics and pharmacological performance of five commonly used calcium supplement preparations, with the goal of identifying formulations that offer improved solubility and bioavailability. We examined physical properties, pH values, and calcium dissolution content in artificial gastric fluid. Dissolved drug solutions were analyzed using online Raman spectroscopy, providing real-time insights into chemical transformations during dissolution. The <em>in vitro</em> dissolution profiles ranging from clear to turbid and pH values from 4.52 ± 0.05–10.18 ± 0.01. Calcium dissolution rates ranged from 47.53 ± 2.91 % to 88.65 ± 0.90 %. Online Raman spectroscopy revealed that calcium in compound calcium carbonate effervescent granules was transformed into calcium citrate malate, which exhibited high calcium content, weak acidity, and good water solubility as the most notable differences among the supplements. These findings highlight the large performance differences among various calcium carbonate preparations, providing a foundation for studies of calcium formulations with weak acidity and high water solubility. This study reveals insights for the development of calcium supplements with improved solubility and absorption; offers targeted suggestions for enhancing current quality standards; and provides a basis for rational selection of calcium supplements for different populations, including children, pregnant women, and other special groups, potentially improving clinical outcomes and overall health benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of an ethanol extracts of an anti-diabetic herbal mixture on Alzheimer’s disease-related biomarkers in high-glucose-induced insulin resistance","authors":"Jin Yeong Choi ,&nbsp;Laxmi Sen Thakuri ,&nbsp;Seung-Yub Song ,&nbsp;Seung Sik Cho ,&nbsp;Dong Young Rhyu","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR), which are strongly associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brain IR is considered a major contributor AD pathogenesis and is often referred to as “type 3 diabetes.”</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study investigated the neuroprotective mechanisms of an anti-diabetic herbal mixture (HM) against high-glucose (HG)-induced IR-associated cognitive dysfunction and AD-like pathology in HT-22 hippocampal neurons and zebrafish larvae.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>HM, composed of <em>Sophora flavescens</em>, <em>Pueraria lobata, Cornus officinalis, Cinnamomum cassia, Mori Folium</em>, and <em>Momordica charantia</em> (1:1:1:1:1:1), was extracted using different solvents. Among these, the ethanol extract (HME) exhibited the strongest effect in a glucose uptake assay and was therefore selected for further analyses. The effects of HME on glucose uptake, insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and AD–related markers were subsequently evaluated using HG–induced IR models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HME significantly restored glucose uptake impaired by HG exposure and improved insulin sensitivity by enhancing the expression of key insulin signaling proteins. Consistent with these in vitro findings, HME also restored HG-induced impairments in glucose uptake and insulin signaling in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, HME reduced reactive oxygen species production, restored antioxidant enzymes and suppressed neurodegeneration-related markers compared with HG-induced IR group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings indicate that HME exerts neuroprotective effects through coordinated modulation of glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and AD–related gene expression, highlighting its multi-target potential as a complementary therapeutic strategy for IR–associated neurodegenerative disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutraceuticals as adjuncts in managing neurodegenerative complications and their market","authors":"Aparna Datta,&nbsp;Poulami Sen,&nbsp;Arnab K. Maiti","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD) represent a rising global health concern, categorized by advanced oxidative stress, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic failure. Traditional pharmacological therapies offer only symptom-related relief, frequently with restricted efficacy and allied side effects. Nutraceuticals derived from natural sources like fruits, vegetables, herbs, and marine organisms are bioactive compounds that have garnered noteworthy considerations for their potential neuroprotective paybacks. This review explores the promising role of nutraceuticals in combating neurodegeneration through various pathways, comprising anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant activity, apoptosis and modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial stabilization, and regulation of key signalling pathways. Compounds like omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, ginsenosides, and catechins have sufficient potential in preclinical and clinical aspects to delay disease onset and progression. Their capacity to invade the blood-brain barrier (BBB), low toxicity profile, and synergistic action with conventional therapies make them attractive adjuncts or alternatives in neurodegenerative disease management. Issues like compromised bioavailability, quick metabolism, and absence of standardized clinical trials limit their translation into mainstream therapeutics. Nevertheless, the growing market for brain-focused nutraceuticals indicates a wider acknowledgment that diet plays a meaningful role in maintaining neurological health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient herb, modern applications: Immunological potential of ocimum tenuiflorum in respiratory and neuropsychological health","authors":"Rupal Patel ,&nbsp;Anita Prakasam ,&nbsp;Rajesh P. Joseph ,&nbsp;Bhoomika Patel ,&nbsp;Bhavisha Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocimum tenuiflorum, commonly referred to as Tulsi or Holy Basil, is a sacred plant in traditional Indian medicine, celebrated for its therapeutic versatility. Tulsi has numerous therapeutic properties, including adaptogenic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and immunomodulatory benefits, according to numerous in vitro, animal, and human research. It has been used extensively in traditional Indian medicine and is now backed by a wealth of scientific data. Tulsi has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, and immune-modulating effects. It is well-known for its safety and non-toxic profile. Key bioactive components like eugenol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, linalool, and cineole contribute to decreased airway inflammation, improved lung function, decreased oxidative stress, and enhanced mucociliary clearance. This is where its therapeutic promise is most evident in respiratory health. According to clinical research, Tulsi relieves the symptoms of cough, cold, asthma, bronchitis, and COPD. When taken either on its own or in conjunction with other treatments, including steam inhalation, it frequently lessens the need for inhaler therapy and speeds up recovery. Tulsi exhibits notable adaptogenic qualities in addition to respiratory advantages. Tulsi helps control cortisol levels, promotes stress coping strategies, improves sleep quality, and lessens psychological symptoms including anxiety, exhaustion, and cognitive impairment, according to experimental and clinical data. Enzymes and receptors such COMT, 11β-HSD1, and CRHR1 mediate these effects, which enhance neuroendocrine balance and mental resilience. To standardize dosage, confirm long-term efficacy, and improve its incorporation into complementary and integrative health practices, more extensive clinical research is advised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity status, hypertension, and selenium intake in the elderly","authors":"Jung Hyun Kwak ,&nbsp;Jean Kyung Paik","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Selenium consumption influences the association between obesity and hypertension (HTN) in elderly individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the association between obesity and HTN prevalence based on selenium intake in elderly individuals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods and results</h3><div>The participants were 198 individuals aged ≥ 65 years who visited the Seongnam Elderly Friendly Experience Center and belonged to the active senior group (those with no activity restrictions). Nutritional status was evaluated using a 24-h recall survey conducted by a professional nutritionist. The participants were classified as having HTN if they were diagnosed by a physician. The body mass index was classified as normal (&lt; 23 kg/m²), overweight (23–24.9 kg/m²), or obese (≥ 25 kg/m²). Selenium intake was classified as high or low according to the cutoff average value (50.9 μg/day). Among participants with low selenium intake, analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise status, current medication, and dietary factors (intake of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and fiber) showed that higher body mass index categories had significant dose-dependent trends with a higher risk of HTN (<em>p</em> = 0.004). The odds ratio for HTN in the obese vs. normal weight groups was 8.30 (95 % confidence interval; 1.92–32.91, p &lt; 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between obesity status and HTN in participants with high selenium intake.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Among obese older adults, low selenium intake was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of HTN, whereas this association was not observed in those with higher selenium intake (≥50.9 μg/day).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of omega-3 supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Luis E. Simental-Mendía ,&nbsp;Paola Aguillón-Marín ,&nbsp;Amirhossein Sahebkar","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Omega-3 fatty acids exhibit health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-arthritis properties. However, the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], which is causally associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is inconsistent. While some studies have shown a significant decrease in Lp(a) levels, others have found no significant changes after omega-3 PUFA administration. Therefore, the goal of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was to investigate the effect of omega-3 supplementation on plasma Lp(a) levels.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases from inception to February 14, 2025. A fixed-effects model and the generic inverse variance weighting method were employed for meta-analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 12 randomized controlled trials, comprising 9722 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed no significant effect of omega-3 supplementation on plasma Lp(a) concentrations (WMD: −0.54 mg/dL, 95 % CI: −1.52, 0.44, <em>p</em> = 0.28, <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 4 %). This finding was robust in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Additionally, there were no significant changes in Lp(a) values after omega-3 administration in the subset of clinical trials with baseline Lp(a) &lt; 30 mg/dL (WMD: −0.48 mg/dL, 95 % CI: −1.47, 0.51, <em>p</em> = 0.35, <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 0 %) and ≥ 30 mg/dL (WMD: −5.03 mg/dL, 95 % CI: −13.42, 3.37, <em>p</em> = 0.24, <em>I</em>^<em>2</em> = 22 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings of our study suggest that omega-3 supplementation does not affect plasma Lp(a) levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver X receptors as precision therapeutic targets: Redefining metabolic and inflammatory interventions","authors":"Shyamaladevi Babu,&nbsp;Madhan Krishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100483","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium carbonate-enriched Cucurbita maxima increases the relative expression level of the PCSK9 gene in the liver of ovariectomized rats","authors":"Natalia Wawrzyniak ,&nbsp;Joanna Stecyna ,&nbsp;Anna Gramza-Michałowska ,&nbsp;Joanna Suliburska","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to determine the effect of pumpkin (<em>Cucurbita maxima</em>) enriched with calcium carbonate on the PCSK9 gene relative expression level in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The study was conducted in forty female Wistar rats, which were divided into five groups: a group fed a standard diet (C) and four ovariectomized groups fed a standard diet (OVX_C): a group receiving a calcium-free diet (OVX_DEF), a group receiving a calcium-deficient diet with the addition of unenriched <em>C.maxima</em> (OVX_P), and the OVX_PCaC group that was fed a diet with the addition of <em>C. maxima</em> enriched with calcium carbonate. After 12 weeks of the dietary intervention, the rats were sacrificed, and their tissues and blood were collected. Serum levels of inflammatory markers, antioxidants, and lipids were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The PCSK9 gene relative expression level was assessed using quantitative PCR. It was found that ovariectomy decreased PCSK9 gene expression. Enriched <em>C. maxima</em>, particularly with calcium carbonate, increased PCSK9 expression above control levels. LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations were affected by ovariectomy but not by diet modifications. A significant increase in serum C-reactive protein was observed after consuming unenriched <em>C. maxima</em>, as opposed to <em>C. maxima</em> enriched with calcium. However, after consuming both types of <em>C. maxima</em>, the concentration of cyclooxygenase 2 and lipoxygenase 1 in the serum decreased. These findings indicate that calcium-enriched <em>C. maxima</em> modulates PCSK9 expression, inflammation, and lipid metabolism, offering potential benefits in managing estrogen deficiency-related metabolic disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial-derived peptides (Humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLP2) protect pancreatic islet cells and delay the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice","authors":"Tiyesh Paul ,&nbsp;Oly Banerjee ,&nbsp;Sangeeta Das ,&nbsp;Bithin Kumar Maji ,&nbsp;Srikanta Goswami ,&nbsp;Sandip Mukherjee","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2026.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of diabetes and related metabolic disorders has risen dramatically worldwide over the past few decades, leading to millions of new diagnoses each year. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex condition characterized by reduced insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production, and heightened insulin resistance. As these conditions become more prevalent, targeting mitochondrial function presents a promising therapeutic strategy. Research into mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) offers potential avenues for personalized medicine in managing T2DM. To investigate the role of MDPs in the onset and progression of T2DM, we administered humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLP2, both individually and in combination, to a high-fat diet (HFD) plus streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model over a period of nine weeks. MDP administration delayed diabetes onset, as evidenced by a lower diabetes induction rate, and mitigated HFD + STZ-induced alterations in body weight, HbA1c levels, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and pancreatic islet cell dysfunction. Furthermore, MDP treatment influenced the expression of insulin and glucagon within pancreatic islets. Notably, the combined MDPs treatment group exhibited the most significant therapeutic effects, particularly at six weeks post-STZ administration. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of MDPs in preventing and delaying T2DM, providing valuable insights into effective strategies for managing the disease's onset and progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents in inflammatory diseases","authors":"Rajan Malhotra ,&nbsp;Adil Husain ,&nbsp;Firoz Ahmad ,&nbsp;Gurseen Rakhra","doi":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.phanu.2025.100464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inflammation is a complex response at a biological level that is triggered when the body senses potential harm, such as infections, physical trauma, or toxins. It involves a cascade of cellular and molecular events aimed at the repair of tissue damage. Chronic inflammation is associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis. Flavonoids, a diverse variety of plant-derived polyphenols, have shown promising anti-inflammatory effects, both in vivo and in vitro. Since their initial identification as protective agents against intestinal inflammation, flavonoids have been shown to modulate inflammation through several mechanisms, including antioxidant effects and enzyme inhibition. Different classes of flavonoids, such as catechins (e.g., epigallocatechin gallate), flavonols (e.g., quercetin), flavones (e.g., baicalin), and isoflavones (e.g., genistein), act on inflammatory mediators like AP-1, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and COX2 to reduce inflammation. Their anti-inflammatory potential is linked to their specific structural characteristics, including their hydroxyl groups and planar ring structures. Current findings suggest that flavonoids could play a significant role in managing inflammatory diseases by targeting multiple regulatory pathways, although their efficacy and bioavailability in clinical applications remain areas for further research. With the outstanding roles in the fighting against inflammation and its related diseases, these compounds face certain limitations in applicability, like poor oral bio-availability because of a rapid rate of metabolism and lipophilicity that interfere with proving their effectiveness. They also show some side effects, such as contact dermatitis, failure of liver, estrogen-associated issues, and hemolytic anemia. In this review, we highlight the significance of flavonoids in inflammatory diseases as anti-inflammatory agents. However, the effectiveness of flavonoids is often limited by low oral bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and potential side effects such as contact dermatitis, hepatotoxicity, and estrogenic activity in chronic inflammatory diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20049,"journal":{"name":"PharmaNutrition","volume":"35 ","pages":"Article 100464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}