Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Detection, isolation, and identification of Rhizoctonia theobromae associated with cassava witches’ broom disease in the Philippines","authors":"Darwin M. Landicho ,&nbsp;Ray Jerome M. Montañez ,&nbsp;Vicky S. Manayon ,&nbsp;Ma Kristina Yzabelle C. Sendaydiego ,&nbsp;Jestoni O. Gaylo ,&nbsp;Amor C. Dimayacyac ,&nbsp;Ikuo Sato ,&nbsp;Daigo Takemoto ,&nbsp;Marita S. Pinili ,&nbsp;Sotaro Chiba","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cassava (<em>Manihot esculenta</em> Crantz) is an important food security root crop in the tropics, including the Philippines. However, its production is increasingly threatened by the Cassava witches' broom disease. This study detected, isolated, and identified <em>Rhizoctonia theobromae</em> (syn. <em>Ceratobasidium theobromae</em>), a newly associated fungus of cassava. Species-specific PCR detected <em>R. theobromae</em> in 96 out of 97 symptomatic cassava samples collected between 2017 and 2022. Morphological characterization of isolates revealed cottony white to yellowish mycelia, right-angled branching, dolipore septa, and monilioid hyphae, features typical of <em>Rhizoctonia/Ceratobasidium</em>. Although successful isolation was achieved during early crop stage (2 months after planting), subsequent subculturing was unsuccessful due to poor fungal growth, thus reproducing symptoms via inoculation and fulfilling Koch's postulate were difficult. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region and the 28S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene confirmed the identity of the fungus, showing 99.7–100 % similarity to previously reported <em>R. theobromae</em> isolates from vascular streak dieback-diseased cacao in Indonesia and vascular streak dieback-diseased redbud in the United States, but slightly lower similarity (98.4–98.8 %) to those cassava-associated isolates in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Haplotype diversity analysis revealed low genetic diversity among isolates (π = 0.0047), suggesting a genetically stable population and neutrality tests showed no significant results. These findings confirm the strong association of <em>R. theobromae</em> with cassava witches' broom disease in the Philippines, highlighting its potential threat to cassava production in the region. The study emphasizes the need for revisiting existing management strategies to safeguard the cassava industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102872"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-environmental and multi-trait evaluation of elite finger millet genotypes for blast resistance using GGE biplot and stability analysis","authors":"Farooqkhan ,&nbsp;K.B. Palanna ,&nbsp;Gutha Venkata Ramesh ,&nbsp;Prasanna S. Koti ,&nbsp;H.R. Raveendra ,&nbsp;T.S.S.K. Patro ,&nbsp;Divya Bhandhari ,&nbsp;Gandikota Brahmani ,&nbsp;Prahlad Netam ,&nbsp;Sujatha Bhat ,&nbsp;H.E. Patil ,&nbsp;Shaik Abdul Salam ,&nbsp;Laxmi Rawat ,&nbsp;T. Tharana Poonacha ,&nbsp;Anusha M. Nayak ,&nbsp;Muhammad Suhaib Ismayil ,&nbsp;T.E. Nagaraja ,&nbsp;R. Madhusudhana ,&nbsp;C. Tara Satyavathi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102873","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finger millet blast caused by <em>Magnaporthe grisea</em> poses a major threat, particularly in high-rainfall agroecological zones of India. Identifying stable and broad-spectrum resistance is crucial for sustaining productivity and ensuring food security. In the present study, a diverse panel of 58 finger millet genotypes was evaluated against finger millet blast across six distinct blast hotspot regions during the <em>Kharif</em> 2022–2023. Field evaluations under artificial inoculation revealed significant genotypic variability for blast severity across locations, with Mandya and Vizianagaram exhibiting the highest leaf blast severity. None of the genotypes found immune, however, 19 (32.76 %) showed resistant (R) and 35 (60.34 %) moderately resistant (MR) reactions. Genotypes such as GE4837, GE1559, GE4796, GE5812, GE1026 and VL149 consistently exhibited low disease severity across all blast stages and locations. Stability analyses using AMMI, Eberhart and Russell's regression model, CV% and AMMI stability value (ASV) identified GE5812, GE1559, GE1026 and GE4796 as the most stable and resistant entries. GGE biplot analysis further confirmed their stable performance and delineated two mega-environments, with Bangalore emerging as the most representative and discriminative site for resistance screening. Genetic variability analysis revealed high heritability and genetic advance for grain yield, fodder yield and blast traits indicating predominance of additive gene action and amenability to selection. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into five clusters with the most resistant and stable entries aligning with GGE and AMMI findings. MGIDI analysis identified genotypes with lowest MGIDI index that were closest to ideotype across multiple traits. The findings of current investigation provide critical insights into the genetic architecture of blast resistance and its interaction with agronomic traits. The identified stable and resistant genotypes serve as promising donors for resistance breeding and pre-breeding and lays a strong foundation for breeding high-yielding, blast-resistant finger millet cultivars adapted to diverse agroclimatic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High acyl gellan oligosaccharides trigger jasmonic acid-mediated immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana: Structural characterization and defense activation","authors":"Shousen Guo ,&nbsp;Chen Zhao ,&nbsp;Haifeng Ni ,&nbsp;Kunlun Li ,&nbsp;Song Zhang ,&nbsp;Le Su ,&nbsp;Qiulin Yue ,&nbsp;Lin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides has intensified with growing environmental and food safety concerns. This study introduces high acyl gellan oligosaccharides (HAGO), derived from acid hydrolysis of microbial polysaccharides, as a novel plant immune inducer that selectively activates jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense pathways in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>. Structural analysis confirmed HAGO as a hetero-oligosaccharide mixture (tri-to pentasaccharides) retaining acyl and carboxyl functional groups critical for immune recognition. <em>In planta</em> assays demonstrated that 100 mg/L HAGO pretreatment reduced <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>tomato</em> DC3000 colonization by 42.6% and disease severity by 11.9%, which was not related to direct antibacterial effects. Mechanistic studies revealed a biphasic defense response: an initial reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, followed by sustained upregulation of catalase (+22.16%) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (+33.6%) activities to mitigate oxidative stress, alongside malondialdehyde (+295%) accumulation as a lipid peroxidation marker. Crucially, HAGO exclusively activated the JA pathway, evidenced by 9.08-fold induction of PDF1.2 and 378% JA accumulation, while salicylic acid signaling remained unaltered. These findings establish HAGO as a structurally distinct elicitor that primes JA-dependent immunity through conserved ROS signaling and enzymatic detoxification. This work advances the development of polysaccharide-based, eco-friendly crop protection molecules and highlights the potential of acyl-modified oligosaccharides in immune induction strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and molecular characterization of root-knot nematodes on tunnel-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in Balochistan province of Pakistan","authors":"Syed Shams Ullah ,&nbsp;Amjad Abbas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Dildar Gogi ,&nbsp;Shahid Siddique ,&nbsp;Muhammad Amjad Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cucumber (<em>Cucumis sativus</em>) is mostly used as a fresh vegetable around the globe. Root-knot disease caused by <em>Meloidogyne</em> spp. is a serious menace in cucumber production worldwide. In Balochistan province of Pakistan, cucumber is mostly grown under plastic tunnels, and the pilot survey indicated extensive symptoms of root-knot disease on the roots of tunnel-grown cucumber. However, there is no information that which root-knot nematode species are associated with tunnel grown cucumber in Balochistan. Therefore, the present survey was conducted to document the prevalence, severity, and incidence of root-knot nematodes (RKNs) in cucumber grown under plastic tunnels in the districts of Pishin and Quetta. The study showed differences in prevalence, severity, and incidence in different districts. The average prevalence was recorded at 52.05 % in both districts, with the highest occurrence in the Pishin district (57.5 %). The disease severity was measured in terms of the galling index, the average disease severity observed in Pishin district was 5.71, while in Quetta, the average disease severity was 4.73. Similarly, the disease incidence in Pishin and Quetta districts was 66 % and 59 %, respectively. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed that the cucumber associated nematodes belong to <em>Meloidogyne incognita</em> and <em>M. javanica</em> species, while morphometric characterization showed limited resolution for species differentiation. The DNA was isolated from the female nematodes and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) through molecular markers COX1 and 18S rRNA. The PCR products for 9 isolates were sequenced. Based on morphometric data, perineal patterns and molecular identification, out of 9 isolates, 5 were characterized as <em>M. javanica,</em> and 4 were characterized as <em>M. incognita</em>. However, maximum likelihood based phylogenetic trees from both COX1 and 18S rDNA genes could not separate the <em>M. javanica</em> and <em>M. incognita</em> isolates into different clades and showed lower specific discrimination. This is the first report of the association of these root-knot nematode species from the tunnel grown cucumber in Balochistan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of novel volatile compounds, plant-beneficial traits, and genomic features of the endophyte Bacillus velezensis ITCE1 and its crosstalk with Trichoderma","authors":"Carlos E. Pacheco-Ramírez ,&nbsp;Irving S. Prado-Guzmán ,&nbsp;José L. Navarrete-Bolaños ,&nbsp;Francisco Villaseñor Ortega ,&nbsp;Yolanda M. García-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Daniel Rojas-Solis ,&nbsp;Hugo G. Castelán-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Gustavo Santoyo ,&nbsp;Ma del Carmen Orozco-Mosqueda","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of agrochemicals is a contributing factor to global climate change, making the development of alternative products urgently needed for sustainable agriculture. Therefore, in this study, we isolated and performed genomic characterization of a plant-beneficial endophytic bacterium, identified as <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> strain ITCE1. In vitro assays confirmed that ITCE1 promotes seed germination, antagonizes fungal pathogens and promotes plant growth under greenhouse conditions (<em>e.g</em>. chlorophyll content, root length, total dry weight). These effects were enhanced by interaction with the beneficial fungus <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em>. The volatile metabolite 2,4-hexadiyne, produced exclusively by ITCE1, consistently increased in abundance from 26.66 % to 94.19 % when <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> was co-cultivated with <em>T</em>. <em>atroviride</em>. This is the first report of 2,4-hexadiyne as a volatile produced by a bacterium with potential biocontrol and plant growth-promoting effects. Additionally, the genome of ITCE1 (4 Mb in size, 46.2 % GC content), its taxonomic affiliation, phylogenetic analyses, and pan-genome profiling with other <em>B. velezensis</em> strains are reported. Finally, genome mining for antimicrobial metabolites revealed the presence of genes involved in the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, lipopeptides, and siderophores, as well as genes associated with tolerance to osmotic, nitrosative, and other environmental stresses. These findings highlight the broad genetic and functional potential of strain ITCE1 as a bioinoculant for sustainable agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advancements in harnessing plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) for enhanced growth and disease suppression in solanaceous crops","authors":"Pearl Jane Arnald,&nbsp;Subhashini Rajamani","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solanaceous crops such as tomato, potato, eggplant and pepper are globally valued but are highly susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Mere incidence of pests and disease outbreaks could cause annual yield losses of 20–40 %. Plant growth-promoting bacteria have emerged as a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to traditional and chemical interventions to eradicate such losses, offering significant potential to increase growth, yield and resilience. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the interactions between plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and solanaceous crops in terms of their ability to promote plant growth either directly or indirectly. This is achieved through increased nutrient uptake, phytohormone production, the release of siderophores, the activation of plant defense responses, <em>i</em>.e., induced systemic resistance (ISR), and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPS), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAPMS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS). PGPB influences gene silencing pathways, which further strengthens plant defenses against diverse pathogens. Efficient PGPB strains such as <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>B. megaterium</em> and <em>B. cereus</em> have been demonstrated to reduce disease severity by up to 60 % in solanaceous crops. Therefore, PGPB could be integrated into environmentally sustainable and economically viable agricultural practices for improved crop yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional, hormonal, and systems-level regulation of defense response in sweet potato against biotic stresses","authors":"Jeshurun Asher Tarun ,&nbsp;Divina Amalin ,&nbsp;Mark Angelo Balendres","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sweet potato (<em>Ipomoea batatas</em> L.), a global food crop renowned for its nutritional value and agronomic resilience, faces significant yield constraints from diverse biotic stressors. Pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, insect pests, and nematodes collectively diminish productivity and quality worldwide. Understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning sweet potato defense is crucial for developing improved cultivars. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis and critical perspective on current knowledge, with key findings from transcriptomic studies across major sweet potato biotic interactions, highlighting specific host molecular responses. Subsequently, it discusses the roles and interplay of crucial transcription factor (TF) families (e.g., NAC, MYB, WRKY, BBX) and phytohormonal pathways (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids) that orchestrate these defenses, referencing the initial transcriptomic evidence where appropriate. The review further explores how systems biology approaches, integrating multi-omics data, systems genetics, including host and pathogen genomic insights, functional genomics leveraging CRISPR-Cas, microbiome analysis, and machine learning, provide holistic insights into these complex defense networks. We then discuss persistent challenges, including genome complexity and translating findings into field applications under combined stresses. Finally, we outline future perspectives, emphasizing integrated research strategies to enhance sweet potato resilience and global food security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective role of foliar-applied melatonin against gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) in gerbera cut flower: A biochemical and pathological Insight","authors":"Hamideh Jaberian Hamedan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amin Ghazan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Shabui ,&nbsp;Masoumeh Noroozi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Nazarideljou","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gray mold (<em>Botrytis cinerea</em>), a major necrotrophic pathogen, significantly impairs the quality and postharvest longevity of cut flowers. This study investigated the protective effects of melatonin on the physiological, biochemical, and pathological responses of <em>Gerbera jamesonii</em> ‘Red Italian’ to <em>B. cinerea</em>. Gerbera plantlets, cultivated in a soilless system, were treated with foliar-applied melatonin at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, or 300 μM prior to inoculation with <em>B. cinerea</em>. Melatonin application, particularly at 200 μM, significantly enhanced chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and relative leaf water content, all of which declined markedly in non-inoculated controls. Furthermore, melatonin reduced ion leakage and lipid peroxidation in inoculated plants compared to non-treated inoculated plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase and peroxidase, were significantly elevated in melatonin-treated, <em>B. cinerea</em> inoculated relative to non-treated plants. Notably, 100 μM melatonin doubled the total phenolic content (from <strong>7.1 to 15.4</strong> mg GAE/g FW) in inoculated plants compared to non-treated controls. Melatonin also increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and lignin accumulation, contributing to reduced disease severity. Consequently, these physiological and biochemical enhancements extended the vase life of cut flowers from 8.3 to 14.8 days. These findings position melatonin as a sustainable bioregulatory agent for enhancing disease resistance and postharvest quality in ornamental plants, supporting eco-friendly floriculture practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents: A metabolite-driven approach to crop protection and sustainable agriculture","authors":"Muhammad Faiq ,&nbsp;Amjad Ali ,&nbsp;Shazia Shafique ,&nbsp;Sobiya Shafique ,&nbsp;Allah Rakha Yaseen ,&nbsp;Rimsha Fatima ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tanveer Altaf ,&nbsp;Faheem Shehzad Baloch","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing concerns over pesticide resistance, environmental pollution, and crop losses have increased the demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical crop protection. Endophytic fungi, symbiotic microorganisms residing within plant tissues have emerged as promising biological control agents due to their ability to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs). These compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides, exhibit potent antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities. This review consolidates current knowledge on the taxonomy, ecology, and colonization strategies of endophytic fungi, as well as their habitat-driven functional diversity. We explore the biosynthetic mechanisms underlying metabolite production, with an emphasis on the role of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in driving chemical diversity. Key classes of fungal metabolites are summarized based on their structure, biological activities, and role in plant protection. The review also discusses both direct and indirect mechanism through which endophytic fungi enhance plant immunity, including, competitive exclusion, antimicrobial compound production, defense responses activation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone modulations. Additionally, the significance of these endophytes in climate-resilient agriculture and post-harvest disease management is addressed. Despite promising advances, challenges such as inconsistent colonization, environmental variability, and regulatory barriers hinder their widespread application. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of fungal endophyte-derived secondary metabolites as viable tools for sustainable crop protection and improved agricultural resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early detection of Aphanomyces root rot in pea plants using hyperspectral imaging","authors":"Milton Valencia-Ortiz ,&nbsp;Rebecca J. McGee ,&nbsp;Sindhuja Sankaran","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.102862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant leaf and root reflectance resulting from plant–pathogen interaction can be informative about disease status, making them useful for early disease detection. In controlled conditions, this research utilized a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system to evaluate the early response of pea plants (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.) inoculated with <em>Aphanomyces euteiches</em> Drechs, the causal agent of Aphanomyces root rot (ARR). Two ARR partially resistant lines (NIL5-7.6b and NIL8-7.6b) with the quantitative trait locus (QTL) <em>Ae - Ps7.6</em> and corresponding controls (NIL5-0b and NIL8-0b, without QTL) were grown in hydroponic conditions and organized in a split-plot design using two treatments, non-inoculated and inoculated (1 × 10⁵ zoospores ml⁻¹) with six replications. The HSI data were collected from the youngest leaflets 3 days after inoculation (DAI). At 8 DAI, HSI data from roots were collected. The HSI hypercubes of leaflets and roots were processed to remove the background and extract the mean value of each sample across wavelengths. Leaflet hyperspectral signatures were used to calculate normalized difference spectral indices. Then, a recursive feature elimination with cross-validation and a random forest classifier was used to select important features and test them with inferential analysis. For root data, a similar approach was used, however, the selected important features were used in random forest and gradient boosting classifiers. The leaflet results showed the red-edge wavelength of 745 nm was an essential feature for treatment separability at 3 DAI. Meanwhile, root analysis displayed a high classification accuracy of 83% and 92% with random forest and gradient boosting, respectively. This research offers valuable insights into the potential of HSI for ARR detection, particularly in the early pre-symptomatic stages of the plant disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 102862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}