Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Naturally acquired immunity to <i>Plasmodium pitheci</i> in Bornean orangutans (<i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>).","authors":"Karmele Llano Sánchez, John Kevin Baird, Aileen Nielsen, Andini Nurillah, Fitria Agustina, Komara, Fina Fadilah, Wendi Prameswari, Raden Taufiq Purna Nugraha, Sugiyono Saputra, Arif Nurkanto, Anik Budhi Dharmayanthi, Rahadian Pratama, Indra Exploitasia, Alex D Greenwood","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000155","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Naturally acquired immunity to the different types of malaria in humans occurs in areas of endemic transmission and results in asymptomatic infection of peripheral blood. The current study examined the possibility of naturally acquired immunity in Bornean orangutans, <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i>, exposed to endemic <i>Plasmodium pitheci</i> malaria. A total of 2140 peripheral blood samples were collected between January 2017 and December 2022 from a cohort of 135 orangutans housed at a natural forested Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Each individual was observed for an average of 4.3 years during the study period. Blood samples were examined by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction for the presence of plasmodial parasites. Infection rates and parasitaemia levels were measured among age groups and all 20 documented clinical malaria cases were reviewed to estimate the incidence of illness and risk ratios among age groups. A case group of all 17 individuals that had experienced clinical malaria and a control group of 34 individuals having an event of >2000 parasites μL⁻¹ blood but with no outward or clinical sign of illness were studied. Immature orangutans had higher-grade and more frequent parasitaemia events, but mature individuals were more likely to suffer from clinical malaria than juveniles. The case orangutans having patent clinical malaria were 256 times more likely to have had no parasitaemia event in the prior year relative to asymptomatic control orangutans. The findings are consistent with rapidly acquired immunity to <i>P. pitheci</i> illness among orangutans that wanes without re-exposure to the pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"380-389"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11044065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139741735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel insights into the genetics, morphology, distribution and hosts of the global fish parasitic digenean <i>Proctoeces maculatus</i> (Looss, 1901) (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) - CORRIGENDUM.","authors":"Anja Vermaak, Olena Kudlai, Russell Q-Y Yong, Nico J Smit","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000350","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000350","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"461-462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11056240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140288751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of <i>Philaster apodigitiformis</i> in aquaculture and functional characterization of its <i>β-PKA</i> gene and expression analysis of infected <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>.","authors":"Chunyu Zhou, Lihui Liu, Mingyue Jiang, Li Wang, Xuming Pan","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000118","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is a distinctive member of the serine–threonine protein AGC kinase family and an effective kinase for cAMP signal transduction. In recent years, scuticociliate has caused a lot of losses in domestic fishery farming, therefore, we have carried out morphological and molecular biological studies. In this study, diseased guppies (<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>) were collected from an ornamental fish market, and scuticociliate <i>Philaster apodigitiformis</i> Miao <i>et al</i>., 2009 was isolated. In our prior transcriptome sequencing research, we discovered significant expression of the <i>β-PKA</i> gene in <i>P. apodigitiformis</i> during its infection process, leading us to speculate its involvement in pathogenesis. A complete sequence of the <i>β-PKA</i> gene was cloned, and quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to analyse or to evaluate the functional characteristics of the <i>β-PKA</i> gene. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit rRNA sequence, infection experiments and haematoxylin–eosin staining method were also carried out, in order to study the pathological characteristics and infection mechanism of scuticociliate. The present results showed that: (1) our results revealed that <i>β-PKA</i> is a crucial gene involved in <i>P. apodigitiformis</i> infection in guppies, and the findings provide valuable insights for future studies on scuticociliatosis; (2) we characterized a complete gene, <i>β-PKA</i>, that is generally expressed in parasitic organisms during infection stage and (3) the present study indicates that PKA plays a critical role in scuticociliate when infection occurs by controlling essential steps such as cell growth, development and regulating the activity of the sensory body structures and the irritability system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"370-379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11044068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139723545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-specific <i>Cryptosporidium</i>, <i>Giardia</i> and <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in shelter dogs from central Europe.","authors":"Magdalena Szydłowicz, Żaneta Zajączkowska, Antonina Lewicka, Błażej Łukianowski, Mateusz Kamiński, Nikola Holubová, Bohumil Sak, Martin Kváč, Marta Kicia","doi":"10.1017/S003118202400009X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S003118202400009X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp., <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> and microsporidia are unicellular opportunistic pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal infections in both animals and humans. Since companion animals may serve as a source of infection, the aim of the present screening study was to analyse the prevalence of these intestinal protists in fecal samples collected from dogs living in 10 animal shelters in central Europe (101 dogs from Poland and 86 from the Czech Republic), combined with molecular subtyping of the detected organisms in order to assess their genetic diversity. Genus-specific polymerase chain reactions were performed to detect DNA of the tested species and to conduct molecular subtyping in collected samples, followed by statistical evaluation of the data obtained (using <i>χ</i>² or Fisher's tests). The observed prevalence was 15.5, 10.2, 1 and 1% for <i>G. intestinalis</i>, <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. and <i>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</i>, respectively. Molecular evaluation has revealed the predominance of dog-specific genotypes (<i>Cryptosporidium canis</i> XXe1 subtype; <i>G. intestinalis</i> assemblages C and D; <i>E. cuniculi</i> genotype II; <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotypes D and PtEbIX), suggesting that shelter dogs do not pose a high risk of human transmission. Interestingly, the percentage distribution of the detected pathogens differed between both countries and individual shelters, suggesting that the risk of infection may be associated with conditions typical of a given location.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"351-362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11044064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotyping of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in domestic animals from Campeche, México, reveals virulent genotypes and a recombinant <i>ROP5</i> allele.","authors":"Claudia Patricia Rico-Torres, Luis Fernando Valenzuela-Moreno, Elvira Robles-González, Alvar Alonzo Cruz-Tamayo, Miguel Huchin-Cab, Jonathan Pérez-Flores, Lizbeth Xicoténcatl-García, Héctor Luna-Pastén, Luz Belinda Ortiz-Alegría, Irma Cañedo-Solares, Carlos Cedillo-Peláez, Fernando García-Lacy, Heriberto Caballero-Ortega","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000106","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> has at least 318 genotypes distributed worldwide, and tropical regions usually have greater genetic diversity. Campeche is a state located in the southeastern region of México and has favourable climate conditions for the replication and dissemination of this protozoan, similar to those in South American countries where broad genetic diversity has been described. Thus, in this study, 4 <i>T. gondii</i> isolates were obtained from tissues of stray dogs and free-range chickens in Campeche, México, and were genotyped by Mn-PCR-RFLP with 10 typing markers (<i>SAG1</i>, <i>altSAG2</i>, <i>SAG3</i>, <i>BTUB</i>, <i>GRA6</i>, <i>c22-8</i>, <i>c29-2</i>, <i>L358</i>, <i>PK1</i> and <i>Apico</i>) and 5 virulence markers (<i>CS3</i>, <i>ROP16</i>, <i>ROP17</i>, <i>ROP18</i> and <i>ROP5</i>) to provide new information about the distribution and virulence prediction of <i>T. gondii</i> genotypes. Two isolates of <i>T. gondii</i> genotype #116 and 2 of genotype #38 were obtained from stray dogs and chickens, respectively. The parasite load found in these species was between <50 and more than 35 000 tachyzoites per mg of tissue. Virulence marker genotyping revealed a recombinant 1&3 <i>ROP5</i> RFLP pattern in 2 ToxoDB #116 isolates with no prediction of virulence in a murine model, while in the 2 ToxoDB #38 isolates, the <i>ROP18</i>/<i>ROP5</i> combination predicted high virulence. Considering all the typed markers, there is a predominance of type I and III alleles, as constantly reported for the isolates characterized in various regions of México. It is crucial to determine their phenotype to corroborate the genetic virulence profile of the <i>T. gondii</i> isolates obtained in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"363-369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11044059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139913187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between functional alpha and beta diversities of flea parasites and their small mammalian hosts.","authors":"Boris R Krasnov, Irina S Khokhlova, M Fernanda López Berrizbeitia, Sonja Matthee, Juliana P Sanchez, Georgy I Shenbrot, Luther van der Mescht","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000283","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We studied the relationships between functional alpha and beta diversities of fleas and their small mammalian hosts in 4 biogeographic realms (the Afrotropics, the Nearctic, the Neotropics and the Palearctic), considering 3 components of alpha diversity (functional richness, divergence and regularity). We asked whether (a) flea alpha and beta diversities are driven by host alpha and beta diversities; (b) the variation in the off-host environment affects variation in flea alpha and beta diversities; and (c) the pattern of the relationship between flea and host alpha or beta diversities differs between geographic realms. We analysed alpha diversity using modified phylogenetic generalized least squares and beta diversity using modified phylogenetic generalized dissimilarity modelling. In all realms, flea functional richness and regularity increased with an increase in host functional richness and regularity, respectively, whereas flea functional divergence correlated positively with host functional divergence in the Nearctic only. Environmental effects on the components of flea alpha diversity were found only in the Holarctic realms. Host functional beta diversity was invariantly the best predictor of flea functional beta diversity in all realms, whereas the effects of environmental variables on flea functional beta diversity were much weaker and differed between realms. We conclude that flea functional diversity is mostly driven by host functional diversity, whereas the environmental effects on flea functional diversity vary (a) geographically and (b) between components of functional alpha diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"449-460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11043902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140022385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coinfection of slime feather duster worms (Annelida, <i>Myxicola</i>) by different gregarine apicomplexans (<i>Selenidium</i>) and astome ciliates reflects spatial niche partitioning and host specificity.","authors":"Eunji Park, Brian Leander","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000209","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individual organisms can host multiple species of parasites (or symbionts), and one species of parasite can infect different host species, creating complex interactions among multiple hosts and parasites. When multiple parasite species coexist in a host, they may compete or use strategies, such as spatial niche partitioning, to reduce competition. Here, we present a host–symbiont system with two species of <i>Selenidium</i> (Apicomplexa, Gregarinida) and one species of astome ciliate co-infecting two different species of slime feather duster worms (Annelida, Sabellidae, <i>Myxicola</i>) living in neighbouring habitats. We examined the morphology of the endosymbionts with light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inferred their phylogenetic interrelationships using small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences. In the host ‘<i>Myxicola</i> sp. Quadra’, we found two distinct species of <i>Selenidium</i>; <i>S</i>. cf. <i>mesnili</i> exclusively inhabited the foregut, and <i>S</i>. <i>elongatum</i> n. sp. inhabited the mid to hindgut, reflecting spatial niche partitioning. <i>Selenidium elongatum</i> n. sp. was also present in the host <i>M</i>. <i>aesthetica</i>, which harboured the astome ciliate <i>Pennarella elegantia</i> n. gen. et sp. <i>Selenidium</i> cf. <i>mesnili</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>elegantia</i> n. gen. et sp. were absent in the other host species, indicating host specificity. This system offers an intriguing opportunity to explore diverse aspects of host–endosymbiont interactions and competition among endosymbionts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"400-411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11044062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of residential acaricide treatments on patterns of pathogen coinfection in blacklegged ticks.","authors":"Richard S Ostfeld, Sahar Adish, Stacy Mowry, William Bremer, Shannon Duerr, Andrew S Evans, Ilya R Fischhoff, Fiona Keating, Jennifer Pendleton, Ashley Pfister, Marissa Teator, Felicia Keesing","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000349","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medically important ixodid ticks often carry multiple pathogens, with individual ticks frequently coinfected and capable of transmitting multiple infections to hosts, including humans. Acquisition of multiple zoonotic pathogens by immature blacklegged ticks (<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>) is facilitated when they feed on small mammals, which are the most competent reservoir hosts for <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> (which causes anaplasmosis in humans), <i>Babesia microti</i> (babesiosis) and <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> (Lyme disease). Here, we used data from a large-scale, long-term experiment to ask whether patterns of single and multiple infections in questing nymphal <i>I. scapularis</i> ticks from residential neighbourhoods differed from those predicted by independent assortment of pathogens, and whether patterns of coinfection were affected by residential application of commercial acaricidal products. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for pathogen detection in multiplex reactions. In control neighbourhoods and those treated with a fungus-based biopesticide deployed against host-seeking ticks (Met52), ticks having only single infections of either <i>B. microti</i> or <i>B. burgdorferi</i> were significantly less common than expected, whereas coinfections with these 2 pathogens were significantly more common. However, use of tick control system bait boxes, which kill ticks attempting to feed on small mammals, eliminated the bias towards coinfection. Although aimed at reducing the abundance of host-seeking ticks, control methods directed at ticks attached to small mammals may influence human exposure to coinfected ticks and the probability of exposure to multiple tick-borne infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140143997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaching the steady state: 30 years of <i>Anguillicola crassus</i> infection of European eel, <i>Anguilla anguilla</i> L., in Northern Germany.","authors":"Patrick Unger, Johanna Schmidt, Malte Dorow, Sören Möller, Harry Wilhelm Palm","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000039","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 30 years long data series on the infection dynamics of European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i> L.) with the non-native invasive nematode <i>Anguillicola crassus</i> Kuwahara, Niimi & Hagaki, 1974 is presented. Parasite burden was evaluated for 30 years in inland and coastal waters in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania from 1991 to 2020. The total prevalence, mean intensity and damage status of the swim bladders were very high during the first decade (1991–2000), and significantly decreased in both marine and freshwater eel populations in the following decades (2001–2010, 2011–2020). The parasite intensity of eels in coastal waters was significantly lower compared with the freshwater systems (61.3% <i>vs</i> 79.5% in the first decade), indicating the vulnerability of the parasites to brackish water conditions and the fact that the life cycle of <i>A. crassus</i> cannot be completed under high saline conditions. Eel caught in the western part of the Baltic Sea (west of Darss sill) had the lowest mean infection (51.8% in first decade) compared to the eastern part with 63.8%. Thus, besides different infection patterns caused by the environmental conditions, a temporal trend towards a reduced parasite intensity and a more balanced parasite–host relationship developed in the 30 years of interaction after the first invasion. Possible reasons and mechanisms for the observed trends in parasite–host interactions are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"300-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139425267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations on the transmission of <i>Dientamoeba fragilis</i> and the cyst life cycle stage.","authors":"Luke M Hall, Varuni S Munasinghe, Nicole G F Vella, John T Ellis, Damien Stark","doi":"10.1017/S0031182024000076","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0031182024000076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Little is known about the life cycle and mode of transmission of <i>Dientamoeba fragilis</i>. Recently it was suggested that fecal–oral transmission of cysts may play a role in the transmission of <i>D. fragilis</i>. In order to establish an infection, <i>D. fragilis</i> is required to remain viable when exposed to the pH of the stomach. In this study, we investigated the ability of cultured trophozoites to withstand the extremes of pH. We provide evidence that trophozoites of <i>D. fragilis</i> are vulnerable to highly acidic conditions. We also investigated further the ultrastructure of <i>D. fragilis</i> cysts obtained from mice and rats by transmission electron microscopy. These studies of cysts showed a clear cyst wall surrounding an encysted parasite. The cyst wall was double layered with an outer fibrillar layer and an inner layer enclosing the parasite. Hydrogenosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclei were present in the cysts. Pelta-axostyle structures, costa and axonemes were identifiable and internal flagellar axonemes were present. This study therefore provides additional novel details and knowledge of the ultrastructure of the cyst stage of <i>D. fragilis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19967,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"337-345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11007279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139513422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}