{"title":"An Optimum Design of Ambiguity Function, Antenna Pattern, and Signal for Side-Looking Radars","authors":"R. Harger","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323218","url":null,"abstract":"The design of antenna pattern and transmitted signal for a coherent-side-looking (range-azimuth) synthetic antenna radar is studied. The general design criterion is to minimize all spurious responses in the ambiguity function under the restraints of finite antenna aperture and signal bandwidth. The problem is completely solved for any set of consistent constraints. The interplay between aperture size, range and azimuth resolution, and spurious response level for the optimum design is exhibited, and antenna aperture illuminations, signal amplitude and phase modulation, and pulse repetition frequency are specified.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121718337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatial Ambiguity and Resolution for Array Antenna Systems","authors":"J. DiFranco, W. Rubin","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323214","url":null,"abstract":"The signal ambiguity function is derived and analyzed for radar (sonar) systems employing array antennas. It is shown that angle resolution is essentially independent of range-Doppler resolution in the main antenna beam and that the antenna directivity function can have a strong effect on waveform design. It is also shown that angle ambiguity is appreciably influenced by signal bandwidth; in particular, signal bandwidth can be traded for a reduction in angle ambiguity in an array whose element spacing is greater than one-half wavelength.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124945823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Statistical Estimates of Traffic Intensity in Communications Systems","authors":"M. Morrison, J. F. Mckenna","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323195","url":null,"abstract":"The estimators of incoming traffic rate, processing rate, and line utilization are defined, and their statistical properties are analyzed. Attention is directed to the problem of estimating peak traffic rates from communications systems data. The central tendency and variance of the estimators are examined, and the improvement gained by extending the period of testing, or increasing the sample size, is examined. Relationships between duration of test and precision of estimate are developed.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117258448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information System Organization for Tactical Command and Control","authors":"L. J. Craig","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323190","url":null,"abstract":"A command and control system is intended to provide a responsible authority the means to employ his weapons and forces to achieve certain objectives for an assigned mission. The overall organization and even the details of the information system design are intimately interwoven with the mission, the objectives to be achieved in pursuance of the mission, the degree of formalization of the requirements of the objectives, and probably to a large extent the image (or context) the system designers have of the system in its operational environment. In this discussion we have attempted to show that the military doctrine of centralized command and decentralized execution is, to a large extent, becoming more amenable to mechanization, viz., by the notion of the distributed data processor, which is for all practical purposes an interconnected set of computers that can share a common problem load. This kind of system configuration gives an added degree of freedom to the information system design but has not necessarily simplified the problems associated with command and control. It adds to the designer's repertoire another configuration for a system that could be advantageous under certain circumstances. It is also shown that the process of formalization of command and control systems can be literally as important as the resulting product. The necessity to define functions, tasks, objectives, and their interrelationships can disclose potential advantages or hazards in systems that might otherwise remain undetected.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128466584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Army Atmospheric Sounding System","authors":"J. A. Siderman, A. Peterson, R. Robbiani","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323199","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric sounding systems have become one of the most important meteorological tools to both the civilian and military population. The Meteorological Data Sounding System (MDSS), described in the manuscript, is the newest type and provides accuracies, capabilities, and features not available in any of the atmospheric sounding systems currently in use. The MDSS is being designed for the Army in support of artillery fire. The purpose of the MDSS system is to provide the capability to artillery sections for obtaining a first round hit, even in areas obscured from observers, by the use of the most reliable, fresh, and comprehensive meteorological data. These data are obtained through the unique technique of using an S-band frequency for meteorological and angular data acquisition and an X-band frequency for ranging on an airborne target. The target is part of the radiosonde-flight train. All the meteorological and geometric data are fed to a radiosonde data processor which converts all the parameters into a common, machine language form for computer processing. In addition to the system's excellent mobility and quick reaction capabilities, it is capable of obtaining sounding data and processing it at an extremely high rate. The final output data is produced in the form of seven types of meteorological messages which are used for decision making by field commanders and missile test ranges.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114801025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Design and Implementation of Automated Military Information Systems","authors":"J. H. Bryant, M. A. Todd","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323198","url":null,"abstract":"Information systems serve in a variety of ways in military environments but have the common objectives of supporting decision processes. Systems engineers have had difficulty in developing automated systems for this purpose because of the amount of lead time required to analyze a problem situation, to procure hardware and to design and prepare computer programs, and because the problems and the problem situation are highly dynamic. Extrapolating requirements for some time in the future from current problems and methods of operation have tended to result in inadequate or incomplete systems designs when systems are developed and tested against the actual requirements in an operational environment. A variety of approaches to system development have been employed. These have ranged from the \"job shop\" approach at one extreme to the \"turn-key\" approach at the other. The job shop approach is typified by many independent, special-purpose programs, each written to perform a particular job with its own data base. The programs are executed under job controls established by machine operators. New capabilities are developed and operated in the same way. This approach is usually responsive to individual staff elements since each program is designed for the specific purpose of the particular group which will have considerable input to the design, a good knowledge of the logic employed, and confidence in the products obtained from it. It has growth potential limited only by total machine capacity. Operational capability is provided and can be evaluated with relatively short lead time.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130610673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Military Electronic Systems for Command and Control","authors":"James C. Ferguson","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323189","url":null,"abstract":"Although the command and control of military forces is as old as conflict itself, the means through which we exercise the function is undergoing change. This change is dictated by several salient characteristics of the world in which we live: the threat of nuclear weapons; the vulnerability of military command; the vulnerability of the nation; the global battlefield; the pace of military operations; and the advances in technology. Command and control objectives are dictated by several factors. One is the expected nature and extent of an electronic system's future use; another is national policy. This paper outlines the consequential relation between national policy and military decision making, and the direction that the USAF takes in designing the flexible, selective, deliberate and protected systems which facilitate the decision making process. It will also cover the design of military electronic systems, current electronic system efforts and the technology which supports the efforts.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123267650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Type N-Integral Space Tracking Configurations","authors":"P. Lowitt, S. M. Shinners","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323193","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical and computer investigations into type N-integral tracking configurations for space tracking radar systems have established significant advantages in the use of high-order tracking loop types. This paper presents the results of a theoretical and computer investigation that focuses attention on type N-integral tracking configurations in space-tracking radar systems. The type N-tracking configuration, which uses N-pure integrations in the tracking loop, results in feedback types of high order. The paper illustrates how this class of tracking systems minimizes tracking errors while overcoming the effects of multiple frictional nonlinearities and structural resonances of the radar. In addition, the results of the theoretical investigation are applied to the design of a practical satellite tracking radar system. The results of the system's computer simulation agreed very well with the theoretical predictions and conclude the presentation of the paper.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125382873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Message Framing and Error Control","authors":"A. Frey","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323197","url":null,"abstract":"Two problems which arise in the transmission of digital data are message framing and error control. A technique has been developed whereby polynomial coding can be used simultaneously for both error detection and message framing. With this technique, encoded data blocks can be transmitted asynchronously without incorporating any special signals or bit patterns for \"start-of-message\" and \"end-of-message\" indications. Erroneously received blocks are automatically deleted from the accepted data stream. The standard systems use a special signal for a start-of-message (SOM) indication at the beginning of each block of data, and independently create and detect a specified format (usually based on parity check sums) to determine when errors have occurred in transmission of the data. In order to achieve high reliability it is necessary to use sophisticated techniques and to devote a large number of transmitted digits to each of these functions. By considering these two problems together a technique which provides a solution to both was found. This technique uses fewer bits than would be required by many conventional approaches to framing to get the same reliability. The error-detection capability which is included is so strong that the mean time between undetected errors is usually dependent on equipment reliability rather than on channel error statistics.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128240640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Large-Scale Simulation in the Program Definition Phase Environment: An Example","authors":"W. Kenneally","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323200","url":null,"abstract":"The role of the Government Laboratory in the Program Definition Phase (PDP) environment is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the dual task of defining the technical boundaries of the problem, and evaluating the PDP reports to select the most acceptable engineering approach. The problem of accomplishing a detailed technical evaluation of several proposed approaches in a short time frame is examined, with the result that a requirement for a better \"yardstick\" is established. Design decisions leading to the final specification of such a yardstick-the Tactical Avionics System Simulator (TASS)-and a summary of its anticipated capabilities are presented.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121211124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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