{"title":"The Effect of Limiting on the Detectability of Partially Time-Coincident Pulse Compression Signals","authors":"S. E. Bogotch, C. Cook","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323171","url":null,"abstract":"Analytic approximations are derived to describe the effect of band-pass limiting on the detectability of partially time-coincident pulse compression signals. These are applied to the practical radar case of a fixed threshold decision criterion, which effectively becomes an equivalent variable threshold in any region in which a strong signal controls the limiter action. The suppression and gain control effects of the strong signal cause the detection probability of a weaker signal to deteriorate rapidly as a function of the percentage overlap. A calibrated radar simulator is described. The test equipment operated in either a pulsed CW or a linear FM pulse compression mode. Detection probability curves are presented for different false alarm probabilities in each mode, with and without limiting. Test procedures are described that obtain data in the following areas: 1) The effect of partially time-coincident strong signals on the probability of detection (Pd) of a weaker signal in the pulse compression mode, and 2) The effect of the strong signal on the probability of false alarm (Pfa) in the strong-signal region. The data obtained are in agreement with the analysis, illustrating the degradation of the weaker signal Pd as the overlap factor increased.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129178914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Automatic Gyro Mass-Unbalance Measuring Technique","authors":"F. L. Walker","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323039","url":null,"abstract":"An inertial navigation system containing a versatile computer can be given the capability of automatically measuring its gyro mass unbalance. These measurements are accomplished in tests performed and monitored by the computer. Mass-unbalanced drifts induced by tilting the stable platform are detected by the system's acceleration sensors. From the outputs of these sensors, the computer determines the mass-unbalance components using regression-analysis techniques that minimize errors of extraneous origin.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127381598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Shipboard Inertial Navigation System Position and Azimuth Errors on Sea-Launched Missile Radial Miss","authors":"W. E. Benso, R. M. duPlessis","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323041","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of position and azimuth errors in a shipborne inertial navigation system on the radial miss of a sea-launched ballistic missile which uses the shipborne system as a reference is discussed. The shipborne system is assumed to be reset and biased, using external position fixes. As a result of this resetting procedure, the latitude, longitude and azimuth errors are found to be statistically highly correlated. This correlation affects the resulting radial miss to a great extent for certain firing angles. It is also illustrated that improved techniques for resetting the shipborne system yield much reduced radial miss. Normalized numerical results are presented.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123762906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Spinning Reflector Technique for Ruby Laser Pulse Control","authors":"R. C. Benson, M. Mirarchi","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323106","url":null,"abstract":"A method of obtaining high peak power pulses from a ruby laser oscillator by controlling the resonant cavity Q with a spinning reflector technique is described. Basic principles are discussed. A theory regarding the multiple pulse problem of slow Q switching is presented. Practical methods of eliminating critical alignment procedures and increasing effective switching speed are explained. Experimental data relating to the effect of the parameters of cavity output transmission, crystal temperature, pump energy, reflector separation and spinning speed upon laser power and energy are presented. Results of experiments at temperatures ranging from -20°F to 140°F are given. Application of the spinning reflector technique to optical ranging is discussed. Described is an experimental rangefinder designed and fabricated to show feasibility of the technique for military application.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133380200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attitude Reference Properties of Inertial Navigation Systems","authors":"J. Henry","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323035","url":null,"abstract":"Most attitude reference systems function quite well under laboratory conditions but suffer considerable degradation in operational environments. A discussion is given of the excellent attitude reference information inherent in inertial navigation systems. Some limitations in reference system accuracy as a function of the characteristics of the gyroscopes used are given. The discussion centers primarily on attitude information from earth-orientated inertial navigation systems and includes considerations of both level and azimuth attitude information. Degradation of azimuth information at higher latitude is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116497196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stellar Augmented Inertial Guidance for Ballistic Missiles","authors":"Glenn J. Kleinhesselink","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323036","url":null,"abstract":"The principle of correcting for inertial guidance error by means of star sighting has been successfully incorporated in automatic inertial navigators for aircraft such as the MK-1 guidance system for the SM62A pilotless bomber. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the application of stellar sighting techniques to the augmentation of inertial guidance for ballistic missiles.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123981020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Phase Errors on Resolution","authors":"W. Brown, C. J. Palermo","doi":"10.1109/TME.1965.4323169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1965.4323169","url":null,"abstract":"The mathematical problem consists of determining the spread of the Fourier transform of function when the function is modified by a multiplicative factor exp jα(t), where α is a stationary random process. Let F(ω) be the Fourier transform of f(t) and Fm(ω) be the transform of f(t) exp jα(t). For example, f may be the illumination function of a linear antenna and α accounts for imperfect phasing of the antenna. The major results consist of simple formulas for the rms tilting (or shifting) of the pattern |Fm|2 and the rms radius of gyration (or beamwidth) of the pattern. These positional errors and resolution degradations are formulated in terms of the pattern in the absence of phase errors and the power density spectrum of α'. The problem of calculating the best obtainable resolution, i.e., minimizing the mean-square resolution over all possible illumination functions, requires numerical solution; however, it is shown that it is always possible to obtain a rms resolution better than the smaller of rms α' and √rms α'. The actual numerical solution is compared to this simple approximation for the case of sinusoidal phase errors. The general results have a broad scope of applications, and here the spreading of the ambiguity function in time and frequency in the presence of time phase errors and dispersion (frequency phase errors) is described with particular attention to linear FM pulses. Finally, some observations are made about quadratic phase errors, signal-to-noise performance, and mean-square point-target response.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123048723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pulsed Helium-Neon Gas Laser Applications","authors":"L. Antes, J. Goldsmith, W. Mcmahan","doi":"10.1109/TME.1964.4323105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1964.4323105","url":null,"abstract":"The pulsed helium-neon gas laser has provided pulse power more than three orders of magnitude above the average power afforded by CW operation. Analyses of the power-limiting factors show that still greater increases may be expected. By increasing the size of the laser tube several times, by optimizing the gas ratio and pressure, by optimizing reflectivity and transmissivity of the reflecting mirrors, and by controlling the shape and application of the exciting voltage pulse, peak power outputs in the kilowatt range are theoretically possible. A power of 100 watts has been achieved in the laboratory at pulse rates up to 250 cps. Such a result brings the gas laser out of the low power category and into the intermediate power range. The results of range calculations show that 100 w pulse power will provide a radar range of approximately 10 km against a target having a diffuse reflectivity of 0.1, and a range of over 100 km with a cooperative target. Against a bright cloud background only the cooperative target can be used. The range will then be reduced to approximately 20 km. An automatic tracking radar system has been synthesized utilizing the pulsed gas laser as a transmitting component. A brief parametric analysis has beem made and some of the advantages of the optical radar over its microwave counterpart have been outlined.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129875785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fundamental Principles of Inertial Heading","authors":"Willis G. Wing","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323033","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the problem of very high accuracy determination of the direction of north by gyro-compass means. It indicates the quality of gyroscope performance and vertical determination required, and demonstrates the effect of small forcing oscillations in disturbing the north pointing accuracy. Simplifications of the over-all gyro-compass loop equations are indicated; from these can be quickly estimated the amount of filtering required to obtain a given degree of accuracy under a particular environment. The basic purpose of the discussion is not to make the reader an expert in gyro-compass dynamics but rather to clarify the problem to a sufficient degree to equip him to understand better what can be hoped for in the way of accuracy and settling time under particular conditions.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"MIL-7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130597990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Testing of Stellar-Inertial Guidance Systems","authors":"B. Lichtenstein","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323038","url":null,"abstract":"The ever growing demands for improvement in performance of guidance equipment to be used in missiles and space vehicles has led to intensive interest in stellar-aided inertial reference systems. A stellar-inertial system uses star position information to correct for gyro drift and misalignment errors and serves as a means for updating position and velocity information generated by the guidance system computer. This capability becomes particularly attractive for extended space flights and for mobile ballistic missile systems. The design configurations assumed by stellar-inertial guidance systems may vary widely. Variations arise from the types of guidance equations dictated by the applications and also as a consequence of the instruments used as stellar sensors. The guidance problem may be solved by a variety of computational schemes, using explicit equations or schemes such as Q matrices. The star sensing devices are usually categorized by their detector mechanisms. The three main types used in systems now operational or under development are photomultipliers, vidicon tubes, and solid-state elements. The scanning methods used with these devices range from mechanical drives to electronic schemes using no moving parts. Each of these methods has merits and disadvantages which influence the guidance system designer in his selection. The intended application is the criterion in the type of computational scheme and components that are selected. This paper presents a survey of the above-mentioned aspects of stellar-inertial guidance equipment with a view toward establishing the validity and applicability of conventional inertial guidance test methods to the testing of stellar-inertial equipment.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123764764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}