Parasite Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Trypanosoma Cruzi Lineages Shape Macrophage Cytokine Profiles in Single and Mixed Infections.","authors":"Cecília Luiza Pereira, Giovana Maria Salmazi de Carvalho, Laura Eduarda Miranda da Silva, Anna Clara Azevedo Silveira, Elida Cristina Monteiro de Oliveira, Claudio Vieira da Silva","doi":"10.1111/pim.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, exhibits a wide clinical spectrum, which is influenced by the parasite's extensive genetic diversity. Growing evidence indicates that human infections are often multiclonal, involving a dynamic population of parasite clones, collectively termed the \"cruziome\". The immunological consequences of these mixed infections, particularly at the initial host-parasite interface, remain poorly characterised. This study aimed to investigate how single versus co-infection with phylogenetically distinct T. cruzi strains modulates the innate immune response of murine macrophages. RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with T. cruzi strains from Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) I (G strain) or DTU II (Y strain), either individually or in combination (co-infection). Assays for cellular invasion and intracellular multiplication were performed. The production of key cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12) and nitric oxide (NO) was quantified at 24 to 96 h post-infection. The Y strain displayed significantly higher invasion and replication rates and induced a potent pro-inflammatory response, characterised by elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-12, and NO. The G strain elicited a more regulatory profile, with a progressive increase in IL-10 production at later time points and lower levels of inflammatory mediators. Co-infection resulted in a distinct, hybrid immune profile, marked by intermediate levels of both pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and a moderated NO output. Co-infection with phylogenetically distinct T. cruzi strains generates a unique immunomodulatory environment that is not merely an additive effect of the individual strains. These findings provide in vitro evidence supporting the hypothesis that the composition of the infecting parasite population shapes the host immune response from the earliest stages of infection. This balanced interplay between pro-inflammatory and regulatory signals may contribute to the clinical heterogeneity observed in Chagas disease and underscores the need to consider parasite diversity in pathogenic and therapeutic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 9","pages":"e70029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12432291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145054900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Supplementation With White and Common Turmeric Improves Resistance to Argulus siamensis in Labeo rohita.","authors":"Chandan Debnath","doi":"10.1111/pim.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) as a sustainable feed additive alternative to common turmeric (C. longa) for enhancing disease resistance in Labeo rohita against Argulus siamensis infection. Juvenile L. rohita (15.8 ± 1.9 g) were divided into four treatment groups (n = 60 per group): (1) Control (commercial feed), (2) common turmeric-supplemented feed (1% w/w), (3) white turmeric-supplemented feed (1% w/w), and (4) combined turmeric-supplemented feed (0.5% common +0.5% white turmeric). Fish were fed experimental diets for 45 days before challenge with A. siamensis (10 parasites/fish), followed by 15 days of post-challenge monitoring (total experimental period: 60 days). Samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, and 45 of the feeding phase, and on days 7 and 15 of the post-challenge phase. Results showed that turmeric supplementation significantly enhanced growth performance, haematological parameters (RBC, haemoglobin, haematocrit), immunological responses (lysozyme, respiratory burst, complement activities), and antioxidant status (SOD, CAT, MDA) compared to control. Post-challenge, turmeric-supplemented groups exhibited reduced parasite load and higher survival rates (Combined: 92%, common turmeric: 85%, White turmeric: 82%, Control: 68%). While common turmeric performed slightly better than white turmeric when used alone, the combined treatment showed superior efficacy in all parameters measured. These findings suggest that combining both turmeric species provides optimal benefits, while white turmeric can serve as a partial substitute for common turmeric in fish feed formulations when resource sustainability is a priority, thus helping to reduce competition with human food resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 8","pages":"e70020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144837220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schistosoma japonicum-Derived Peptide SJMHE1 Attenuates Osteoarthritis by Promoting Synovial M2 Macrophage Polarisation.","authors":"Wei Zhu, Yuyun Jiang, Shang Wang, Xuefeng Wang, Qing Zhang, Weimin Fan","doi":"10.1111/pim.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative condition, severely impacts the quality of life in elderly individuals. Current clinical treatment options for OA remain limited. The polarisation of synovial macrophages plays a pivotal role in OA progression. SJMHE1, a peptide derived from Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum), has demonstrated the ability to inhibit inflammatory responses such as those seen in asthma and enteritis. Herein, SJMHE1 was administered via intra-articular injection to rats with anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced OA. Its effects on synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation and macrophage polarisation were assessed. Additionally, SJMHE1-stimulated macrophages were co-cultured with chondrocytes to examine chondrocyte degradation and apoptosis. The effect of the peptide on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with OA was also evaluated. SJMHE1 treatment delayed OA progression in elderly rats. It inhibited M1 macrophage polarisation, promoted M2 macrophage polarisation, reduced synovial inflammation and alleviated cartilage degradation. In the synovium, SJMHE1 downregulated proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In vitro, SJMHE1-treated macrophages preserved chondrogenic properties and inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, SJMHE1 suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in PBMCs from patients with OA. The results suggest that SJMHE1 could represent a potential therapeutic approach for managing OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 8","pages":"e70018"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144837222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-12 and IFN-γ in Response to Leishmania Infantum Antigens in Felines From an Endemic Area for Visceral Leishmaniasis.","authors":"João Victor Lé Lode, Lucas Takeshi Siqueira Ito, Gisele Mitsue Umino, Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima","doi":"10.1111/pim.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal zoonosis with an increasing incidence. Most infected felines present the disease in its subclinical form and demonstrate greater resistance to parasitemia than dogs. However, the role of cellular immunity in felines is still poorly understood. This study measured serum levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in asymptomatic cats naturally infected with antibodies against Leishmania spp. and in uninfected cats. IL-12 and IFN-γ were measured in serum samples by ELISA. Parasite load quantification was performed on DNA from bone marrow samples using qPCR. Cats naturally infected by Leishmania spp. showed significantly higher serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ compared to control animals. IL-12 showed a positive correlation with IFN-γ suggesting a regulatory role of IL-12 in activating the Th1 immune response, which enhances macrophage function and promotes intracellular parasite elimination. Additionally, IL-12 showed a moderate negative correlation with parasite load, indicating a protective effect of IL-12 in feline leishmaniasis. These findings suggest that IL-12 and IFN-γ play critical roles in modulating the feline immune response against parasitic infection, possibly contributing to the control of parasite replication and in the prevention of clinical signs. The immune response observed in felines could be explored for future immunotherapeutic approaches, helping to mitigate the progression of leishmaniasis in cats and reducing the risk of transmission in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 8","pages":"e70021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12344394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144837221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lycopene Mitigates Malaria-Induced Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Oxidative Damage in Mice Brain and Lungs.","authors":"Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela, Antônio Rafael Quadros Gomes, Aline da Silva Barbosa Dos Santos, Mariana Dos Santos Guimarães, Eliete Pereira de Carvalho, Oberdan Oliveira Ferreira, Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Marcello Iriti, Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade, Sandro Percário","doi":"10.1111/pim.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The severity of malaria is associated with low antioxidant availability and elevated free radical production, which induces oxidative damage in cerebral and pulmonary microcirculation. This can be mitigated by dietary antioxidants. We investigated the protective effects of lycopene (LYC) against oxidative changes induced by Plasmodium berghei (Pb). Mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection of 10⁶ parasitized red blood cells and treated orally with LYC (3.11 mg/kg bw/day) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 62 mg/kg bw/day). Evaluations were conducted at 1-, 4-, 8- and 12-days post-infection. We measured thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), antioxidant capacity by ABTS (AC-ABTS) and DPPH (AC-DPPH) inhibition, uric acid (UA) and nitric oxide (NO) in brain and lung tissues. Infection led to elevated TBARS, AC-ABTS, AC-DPPH, UA and NO, resulting in animal mortality. LYC significantly attenuated the infection-induced increases in TBARS, UA and NO levels compared to Pb (p < 0.0001) and NAC + Pb groups (p < 0.0001) normalising them to Sham levels. These findings highlight LYC's therapeutic potential against malaria-related oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 8","pages":"e70019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12374180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Hepcidin, Iron Metabolism, Inflammation and Hypersplenism in Anaemia of Kala-Azar.","authors":"Alyne Ferreira De Almendra Freitas, Adelino Soares Lima Neto, Camila Maria Coelho de Moura, Giovana Dias Silva, Marília de Sousa Araújo Barbosa E Silva, Keline Medeiros de Araújo Vilges, Francisco Mateus Alves de Morais Ferreira, Dorcas Lamounier Costa, Carlos Henrique Nery Costa","doi":"10.1111/pim.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp., characterised by fever, weight loss, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and anaemia. This study evaluated the relationship between hepcidin, inflammation, iron metabolism, and hypersplenism in VL-associated anaemia. In this cross-sectional study, confirmed VL patients without recent transfusions were assessed. Haematological and inflammatory parameters were analysed using correlation and multivariate regression tests. Anaemia was present in 95.2% of the sample, predominantly normocytic (59.5%) and normochromic (76.2%), or microcytic (40.5%) and hypochromic (23.8%). Inflammatory markers were markedly elevated in most patients, particularly hepcidin, which was increased in 97.6% of cases (median: 351.46 ng/mL), suggesting persistent inflammation and impaired iron bioavailability. However, IL-6, CRP, and ferritin showed weak to moderate negative correlations with hepcidin (ρ = -0.33, ρ = -0.66, and ρ = -0.30, respectively). These findings highlight the complex interplay between anaemia and inflammation in kala-azar, with elevated hepcidin levels and paradoxical correlations with inflammatory markers. They underscore the central role of splenomegaly in VL-related anaemia and suggest potential contributions from other factors affecting iron metabolism, such as erythropoietin and erythroferrone. Understanding the dynamics of these markers throughout disease progression and treatment may further elucidate the pathophysiology of VL and support the development of targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 7","pages":"e70014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12243698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allotype-Dependent Responses to the Vaccine Candidate Thrombospondin-Like Protein of Dictyocaulus viviparus in Calves.","authors":"Frans N J Kooyman, Karlijn L J Moonen, Rolf Nijsse, Jaap A Wagenaar, Harm W Ploeger","doi":"10.1111/pim.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nematode Dictyocaulus viviparus causes parasitic bronchitis in cattle. There is a vaccine based on irradiated larvae against this parasite. However, no memory response is induced, and donor calves are needed for culturing the larvae. Therefore, a well-defined subunit vaccine would be welcomed. Because thrombospondin-like protein (TLP) is an immunodominant protein from the brush border of adult parasites, it was tested as a vaccine candidate. Calves (n = 7) were vaccinated twice with TLP in Quil-A, and antibody responses, IgG2 allotypes and protection were determined. Protection is defined here as decreased worm counts from challenge infection compared with age-matched control calves (N = 7). Only 27% protection (not significant) was found in the vaccinated calves. However, strong IgG and IgE booster responses occurred after challenge infection, mostly directed against the glycan-phosphorylcholine moiety of the protein. Most interesting was the difference in protection in calves of the different IgG2 allotypes. The two best protected calves from the vaccinated group were the only two calves of the homozygote IgG2^b genotype. Because the IgG2^b has a more rigid hinge region than the IgG2^a allotype, it is more resistant to parasite proteases or parasite Ig binding proteins, and it is a better complement activator. Therefore, even with the small number of calves from this study, results suggest calves of the homozygous IgG2^b genotype might be better protected against D. viviparus than calves of other genotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 7","pages":"e70013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12267107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144650081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Copper Nanoparticles and Paromomycin in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.","authors":"Maryam Heidari-Kharaji, Priscilla Rodrigues, Christina Ferreira, Robinson Pavene Pooneiad, Sadia Sajid","doi":"10.1111/pim.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interest in nanotechnology applications in medicine, particularly for combating microbial infections, has surged in recent years. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) that were green synthesised using Capparis spinosa fruit extract, both on their own and in conjunction with paromomycin (PM). CuNPs were synthesised from a methanolic extract of C. spinosa. We assessed the in vitro antileishmanial activity of CuNPs (10-200 μg/mL) as well as the same concentrations of CuNPs (10-200 μg/mL) combined with PM (10-200 μg/mL), targeting the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania major. Additionally, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of CuNPs on THP1 cells. Subsequently, we tested these formulations on female BALB/c mice infected with L. major. The study measured footpad swelling, quantified parasite load through real-time PCR, and assessed levels of cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (IFN-ɤ), nitric oxide (NO), and arginase (ARG). The results demonstrated that CuNPs, particularly when combined with PM, significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) the growth of L. major promastigotes and amastigotes and stimulated IFN-ɤ, NO production and reduced IL-4 and ARG levels (p < 0.05). Importantly, CuNPs exhibited minimal cytotoxicity towards THP1 cells. In infected mice, the treatment with CuNPs, notably in combination with PM, resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mean number of parasites. Treatment with CuNPs at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/mL led to a decrease in lesion diameter. The results of this study highlight the potent antileishmanial activity and synergistic effects of CuNPs, both alone and in combination with PM, against L. major promastigotes and amastigote forms, as well as their potential in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in BALB/c mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 7","pages":"e70017"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demodicosis and Thyroid Autoimmunity: Unravelling the Connection.","authors":"Muhammed Burak Yücel, Esranur Ünal, Ragıp Ertaş","doi":"10.1111/pim.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Demodex mites are commensal ectoparasites in human pilosebaceous units that become pathogenic at high levels, causing demodicosis, which may be primary or secondary to immunosuppression. Thyroid hormones, with skin receptors, impact immune functions and epidermal inflammation. We hypothesised that skin features like xerosis and papular lesions, common in demodicosis, may also appear in autoimmune thyroid diseases, with immune dysregulation increasing Demodex colonisation. We recruited 201 patients with demodicosis or rosacea at Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital. Thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, and T4), anti-TPO antibodies, and demodex count measured by Standard Superficial Skin Biopsy were assessed. Patients were classified as Type 1 (erythema, telangiectasia, and rough skin) or Type 2 (papules and pustules) demodicosis. Results revealed that patients with elevated anti-TPO levels had significantly higher demodex counts (p < 0.05). Demodex positivity and anti-TPO levels were strongly associated with Type 2 demodicosis (p < 0.001, p = 0.008). There was a positive correlation between demodex count and anti-TPO (r = 0.144, p = 0.043), with a predictive value for anti-TPO positivity (p = 0.004). Our findings suggest that increased demodex counts in Type 2 demodicosis correlate with autoimmune thyroid disease risk, highlighting the potential of combined Demodex count and thyroid antibody assessments for early diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 7","pages":"e70016"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Potential of S. mansoni Egg and Worm Antigens for Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Resource-Limited Settings.","authors":"Kabirat A Sulaiman, Tajudeen O Oriade, Timothy Auta, Funmilayo I D Afolayan, Alexander B Odaibo, Rafaella F Q Grenfell, Ramzy G Fatem, Oyetunde T Oyeyemi","doi":"10.1111/pim.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Around 90% of those at risk for schistosomiasis live in Africa, with urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines Schistosoma mansoni egg and worm antigens as cost-effective diagnostic alternatives, addressing challenges in maintaining S. haematobium in animal models. Sera and urine samples from schistosomiasis endemic and non-endemic areas were analysed against S. mansoni worm (Sm SWA) and egg antigens (Sm SEA) using indirect ELISA to detect S. haematobium specific antibodies. Microscopy was adopted as the diagnostic reference standard. Sensitivity (SS) ranged from 80% to 96%, and specificity (SP) ranged from 42% to 90%. Sm SWA showed slightly higher sensitivity than Sm SEA in negative non-endemic (NNE) populations. The best area under the curve (AUC) was 0.96 for Sm SEA-NNE. Both antigens performed better in diagnosing UGS in non-endemic samples, suggesting their suitability among travellers arriving from endemic areas. The anti-schistosomal IgG responses to Sm SWA and SEA in both negative endemic (NE) and NNE samples were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) compared to positive samples, except in NE sera samples tested with Sm SEA. Key findings indicate that Sm SEA and SWAP are effective diagnostic tools for S. haematobium infection, with high sensitivity suggesting their potential for new immunodiagnostic methods for UGS.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 7","pages":"e70015"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144650082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}