Parasite Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment follow-up, and prediction of cardiac complications in Chagas disease in chronic phase: Recent advances.","authors":"Mateo Morales-Velásquez, Juan Pablo Barón-Vera, María Isabel Osorio-Pulgarín, Miryan Margot Sánchez-Jiménez, Juan David Ospina-Villa","doi":"10.1111/pim.13013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.13013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite and is transmitted by infected triatomine bugs. This infection affects approximately 8 million people in the Americas, and due to globalisation and displacement, it is becoming increasingly common to find infected patients worldwide. Diagnosis of the disease in its acute form is relatively simple, as the parasite can be detected in peripheral blood smears, and symptoms are visible. However, in its chronic condition, the parasite is almost undetectable, and indirect tests are necessary to determine the presence of antibodies in infected patients. It is important to note that a single test is not enough to confirm the disease in this phase, as a second serological test should confirm the diagnosis. If the results are contradictory, a third test should be performed to confirm or discard the disease. Unfortunately, laboratories may not have access to all necessary tests in many rural areas where the disease is more frequent. Rapid tests to diagnose this disease present problems, such as significant variations in sensitivity and specificity in different countries. Therefore, searching for new biomarkers that allow for optimal correlation is essential. In this work, we have searched scientific literature from the last 10 years for mentions of novel biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment follow-up, and prediction of cardiac complications in Chagas disease in its chronic phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"e13013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41148496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unfolded protein response pathway in leishmaniasis: A review.","authors":"Nimesha Madhushani Edirisinghe, Nuwani Harshamali Manamperi, Vishmi Samudika Wanasinghe, Nadira Karunaweera","doi":"10.1111/pim.13009","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.13009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alteration in the physiological state of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to the specific response known as unfolded protein response (UPR) or ER stress response. The UPR is driven by three sensor proteins, namely: Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1, Protein Kinase RNA-like ER kinase and Activating Transcription Factor 6 to restore ER homeostasis. Pathogenic infection can initiate UPR activation; some pathogens can subvert the UPR to promote their survival and replication. Many intracellular pathogens, including Leishmania, can interact and hijack ER for their survival and replication, triggering ER stress and subsequently ER stress response. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ER stress response in infections with the Leishmania species.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"e13009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10660540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9979725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dot-ELISA based on recombinant Hypodermin C of Przhevalskiana silenus for field diagnosis of goat warble fly infestation.","authors":"Vikas Yadav,&nbsp;Shafiya Imtiaz Rafiqi,&nbsp;Anish Yadav,&nbsp;Anand Kushwaha,&nbsp;Rajesh Godara,&nbsp;Rajesh Katoch,&nbsp;Rosario Panadero-Fontán","doi":"10.1111/pim.13007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) is an economically important myiasis caused by larvae of Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera, Oestridae), prevalent in countries of the Mediterranean Basin and Indian subcontinent. GWFI is characterized by the presence of subcutaneous warbles at the lumbar and sacral region of dorsum in the infested animal. The early larval instars (L1 and L2) remain inaccessible to physical detection due to their small size and subcutaneous presence thus causing hindrance in the diagnosis. The objective of present study was to develop a field applicable early diagnostic intervention for GWFI monitoring and prophylactic management for effective control of the disease. Recombinant Hypodermin C (rHyC) antigen of P. silenus was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified protein was used for optimizing dot-ELISA in a checkerboard titration using goat warble fly infested serum as known positive. The optimized assay was further tested for lower temperature (18°C) and incubation time (30 min). The optimized assay was assessed for inter-rater reliability and field samples. The optimized conditions require 188 ng of protein/dot, 1:800 dilution of serum sample, 1:4000 dilution of anti-goat IgG conjugate and 5% skim milk powder in phosphate buffer saline as blocking buffer. The assay was found to have a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 97.3% and 95.8%, respectively. The inter-rater reliability of dot ELISA with rHyC indirect ELISA was found to be almost perfect with a Cohen's kappa index of 0.973. Further testing at ambient temperature (18°C) and shorter incubation steps (30 min) supported suitability of the assay for field diagnosis of GWFI. The present study provides the first report of a sensitive and specific dot-ELISA for early diagnosis of GWFI which is rapid and cost effective. The test may provide an effective field applicable tool for sustainable control of GWFI.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 10","pages":"e13007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ursolic acid-rich extract presents trypanocidal action in vitro but worsens mice under experimental acute Chagas disease.","authors":"Maiara A Daga, Scheila T Nicolau, Juliana Jurumenha-Barreto, Lucas B S Lima, Isaac L Cabral, Ana Paula Pivotto, Amanda Stefanello, João P A Amorim, Jaqueline Hoscheid, Edson A Silva, Thaís S Ayala, Rafael A Menolli","doi":"10.1111/pim.13005","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.13005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease with only two drugs available for treatment and the plant Cecropia pachystachya has several compounds with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate a supercritical extract from C. pachystachya leaves in vitro and in vivo against Trypanosoma cruzi. A supercritical CO₂ extraction was used to obtain the extract (CPE). Cytotoxicity and immunostimulation ability were evaluated in macrophages, and the in vitro trypanocidal activity was evaluated against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes forms. In vivo tests were done by infecting BALB/c mice with blood trypomastigotes forms and treating animals orally with CPE for 10 days. The parasitemia, survival rate, weight, cytokines and nitric oxide dosage were evaluated. CPE demonstrated an effect on the epi and trypomastigotes forms of the parasite (IC₅₀ 17.90 ± 1.2 μg/mL; LC₅₀ 26.73 ± 1.2 μg/mL) and no changes in macrophages viability, resulting in a selectivity index similar to the reference drug. CPE-treated animals had a worsening compared to non-treated, demonstrated by higher parasitemia and lower survival rate. This result was attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of CPE, demonstrated by the higher IL-10 and IL-4 values observed in the treated mice compared to the control ones. CPE demonstrated a trypanocidal effect in vitro and a worsening in the in vivo infection due to its anti-inflammatory activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 10","pages":"e13005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with different stages of schistosomiasis japonica.","authors":"Zhaoqin Zhou,&nbsp;Junhui Li,&nbsp;Jie Jiang,&nbsp;Yulin Luo,&nbsp;Ming Yingzi","doi":"10.1111/pim.13006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune cells are important for the development of schistosomiasis japonica and are also critical for the treatment of schistosomiasis. The immune cells in the peripheral blood help assess the immune state. The peripheral lymphocytes in schistosomiasis mansoni were well studied; however, immune cells in patients with different stages of schistosomiasis japonica are not well analysed. Here, we performed a preliminary study to explore characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with different stages of schistosomiasis japonica. 135 patients with Schistosoma japonicum infection and 25 healthy volunteers were included in this study, including 84 patients with chronic S. japonicum infection and 51 patients with advanced S. japonicum infection. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate peripheral lymphocytes including T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Blood routine and liver function test data were analysed. Ultrasound examination was used to access liver fibrosis according to the World Health Organization standard about ultrasound in schistosomiasis. Demographic data analysis suggested there was no difference in age and gender in patients with S. japonicum infection and health control group. Liver function tests showed that patients with advanced schistosomiasis had a higher incidence of liver function abnormality and blood lipid than those with chronic schistosomiasis. Blood routine results reflected that haemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, as well as lymphocytes in the advanced group were significantly less than that in the chronic group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis indicated that the percentage of CD4⁺ T cells was lower in the advanced group, but the percentage of CD19⁺ B cells was higher in the advanced group. In addition, the number of CD3⁺ T cells, CD3⁺ CD4⁺ T cells, CD3⁺ CD8⁺ T cells, and NK cells was less in the advanced group when compared with those in the chronic group. In addition, there was a correlation between the decrease in CD4⁺ T cells and more severe fibrosis on ultrasound images. Our results indicated that the immune state in the peripheral is different in different stages of S. japonicum infection. Lymphocyte subset analysis has potential to facilitate differential diagnosis of different stages of schistosomiasis japonica and even to be a prognostic factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 10","pages":"e13006"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41208626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis have a boost of extracellular vesicles and miR-21-5p up-expression.","authors":"Allecineia Bispo da Cruz,&nbsp;Francieli Marinho Carneiro,&nbsp;Marta Marques Maia,&nbsp;Ingrid de Siqueira Pereira,&nbsp;Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki,&nbsp;Gislene Mitsue Namiyama,&nbsp;Ricardo Gava,&nbsp;Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto,&nbsp;Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola","doi":"10.1111/pim.13004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This retrospective cohort study analysed extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) excreted in canine sera from dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanVL). A total of 56 canine sera were divided into Group I (28, from healthy dogs) and Group II (28, from the same dogs, but already with CanVL). CanVL was determined by clinical and laboratory diagnoses. Canine sera were ultra-centrifuged to recover EVs (Can-EVs). Analyses by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate-poli-acrylammide gel eletroforesis (SDS-PAGE) and, Immunoblot confirmed the presence of (i) microvesicles/exosomes and (ii) the tetraspanins CD63 and CD9. EVs secreted by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum-EVs were reactive against sera from dogs with CanVL (performed by ELISA and Immunoblot). NTA analyses exhibited that concentrations of Can-EVs from dogs with CanVL (7.78 × 10¹⁰ Can-EVs/mL) were higher (p < .0001) than the non-infected dogs (mean: 1.47 × 10¹⁰ Can-EVs/mL). These results suggested that concentrations of Can-EVs were able to distinguish dogs with CanVL from healthy dogs. The relative expressions of 11 miRNAs species (miR-21-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-194-5p, miR-346, miR-29c-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-9-5p) were estimated in purified miRNAs of 30 canine sera. Dogs with CanVL up-expressed miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p when compared with healthy dogs. The other miRNA species were poorly or not expressed in canine sera. In conclusion, this study suggests that CanVL induces changes in size and concentration of Can-EVs, as well as, the up-expression of miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p in infected dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 9","pages":"e13004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10027357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of haematological, inflammatory and immunological response in naturally infected cattle with Theileria annulata.","authors":"Mustafa Sinan Aktas,&nbsp;Emre Eren,&nbsp;Sefa Kucukler,&nbsp;Muhammed Sertac Eroglu,&nbsp;Murat Ilgun,&nbsp;Kerim Emre Yanar,&nbsp;Omer Aydin","doi":"10.1111/pim.13002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we aimed to investigate haematological, pro-inflammatory, inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and immunological responses in naturally Theileria annulata-infected cattle. The study material consisted of 25 Simmental cattle, 2-4 years of age, one of which was a control group consisting of healthy animals (Control group, n = 10), and the other was a Theileria group that include animals positive for Theileria annulata (Theileria group, n = 15). Haematological analysis (red blood cell [RBC], haemoglobin [HGB], haematocrit [HCT]), pro-inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], nuclear factor kappa B [NF-ĸB] and interleukin-1 beta, [IL-1β]), inflammatory (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]), anti-inflammatory (interleukin-10 [IL-10]) and antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) analyses were performed by using ELISA kit from blood samples. It was found that the rectal temperature of the Theileria group was found to be significantly higher (p < .001) than that of the control group. Haematological and biochemical analysis revealed that the RBC and HGB count and HCT percentage decreased (p < .001), while NF-ĸB (p < .001), TNF-α (p = .002), IL-1β (p < .001), IL-10 (p = .012), NLR (p < .001) and CAMP (p = .037) levels increased in Theileria group compared to the control group. There was a strong correlation between NF-ĸB and TNF-α, NF-ĸB and IL-10, NLR and IL-1β, NF-ĸB and CAMP, TNF-α and CAMP and IL-10 and CAMP. As a result of this study, it was revealed that a pro-inflammatory and immunological response also occurs along with the anti-inflammatory response in the inflammatory process.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 9","pages":"e13002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10016042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced mucosal response in sheep harbouring β^A beta-globin against haemonchosis.","authors":"Cintia Hiromi Okino,&nbsp;Simone Cristina Méo Niciura,&nbsp;Paula Roberta Giaretta,&nbsp;Gláucia Roberta Melito,&nbsp;Rafaela Tami Ikeda Kapritchkoff,&nbsp;Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos,&nbsp;Raquel Rubia Rech,&nbsp;Alessandro Pelegrine Minho,&nbsp;Sérgio Novita Esteves,&nbsp;Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas","doi":"10.1111/pim.13003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Association between ovine β-globin polymorphisms and resistance against haemonchosis was described and related to the mechanism of high oxygen affinity β^A ➔ β^C switch during anaemia, but there are no studies regarding the involved local host responses. Phenotypic parameters and local responses were evaluated in sheep from two β-globin haplotypes naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Morada Nova lambs were monitored at 63, 84 and 105 days of age for faecal egg counts and packed cell volume (PCV) under natural infection with H. contortus. At 210 days of age, lambs of Hb-AA and Hb-BB β-globin haplotypes were euthanised, and the fundic region of abomasum was sampled for evaluation of microscopic lesions and relative expression of genes related to immune, mucin and lectin activities. Lambs harbouring the β^A allele presented an improved resistance/resilience against clinical haemonchosis, showing higher PCV during infection. Hb-AA animals presented increased eosinophilia in the abomasum compared to Hb-BB animals, accompanied by higher Th2 profile, mucin and lectin activity transcripts, while the inflammatory response was increased in Hb-BB animals. This is the first report to demonstrate an enhanced local response in the primary site of H. contortus infection related to β^A allele of β-globin haplotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 9","pages":"e13003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10018329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory responses during trichomoniasis: The role of Toll-like receptors and inflammasomes.","authors":"Abdollah Jafarzadeh,&nbsp;Maryam Nemati,&nbsp;Ehsan Salarkia,&nbsp;Sonal Yadav,&nbsp;Najmeh Aminizadeh,&nbsp;Sara Jafarzadeh,&nbsp;Manisha Yadav","doi":"10.1111/pim.13000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasomes belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of innate immunity identifying conserved compounds produced by pathogens or discharged by injured cells. Different cell subsets in the human urogenital system, such as epithelial cells and infiltrating leukocytes, express different kinds of TLRs (such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9) as well as inflammasomes (such as NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2). Various types of the Trichomonas vaginalis-derived components such as glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI), T. vaginalis virus (TVV), Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and flagellin can be recognized by TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5, respectively, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the cervicovaginal mucosa. The T. vaginalis-induced inflammasomes can lead to pyroptosis as well as the release of IL-1β and IL-18 promoting innate and adaptive immune responses. The PRR-mediated responses to T. vaginalis may contribute to the induction of protective immune responses, local inflammation, promotion of co-infections, or even the development of malignancies, for example, prostate cancer. The protective or pathogenic roles of the TLRs and inflammasomes during trichomoniasis are highlighted in this review. A better understanding of PRR-mediated responses provides invaluable insights to develop effective immunotherapeutic strategies against T. vaginalis infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 8","pages":"e13000"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9897369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii triggers heterophil extracellular traps via NADPH oxidase, ERK_1/2 and P38 signalling pathways, glycolysis and autophagy in chickens.","authors":"Meiyi Chen,&nbsp;Zha Jin,&nbsp;Qinqin Jin,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Xinxin Gao,&nbsp;Hongrong Hong,&nbsp;Yuxiao Qian,&nbsp;Yuqian Jiang,&nbsp;Quan Liu,&nbsp;Zhengkai Wei","doi":"10.1111/pim.13001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite with a global distribution. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are a novel innate immune mechanism of chickens against pathogens, but whether T. gondii can induce HETs release in chickens has not been reported. The effects of T. gondii on heterophils viability were assessed by using Cell Counting Kit-8. T. gondii-induced HETs were observed and analysed by the immunofluorescence method. T. gondii-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by the DCFH-DA method. The mechanisms underlying T. gondii-triggered HETs were investigated by inhibitors and fluorescence microplate reader. T. gondii did not significantly affect heterophils viability at a 1:1 ratio within 1 h. It was demonstrated for the first time that T. gondii could induce HETs release in chicken, and the structure of HETs was comprised of DNA, elastase and citrullinated histone 3 (citH3). T. gondii increased ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK_1/2 ) and P38 signalling pathways, glycolysis and autophagy significantly decreased the release of T. gondii-induced HETs. Taken together, T. gondii can induce HETs release in chickens, and ROS, NADPH oxidase, ERK_1/2 and P38 signalling pathways, glycolysis and autophagy participate in the process of HETs release, which provides new insights into the innate immune mechanism of chickens against T. gondii infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"45 8","pages":"e13001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9845929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}