Parasite Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Systematic Review of Vaccine Strategies Against Tritrichomonas foetus Infection in Cattle: Insights, Challenges, and Prospects.","authors":"John Harvey M Santos, Gry B Boe-Hansen, Hannah V Siddle, Loan T Nguyen, Ali Raza, Michael McGowan, Kieren D McCosker, Ala E Tabor","doi":"10.1111/pim.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that causes bovine trichomonosis (also referred to as trichomoniasis) resulting in substantial economic loss in extensive grazing systems. The parasite colonises the reproductive tracts of both male and female cattle, being asymptomatic in males but causing early reproductive failure in infected females. This systematic review aimed to examine research manuscripts describing the development of T. foetus vaccines, the strategies employed, and the immune response associated with T. foetus infection. A systematic review was conducted using indexed sources on Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase to search for published vaccine development studies in English utilising either experimental or commercial T. foetus vaccines for bovine trichomonosis. Search terms (cattle, bull, heifer, vaccine, immune response, and Tritrichomonas foetus) were entered into the indexed sources and with no limit was set for the year of publication. Among 374 studies imported for screening, 96 were duplicates, and 255 were excluded for irrelevancy as these studies did not meet the inclusion criteria (report original data, vaccine tests in cattle, and used either commercial or experimental vaccines that incorporated antigens from T. foetus). A further five studies were excluded after full-text review as either the publication described a different target pathogen or the full text was not in English. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to data extraction using the Covidence platform. Studies included in the systematic review reported three vaccine strategies, including subunit, cell fraction, and whole-cell killed vaccines. This review considers the design, rationale, and results of each of the 18 studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and to inform future research agendas. While whole-cell killed vaccines are most prevalent, they have shown superior efficacy compared to subunit vaccines studied to date. One study using a purified fractions of T. foetus cell membranes as vaccine demonstrated higher efficacy and higher calving rates compared to the whole-cell killed vaccine. All of these methods require cell culture growth of T. foetus which can be challenging compared to the production of recombinant proteins. At this stage, no T. foetus recombinant antigens have been reported. Advances in understanding the parasite's genome, pathogenesis, host-parasite interactions, and host immune responses to T. foetus will provide opportunities for the development of novel vaccine strategies for bovine trichomonosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 1","pages":"e70003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11751591/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage Polarisation During Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection in Mice.","authors":"Marina Floro E Silva, Guilherme Augusto Sanches Roque, Lilian de Oliveira Coser, Genesy Pérez Jorge, Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira, Francisca Janaína Soares Rocha, Selma Giorgio","doi":"10.1111/pim.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Macrophages are host cells for parasite replication and act as effector cells against the parasite. The two main macrophage phenotypes (M1 and M2) and their polarisation states have been implicated in Leishmania infection despite scarce data on L. (V.) braziliensis. In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial distribution and predominance of M1 and M2 macrophages during L. (V.) braziliensis infection in Balb/c mice. Animals were infected with L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes and were monitored for 25 weeks. Histopathological evaluation of footpad lesions, regional lymph nodes, and spleen; cellularity; and macrophage population quantification of M1, and M2 macrophages by flow cytometry were performed in different tissues. The results showed that after infection with either strain of L. (V.) braziliensis the lesions were small and non-ulcerated. The dissemination of parasites to tissues reinforced the characteristic visualisation of dermotropicL. (V.) braziliensis. The proportion of M2 macrophages in different tissues was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages. Overall, the results reported here confirm that Leishmania an intracellular parasite, promotes and influences macrophage phenotype polarisation in different tissues over time, and researchers testing therapies based on macrophage phenotype regulation should consider this evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"47 1","pages":"e70001"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthelmintic Treatment Reveals Sex-Dependent Worm-Gut Microbiota Interactions.","authors":"Kate A Sabey, Avina Castro, Se Jin Song, Rob Knight, Vanessa O Ezenwa","doi":"10.1111/pim.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal helminths interact with the gut microbiota in ways that shape microbiota structure and function, but these effects are highly inconsistent across studies. One factor that may help explain variation in parasite-microbiota interactions is host sex since helminths can induce sex-specific changes in feeding behaviour and diet that might cascade to shape gut microbial communities. We tested this idea using an anthelmintic treatment experiment in wild Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti). We found that in males, anthelmintic treatment induced short-term shifts in microbial diversity and structure within ~40-70 days, but in females, treatment had effects on microbiota structure that emerged over a longer period of ~500 days. Long-term effects of treatment on the microbiota of females were potentially due to sex-specific changes in feeding behaviour since deworming nearly doubled the time females spent feeding, but did not affect feeding time in males. In support of this idea, anthelmintic treatment eliminated associations between microbial diversity and diet in females, and treated females maintained a more stable abundance of microbial taxa and predicted functions. Together, these findings suggest that accounting for host traits can help uncover mechanisms, such as changes in diet, by which helminths interact with the microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 12","pages":"e70000"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Antileishmanial and Immune Modulation of Trigonelline Against Leishmania major.","authors":"Elaheh Esmaeili, Ebrahim Saedi Dezaki, Hossin Amini-Khoei, Kobra Mokhtarian, Rahman Abdizadeh, Majid Esmaili, Hadi Raesi","doi":"10.1111/pim.13076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanistic study of new pharmaceutical compounds is crucial for evaluating their efficacy, identifying potential side effects, and optimising drug formulations. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of trigonelline on the promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). An initial in silico study was conducted to examine the pharmacological effects of trigonelline using molecular docking to evaluate the potential binding affinity of trigonelline with nitrate, a crucial molecule in the macrophage immune response against Leishmania. In this experimental study, the inhibitory mechanism of trigonelline on promastigotes was evaluated by measuring metacaspase expression levels. In the amastigote stage of L. major, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) genes were assessed using Real-time PCR. Trigonelline demonstrated a high-binding affinity to the iNOS molecule in computer modelling. In macrophages treated with various concentrations of trigonelline, glucantime and their combination, the expression levels of metacaspase, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS genes significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05), whereas IL-10 and TGF-β gene expression levels significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Trigonelline exerts its antileishmanial effects through its high antioxidant properties, non-cytotoxicity to macrophages, and its ability to enhance apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in promastigotes of L. major.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 12","pages":"e13076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Gamma Rays in Attenuation of Toxoplasma gondii Pathogenicity and Eliciting Immune Response in Mice.","authors":"Eman E El Shanawany, Salwa Sami Younis, Waleed A Nemr, Soad E Hassan, Rabab S Zalat, Hassan M Desouky, Raafat M Shaapan, Eman H Abdel-Rahman","doi":"10.1111/pim.13077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma irradiation was applied to the tachyzoites Toxoplasma gondii virulent strain at doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 KGy. Radiation's effects were assessed both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, the modest dosage of radiation, 0.25 KGy, showed 97% tachyzoites viability with only slight surface abnormalities and a normal crescent form using a scanning electron microscope. Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE demonstrated that while higher doses of radiation altered the protein banding profile, the 0.25 KGy irradiated tachyzoites showed no significant changes compared to the control (non-irradiated tachyzoites). While, tachyzoites exposed to the higher dose of irradiation (1, 1.5 and 2 KGy) resulted in the appearance of a new protein band as the molecular weights detected were 60, 30 and 10 kDa for antigens prepared from tachyzoites exposed to 1 kDa, and 1.5 and 60, 28 kDa for antigen prepared from tachyzoites exposed to 2 KGy. The immunogenicity of the tachyzoites exposed to radiation did not reveal any significant change in comparison with no irradiated tachyzoites when tested by ELISA using sheep-infected sera. A study conducted in vivo evaluated the infectivity of irradiation tachyzoites by inoculating mice with a 2500 tachyzoites virulent strain/mouse. There are six groups of mice, each with twelve animals, for the six doses of radiation. Mice harbouring irradiation tachyzoites remained viable until 40 days post-inoculation. On the other hand, the mice of control group had a mean survival time of 6.5 ± 0.22 days, and none of them survived past 7 dpi. Comparing the attenuated T. gondii tachyzoites at 0.25 KGy to the control group and other groups injected with irradiated tachyzoites, the results showed statistically significant increases in total IgG. Compared to other irradiation groups, the group injected with 0.25 KGy irradiated tachyzoites had a considerably higher level of IFN γ and IL17 (p < 0.000001). The groups which received 0.25 and 0.5 KGy irradiated tachyzoites as an injection showed no discernible variation in their higher levels of IL12. The findings imply that gamma irradiation was successful in reducing the pathogenicity of the T. gondii virulent strain while preserving the potential of the irradiated tachyzoites to induce an immunological reaction. An investigation into this immune response's immunoprotective potential is advised.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 12","pages":"e13077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consideration of Diagnostic Methods for Cutaneous Larva Migrans in the Sole of an 8-Year-Old Boy.","authors":"Makoto Kondo, Koji Habe, Mio Tanaka, Keiichi Yamanaka","doi":"10.1111/pim.13078","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.13078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An 8-year-old boy developed serpiginous erythema on the soles of his feet and was diagnosed with cutaneous larva migrans (CLM). Following treatment with ivermectin, the erythema improved within 7 days, but it recurred 14 days later, requiring a second dose for complete resolution. Ultrasound and MRI did not reveal any parasites, but fluctuations in eosinophils, IgE and IgA levels were observed during treatment. This case highlights the importance of combining multiple diagnostic methods to evaluate treatment effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 12","pages":"e13078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Fasciola hepatica Infection and Triclabendazole Treatment on Humoral Immune Response in Cattle.","authors":"Monique Costa, Anderson Saravia, Diego Ubios, Claudio Paolazzi, Alejandra Capozzo, Teresa Freire","doi":"10.1111/pim.13079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite of significant veterinary and public health importance, causing economic losses in livestock due to liver damage, weight loss and reduced milk production. Although triclabendazole (TCZ) is available for treatment, it does not prevent the disease or reinfection. Infected animals exhibit strong immunoregulation, increasing susceptibility to secondary infections and altering vaccine-induced antibody responses. This study investigates the humoral immune response in cattle infected with F. hepatica at different stages of infection and evaluates the effect of TCZ treatment on this response. It also examines how fasciolosis affects the antibody response induced by bacterial vaccines during early and chronic infection stages. Experimental infections in steers were conducted, with faecal and plasma samples collected at various intervals. The results showed a decrease in parasite-specific antibody avidity during infection. However, F. hepatica infection did not substantially modify antibody response to bacterial vaccines. This study underscores the need for further research on the impact of fasciolosis and its treatment on livestock vaccination efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 12","pages":"e13079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T. Muris Infection Dynamics of a Fresh, Wild Isolate: Is the Established E Isolate Still Relevant?","authors":"Iris Mair, Alexander R Bennett, Ruth Forman, Abdulrazzag A Othman, Larisa Logunova, Hannah Smith, Ann E Lowe, Janette E Bradley, David J Thornton, Kathryn J Else","doi":"10.1111/pim.13072","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.13072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For decades, parasitic worms such as Trichuris muris have been maintained in laboratory animals, providing insights into host-parasite interactions and host immune responses. The most used T. muris isolate is the E isolate, established in the laboratory in 1954. However, one concern with these model systems is the potential for laboratory-induced selection and therefore changes in host-parasite interactions. To address these concerns, we compare the E isolate with a recently isolated T. muris isolate (M isolate), established from wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus, Isle of May, UK), in their capacity to infect laboratory mice. High dose infection of C57BL/6 mice revealed that significantly more parasites of the M isolate survived to the adult stage compared to the E isolate. Worm persistence was associated with heightened TNF-α and IL-10 secretion upon parasite-specific re-stimulation, and higher serum IgG1 and IgG2c levels, concomitant with an increase in T-bet⁺ and ICOS⁺ CD4⁺ T effector-memory cells. Differences in host response to the isolates were not as pronounced during low dose infection. Our study highlights the need for regular evaluation of lab-maintained parasite isolates against freshly isolated parasites to understand whether the established lab strains remain relevant model systems for our understanding of parasitic infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 11","pages":"e13072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142546668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection of BALB/c Mice Perturbs Host Neurochemistry.","authors":"Aisha A Abdelati Abdelsalam, Stuart Woods, Selina Henriquez, Lucy Curran, Gareth Westrop, Craig W Roberts","doi":"10.1111/pim.13073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii infection has been associated with psychoneurological disease in humans and behavioural changes in rodents. However, the mechanisms accounting for this have not been fully described and in some cases could be argued to reflect the severe neuropathology that some mice suffer during infection. Herein we employ a multi-omics approach to extensively examine BALB/c mice that are resistant to toxoplasmic encephalitis. Using a combination of LCMS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and RNAseq we demonstrate that infection alters the neurochemistry and the transcriptome of the brains of BALB/c mice. Notable changes to tryptophan, purine, arginine, nicotinamide and carnitine metabolism were observed in infected mice and this was accompanied with changes to the levels of a number of transcripts associated with enzymes these metabolic pathways. In addition, changes were seen in transcripts of many immunologically important genes known to contribute to immunity to T. gondii. Changes in the levels of additional transcripts during infection have previously been associated with psychoneurological diseases. The results demonstrate that the BALB/c mouse, with its relatively mild neurological disease, is a useful model for characterising the effects of T. gondii infection on murine neurochemistry. The results also implicate specific biochemical pathways in mediating these changes and should inform further mechanistic studies and suggest therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 11","pages":"e13073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of an FhSAMS Vaccine Against Fasciola hepatica in Dairy Cattle.","authors":"Kelvinson Fernandes Viana, Natânia do Carmo Sperandio, Felipe Berbari Neto, Dirlei Molinari Donatele, Adrieli Barboza de Souza, Angelo Gabriel Vidal Dos Santos, Açucena Veleh Rivas, Ema Carolina de Almeida Barcellos, Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins","doi":"10.1111/pim.13074","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pim.13074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fasciolosis is a parasitosis of great importance for livestock, as well as for public health, as it is considered by the WHO as a neglected disease. Disease control is complex and reinfections make the use of therapeutic products an unsustainable method from an economic, environmental and health point of view. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new vaccine formulation for dairy cattle, containing soluble Fasciola hepatica antigens associated with Montanide 763 AVG and saponin adjuvants (FhSAMS). The vaccine was tested with two protocols, a single dose and a booster dose 6 months after the first dose. The FhSAMS vaccine proved to be safe, with no side effects. Furthermore, it was able to generate a more robust humoral immune response when a six-month booster dose was used, in addition to stimulating greater production of IFN-ʏ, indicating a Th1 profile immune stimulus.</p>","PeriodicalId":19931,"journal":{"name":"Parasite Immunology","volume":"46 11","pages":"e13074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}