Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Discovery of a Novel <i>Lysinibacillus</i> Species from Indonesian Peat Soil with Potent Anti Multidrug-Resistant Activity.","authors":"Dede Mahdiyah, Nur Hidayah, Putri Vidiasari Darsono, Bayu Hari Mukti","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.95.101","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.95.101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Peatlands are unique ecosystems rich in microbial diversity, including bacteria with potential antibiotic activity. This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of bacteria from Indonesian peat soil, particularly their potential to produce antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, including Methicillin-Resistant &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; (MRSA). &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Bacterial isolates were rejuvenated on nutrient agar and subjected to antimicrobial activity testing using the Bauer & Kirby diffusion method against MRSA. The bacterial strain exhibiting the strongest activity was further analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing for genetic identification. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using NCBI BLAST, followed by a statistical comparison of inhibition zones to assess antimicrobial efficacy. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Antimicrobial activity testing revealed that isolate 10 PS exhibited a larger inhibition zone against MRSA than the positive control, Ampicillin, indicating its strong antibiotic potential. Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed that the isolate belonged to the &lt;i&gt;Lysinibacillus&lt;/i&gt; genus, though significant branch divergence suggested it may represent a novel species. This isolate's lack of endospore production, typically characteristic of the genus, alongside its isolation from the unique Indonesian peatland ecosystem, suggests potential microbial adaptations to environmental pressures. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; These findings highlight the potential of peat soil bacteria as a valuable source of novel antibiotics, particularly against MDR pathogens like MRSA. The proposed new species, isolate 10 PS (cataloged as SUB14736623), expands taxonomic knowledge of &lt;i&gt;Lysinibacillus&lt;/i&gt; and holds promise for developing natural antibiotic treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 2","pages":"95-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Ethanolic <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. (Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1) Extracts Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria.","authors":"Nipaporn Armassa, Duanpen Wongsorn, Benya Saenmahayak, Surachai Rattanasu","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.1.7","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Amid the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance, the exploration of new sources has become essential, with plants serving as a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds. &lt;i&gt;Cannabis sativa&lt;/i&gt; has attracted significant research interest for its antimicrobial properties and broad applications in medicine, industry and nutrition. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from the stems and leaves of the Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1 strain against twelve human pathogenic bacteria. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Stems and leaves from the Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1 strain were subjected to ethanol extraction. The primary antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 was assessed using the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined via the broth microdilution method. The inhibition zone diameter (mm) was analyzed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with the SAS software. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The findings revealed that the ethanolic extract from the leaves of Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1 produced the largest inhibition zone diameter of 10.00 mm against &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; TISTR 008. The MIC and MBC of the leaf extract showed the lowest values of 0.09 and 0.19 mg/mL, respectively, recorded against &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; TISTR 1466. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; This is the first report on the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts from the leaves and stems of Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan ST1, which offers potential benefits for developing natural antibiotic drugs to combat infections caused by the tested pathogenic bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Cadmium-Reducing Bacteria from Contaminated Coastal Sediment in the Northern Coast of Indramayu, Indonesia.","authors":"Tri Dewi Kusumaningrum Pribadi, Buntora Pasaribu, Kalysta Fellatami, Jiang Mingguo, Azimah Ismail, Choerunnisa Febriani, Ching Fui Fui, Yudi Nurul Ihsan","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.102.110","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.102.110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Cadmium (Cd) is one of the heavy metal pollutants and its accumulation impacts the sustainability of marine organisms. Current research aimed to isolate and identify the cadmium-reducing bacteria from contaminated coastal sediment in Karangsong Port, Indramayu, Indonesia. The isolates were investigated for their potential to reduce cadmium and showed the cadmium reduction drastically up to 50% at 6 hrs treated under different cadmium concentrations of 0, 5, 1 and 1.5 ppm, respectively. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Morphological characteristics were observed in most of the isolates. Out of 8 isolates, two selected strains such as Karangsong Cd 3 and Cd 7 were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as &lt;i&gt;Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii&lt;/i&gt; strain KMM 3549 (Acc. No. NR 025139.1) and &lt;i&gt;Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis&lt;/i&gt; GFC strain IAM 14160 (Acc. No. NR 041787.1), respectively. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The cadmium resistance profile showed that the selected isolates were resistant to various concentrations of cadmium (Cd). The isolates reduced the concentration of cadmium drastically up to 50% at 6 hrs. The results demonstrated the two bacteria are possible to remove the cadmium from seawater containing cadmium. The gram staining showed bacterial colony morphology were diplobacilli and coccobacillus. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; These results suggested that the Karangsong Cd 3 and Cd 7 could facilitate the new references of future microbial applications for bioremediation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 2","pages":"102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laccase Characterization from <i>Ganoderma</i> <i>lucidum</i> Grown in Pineapple and Coffee Waste Substrates under Solid Fermentation.","authors":"Tri Yuliana, Annisa Fauziah, Efri Mardawati, Herlina Marta, Ratu Safitri, Annisa Krama","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.16.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2025.16.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Laccase as a ligninolytic enzyme has been known for its green-catalysis mechanism, which has the potential to be applied to food industries. Lignocellulose found in agro-industrial waste is promising for laccase production as a substrate, that could be encountered in pineapple (&lt;i&gt;Ananas comosus&lt;/i&gt;) and Arabica coffee (&lt;i&gt;Coffea arabica&lt;/i&gt;) industrial residue. To boost enzyme activity, laccase characterization was performed using &lt;i&gt;Ganoderma lucidum&lt;/i&gt; under solid-state fermentation. This study aims to determine the lignocellulosic waste substrate that can produce the highest laccase activity and evaluate the effect of lignocellulosic substrate types under solid-state fermentation. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; There were 3 variants of lignocellulosic substrates used, consisting of pineapple peel, pineapple leaf and coffee husk. Characterization was carried out during pre-production by determining lignocellulose composition by Van Soest method and qualitative assay of &lt;i&gt;G. lucidum&lt;/i&gt; laccase, continued with post-production including dry cell weight, pH measurement during fermentation and laccase activity. Laccase activity was statistically analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The characterization indicated that the type of substrate used had the potential to be used as a substrate in laccase production from &lt;i&gt;G. lucidum&lt;/i&gt; under solid-state fermentation. The highest laccase activity was obtained on sample coffee husk S&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; on the 8th day of incubation with average values of laccase activity 2622.07±68.49 U/L. Based on ANOVA results, types of lignocellulosic waste substrates used have significant effects on laccase activity. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Ganoderma lucidum&lt;/i&gt; has the potential to produce laccase enriched with pineapple waste and coffee husk substrates under solid fermentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Antibacterial Activity of <i>Oroxylum indicum</i> (L.) Kurz Extracts Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Roi Et Hospital.","authors":"Surachai Rattanasuk, Premruthai Hamcumpai, Methus Wongkamjan, Rujirek Boongapim, Auemporn Junsongduang","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.88.94","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.88.94","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Oroxylum indicum&lt;/i&gt;, a plant commonly used in traditional medicine to address various human ailments, has recently gained attention as a promising candidate in this regard due to its rich phytochemical composition and potential antibacterial properties. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of &lt;i&gt;O. indicum&lt;/i&gt; extracts, specifically from its leaves and stems, against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Stems and leaves of &lt;i&gt;O. indicum&lt;/i&gt; were extracted using ethanol, hexane and dichloromethane. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was initially evaluated through the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. The inhibition zone diameters (mm) were statistically analyzed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) in SAS software at a p-value threshold of <0.05. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The ethanolic stem and leaf extracts of &lt;i&gt;Oroxylum&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;indicum&lt;/i&gt; produced the largest inhibition zone of 11 mm against &lt;i&gt;Proteus mirabilis&lt;/i&gt;, highlighting a significant antibacterial response. Further analysis showed that the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was recorded at 1.56 mg/mL in these ethanolic extracts, effective against both &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Proteus mirabilis&lt;/i&gt;. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was observed at 6.25 mg/mL for these bacteria, indicating a potent bactericidal effect. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; This study represents the first documented instance of &lt;i&gt;O. indicum&lt;/i&gt; extracts effectively targeting antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thereby underscoring their potential as a foundation for developing new antibiotics. The findings pave the way for further research and development, contributing to the critical pursuit of novel therapeutic agents to combat resistant bacterial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 2","pages":"88-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Diketopiperazines from <i>Streptomyces antimicrobicus</i> BN122, an Endophyte in <i>Oryza sativa</i> var. glutinosa.","authors":"Thongchai Taechowisan, Thanaporn Chuen-Im, Waya S Phutdhawong","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.27.37","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.27.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objectives:&lt;/b&gt; This study characterized a bacterial strain, BN122, isolated from the root tissues of purple sticky rice (&lt;i&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/i&gt; L. var. glutinosa). Identified as &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces antimicrobicus&lt;/i&gt; based on 16S rDNA analysis and physical-chemical properties, the aim was to isolate and evaluate the antibacterial and anticancer activities of its bioactive compounds. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The major compounds were purified from BN122's culture extract using column chromatography and TLC. The NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry confirmed their identities as Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Val), Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Leu), Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Trp) and Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe). The antibacterial and anticancer activities of these compounds were subsequently assessed. Statistical significance was determined using SPSS software. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Isolated compounds exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 32 to 256 μg/mL, while minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were between 128 and 512 μg/mL. Compounds demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, with IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values ranging from 32.00 to 57.08 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231 cells, 85.73 to 158.93 μg/mL for HeLa cells and 276.89 to 323.48 μg/mL for HepG2 cells. Notably, these compounds exhibited moderate toxicity towards non-cancerous Vero cells (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 482.73 to 680.87 μg/mL). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The findings suggested that &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces antimicrobicus&lt;/i&gt; BN122 produces compounds with promising antibacterial and anticancer properties. Further research on these compounds could contribute to developing novel therapeutic strategies for bacterial infections and certain cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"27-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Black Soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr] by Using RAPD and ISSR Markers.","authors":"Thanh Tuan Nguyen, Van Loc Nguyen, Quoc Khanh Nguyen, Truong Son Dinh, Thi Huong Giang Doan, Thi Lieu Le","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.38.47","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.38.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Black soybeans [&lt;i&gt;Glycine max&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Merr] are among the important crops, but the cultivated resources are normally low-yielding, susceptible to diseases and low profit. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the genetic diversity of black soybean germplasms for breeding programs. This study investigates the genetic diversity of 22 black soybean varieties by RAPD and ISSR markers. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Twenty two black soybean genotypes in Vietnam were evaluated for genetic diversity by using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Data were scored following a binary matrix and analyzed using NTSYSpc 2.1 (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System). &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; All 20 RAPD and 11 ISSR markers produced scorable bands. As 230 loci were investigated over the population, of which 107 were polymorphic, accounting for 46.5%. The collection of 22 black soybean varieties had a relatively close relationship with high genetic similarity coefficients, ranging from 0.71-0.99. Two main genetic clusters were classified. The RAPD markers showed better performance than ISSR markers in evaluating the genetic diversity of these 22 black soybean varieties. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The results of this study display that 22 Vietnamese black soybean varieties are relatively identical in genetics. The study is suitable for breeding programs to improve black soybean varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutraceutical and Ethnopharmacological Properties of <i>Searsia lancea</i> (L.f.) F.A.Barkley (Family Anacardiaceae): A Narrative Review.","authors":"Alfred Maroyi","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.60.69","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.60.69","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;i&gt;Searsia lancea &lt;/i&gt;(L.f.) F.A.Barkley is an evergreen tree well-known for its edible fruits and is also widely used in traditional medicine. The current study was aimed at documenting medicinal and traditional uses of &lt;i&gt;S. lancea&lt;/i&gt; and its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Research articles on nutraceutical and ethnopharmacological properties of &lt;i&gt;S. lancea&lt;/i&gt; were searched from online databases such as PubMed&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;, Web of Science, SciELO, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;, SpringerLink&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; and Scopus&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; and also pre-electronic literature obtained from the university library. &lt;i&gt;Searsia lancea&lt;/i&gt; is used as ethnoveterinary medicine and as traditional medicine for fever, measles, sores, wounds, diabetes, sexually transmitted infections, gastrointestinal problems and skin and respiratory infections. Chemical compounds identified from &lt;i&gt;S. lancea&lt;/i&gt; include alcohol, alkane, amide, flavonoids, naphthalene, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, anthraquinones and volatile compounds. &lt;i&gt;Searsia lancea &lt;/i&gt;crude extracts demonstrated anthelmintic, antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anticholinesterase (AChE), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and nematicidal activities. This review highlights the need for detailed nutraceutical and ethnopharmacological studies of &lt;i&gt;S. lancea&lt;/i&gt; focusing on its nutritional, phytochemical, biological and toxicological properties, &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; and clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 2","pages":"60-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Therapeutic Effect of Vitamin C on Methotrexate- Induced Damage in the Cerebral Cortex.","authors":"Ali Hassan Abdou Ali, Amany Mostafa Abo-Ouf, Heba Abdelnaser Aboelsoud, Mohammed Nawaf Alharbi, Aryaf Mohammed Almutairi, Abdullah Fahad Aljarboa, Nasser Ibrahim Alshumaymiri, Abdallah Saleh Alayyaf, Abdulaziz Muidh Alshamrani, Abdullah Taysir Alhaddad, Dhafer Mana Alamri, Abdullah Mohammed Alqahtani, Salem Abdulhadi Aldosari","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.8.15","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.8.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Methotrexate is an anti-metabolic medication used to treat cancer. It causes oxidative stress in nerve tissue and has neurotoxic effects. A strong antioxidant and effective free radical scavenger is vitamin C. The current research aims to investigate the potential protective impact of vitamin C and the toxic consequences of methotrexate. &lt;strong&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Thirty-six rats were used in this research and group one (Group 1) got no treatment at all. For 4 weeks, (Group 2) underwent a single intraperitoneal injection of methotrexate at a dose of 20 mg/kg once a week and (Group 3) got methotrexate at the same dosage as Group 2 and vitamin C (20 mg/kg) intragastrically every other day for four weeks. Rats were killed after the experiment and brain hemispheres were removed and prepared for light microscopic analysis. The cerebral hemispheres were ready for biochemical analysis to determine the brain tissue's concentrations of MDA, CAT, GSH and SOD. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 20. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In the methotrexate (2)-treated group, there were histological alterations manifested as a reduction in granular layer thickness. Purkinje cells exhibit a reduction in number, a shrinking of the cell bodies and a loss of monolaminar organization. Reduced cellularity was seen in the molecular layer. These cellular alterations are lessened and the thickness of the granular and molecular cell layers is restored following vitamin C treatment. When compared to the MTX+Vitamin C group, vitamin C greatly attenuates the biochemical and histological alterations caused by MTX. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Results concluded that although methotrexate is a toxic medication that damages the brain cortex, its toxicity is reduced when vitamin C is taken with it.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"8-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Responses to Salinity Stress at the Germination Phase in Eight Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Cultivars Cultivated in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.","authors":"Song Ai Nio, Daniel Peter Mantilen Ludong, Ratna Siahaan","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.70.77","DOIUrl":"10.3923/pjbs.2025.70.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The biodiversity of rice cultivars, including local rice from North Sulawesi, represents a potential source of germplasm for fulfilling national food needs. A few publications related to the characteristics of salinity stress resistance in rice cultivars, including local rice from North Sulawesi. This study aimed to examine the morphological response to salinity stress at the germination phase in eight rice cultivars cultivated in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The randomized block design experiment was conducted in the laboratory using eight rice cultivars (Superwin, Ombong, Temo, Burungan, Ciherang, Inpari 31, Inpago 10 and TB) using the Roll Paper Test method during the germination phase. The treatments in this experiment were salinity stress of 0, 10, 20 and 30% seawater for 14 days. The morphological characteristics evaluated as a response to salinity stress consisted of germination percentage, normal germination percentage, root length, shoot length and root-to-shoot ratio. To determine the significant differences and interactions between treatments (where, p<0.05), the data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) 5%. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Salinity stress reduced germination rates, including overall and normal germination and shorter shoot and root lengths. However, this stress caused an increase in the root-to-shoot ratio. The Roll Paper Test with salinity treatment at the germination phase could be used as a simple selection method to obtain salinity-tolerant-rice cultivars. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Shoot length and root-to-shoot ratio were potential morphological indicators for salinity tolerance in rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19800,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"28 2","pages":"70-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}