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Gut hormone analogues and skeletal health in diabetes and obesity: Evidence from preclinical models 肠道激素类似物与糖尿病和肥胖症患者的骨骼健康：来自临床前模型的证据

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171228

Guillaume Mabilleau , Béatrice Bouvard

{"title":"Gut hormone analogues and skeletal health in diabetes and obesity: Evidence from preclinical models","authors":"Guillaume Mabilleau , Béatrice Bouvard","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes mellitus and obesity are rapidly growing worldwide. Aside from metabolic disturbances, these two disorders also affect bone with a higher prevalence of bone fractures. In the last decade, a growing body of evidence suggested that several gut hormones, including ghrelin, gastrin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2, respectively) may affect bone physiology. Several gut hormone analogues have been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and could represent a new alternative in the therapeutic arsenal against bone fragility. In the present review, a summary of the physiological roles of these gut hormones and their analogues is presented at the cellular level but also in several preclinical models of bone fragility disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially on bone mineral density, microarchitecture and bone material properties. The present review also summarizes the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the more recent dual or triple analogue on bone physiology and strength.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978124000810/pdfft?md5=eba33bf9dbd0abaf0ff48022f97fe49c&pid=1-s2.0-S0196978124000810-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140644239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intestinal expression profiles and hepatic expression of LEAP2, ghrelin and their common receptor, GHSR, in humans 人体内 LEAP2、胃泌素及其共同受体 GHSR 的肠道表达谱和肝脏表达情况

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171227

Anders Englund , Hannah Gilliam-Vigh , Malte P. Suppli , Lærke S. Gasbjerg , Tina Vilsbøll , Filip K. Knop

{"title":"Intestinal expression profiles and hepatic expression of LEAP2, ghrelin and their common receptor, GHSR, in humans","authors":"Anders Englund , Hannah Gilliam-Vigh , Malte P. Suppli , Lærke S. Gasbjerg , Tina Vilsbøll , Filip K. Knop","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) and ghrelin have reciprocal effects on their common receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin is considered a gastric hormone and LEAP2 a liver-derived hormone and both have been proposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the mRNA expression of LEAP2, ghrelin and GHSR along the intestinal tract of individuals with and without TD2, and in the liver of men with and without obesity. Mucosal biopsies retrieved with 30-cm intervals throughout the small intestine and from 7 well-defined locations along the large intestine from 12 individuals with T2D and 12 healthy controls together with liver biopsies from 15 men with obesity and 15 lean men were subjected to bulk transcriptomics analysis. Both in individuals with and without T2D, mRNA expression of LEAP2 increased through the small intestine until dropping at the ileocecal valve, with little LEAP2 mRNA expression in the large intestine. Pronounced LEAP2 expression was observed in the liver of men with and without obesity. Robust ghrelin mRNA expression was observed in the duodenum of individuals with and without T2D, gradually decreasing along the small intestine with little expression in the large intestine. Ghrelin mRNA expression was not detected in the liver biopsies, and GHSR mRNA expression was not. In conclusion, we provide unique mRNA expression profiles of LEAP2, ghrelin and GHSR along the human intestinal tract showing no T2D-associated changes, and in the liver showing no differences between men with and without obesity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978124000809/pdfft?md5=96f90fe413de8e708df826740b998f9a&pid=1-s2.0-S0196978124000809-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140780511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computer vision analysis of mother-infant interaction identified efficient pup retrieval in V1b receptor knockout mice 对母婴互动的计算机视觉分析确定了 V1b 受体基因敲除小鼠的高效幼崽检索能力

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171226

Chortip Sajjaviriya, Fujianti , Morio Azuma, Hiroyoshi Tsuchiya, Taka-aki Koshimizu

{"title":"Computer vision analysis of mother-infant interaction identified efficient pup retrieval in V1b receptor knockout mice","authors":"Chortip Sajjaviriya, Fujianti , Morio Azuma, Hiroyoshi Tsuchiya, Taka-aki Koshimizu","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Close contact between lactating rodent mothers and their infants is essential for effective nursing. Whether the mother’s effort to retrieve the infants to their nest requires the vasopressin-signaling via V1b receptor has not been fully defined. To address this question, V1b receptor knockout (V1bKO) and control mice were analyzed in pup retrieval test. Because an exploring mother in a new test cage randomly accessed to multiple infants in changing backgrounds over time, a computer vision-based deep learning analysis was applied to continuously calculate the distances between the mother and the infants as a parameter of their relationship. In an open-field, a virgin female V1bKO mice entered fewer times into the center area and moved shorter distances than wild-type (WT). While this behavioral pattern persisted in V1bKO mother, the pup retrieval test demonstrated that total distances between a V1bKO mother and infants came closer in a shorter time than with a WT mother. Moreover, in the medial preoptic area, parts of the V1b receptor transcripts were detected in galanin- and <em>c-fos</em>-positive neurons following maternal stimulation by infants. This research highlights the effectiveness of deep learning analysis in evaluating the mother-infant relationship and the critical role of V1b receptor in pup retrieval during the early lactation phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140645850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Potential role of oxytocin in the regulation of memories and treatment of memory disorders 催产素在调节记忆和治疗记忆障碍方面的潜在作用

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171222

Vaibhav Walia , Pranay Wal , Shweta Mishra , Ankur Agrawal , Sourabh Kosey , Aditya Dilipkumar Patil

{"title":"Potential role of oxytocin in the regulation of memories and treatment of memory disorders","authors":"Vaibhav Walia , Pranay Wal , Shweta Mishra , Ankur Agrawal , Sourabh Kosey , Aditya Dilipkumar Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oxytocin (OXT) is an “affiliative” hormone or neurohormone or neuropeptide consists of nine amino acids, synthesized in magnocellular neurons of paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of hypothalamus. OXT receptors are widely distributed in various region of brain and OXT has been shown to regulate various social and nonsocial behavior. Hippocampus is the main region which regulates the learning and memory. Hippocampus particularly regulates the acquisition of new memories and retention of acquired memories. OXT has been shown to regulate the synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and consolidation of memories. Further, findings from both preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that the OXT treatment improves performance in memory related task. Various trials have suggested the positive impact of intranasal OXT in the dementia patients. However, these studies are limited in number. In the present study authors have highlighted the role of OXT in the formation and retrieval of memories. Further, the study demonstrated the outcome of OXT treatment in various memory and related disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140645843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reduced plasma cortistatin is related to clinical parameters in patients with essential hypertension 血浆皮质素降低与重度高血压患者的临床参数有关

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171225

Wenjia Chen , Yu Fu , Yuanyuan Jin , Wanqiu Zheng , Yue Liu

{"title":"Reduced plasma cortistatin is related to clinical parameters in patients with essential hypertension","authors":"Wenjia Chen , Yu Fu , Yuanyuan Jin , Wanqiu Zheng , Yue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171225","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171225","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Cortistatin (CST), an endogenous bioactive polypeptide, has been acknowledged for its protective effect against several cardiovascular diseases, but its relationship with hypertension remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate changes in plasma CST in hypertensive patients and further analyze correlations with blood pressure, metabolic parameters and left ventricular structure and function.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this hospital-based study, basic information and plasma samples for evaluating clinically relevant indicators such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), fasting blood glucose (FGB), serum creatinine (Scr) and CST were collected from 81 essential hypertension patients and 75 normotensive subjects. Plasma CST levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared with normotensive subjects, plasma CST was significantly lower in hypertensive patients. Plasma CST levels in hypertensive patients without blood pressure control was significantly lower than those of hypertensive patients with blood pressure control. Plasma CST levels were significantly negatively correlated with SBP and serum creatinine (Scr) in the overall population. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the OR of CST for hypertension was 0.64 using the unadjusted model, and there was still statistical significance using the four-adjusted model.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The circulating concentration of CST was significantly lower in hypertensive patients and was higher after blood pressure control, suggesting that CST may be a new endogenous protective target for hypertension.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140786423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incretin hormones, obesity and gut microbiota 分泌激素、肥胖和肠道微生物群

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171216

Giulia Angelini , Sara Russo , Geltrude Mingrone

{"title":"Incretin hormones, obesity and gut microbiota","authors":"Giulia Angelini , Sara Russo , Geltrude Mingrone","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past 40 years, the prevalence of obesity has risen dramatically, reaching epidemic proportions. By 2030 the number of people affected by obesity will reach 1.12 billion worldwide. Gastrointestinal hormones, namely incretins, play a vital role in the pathogenesis of obesity and its comorbidities. GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), which are secreted from the intestine after nutrient intake and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, influence lipid metabolism, gastric empting, appetite and body weight. The gut microbiota plays an important role in various metabolic conditions, including obesity and type 2 diabetes and influences host metabolism through the interaction with enteroendocrine cells that modulate incretins secretion. Gut microbiota metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole, directly stimulate the release of incretins from colonic enteroendocrine cells influencing host satiety and food intake. Moreover, bariatric surgery and incretin-based therapies are associated with increase gut bacterial richness and diversity. Understanding the role of incretins, gut microbiota, and their metabolites in regulating metabolic processes is crucial to develop effective strategies for the management of obesity and its associated comorbidities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 171216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019697812400069X/pdfft?md5=2b030edf305987e46a9561614bbb321e&pid=1-s2.0-S019697812400069X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140766466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nisin variants: What makes them different and unique? Nisin 变体：它们有何不同和独特之处？

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171220

Weslei da Silva Oliveira , César Roberto Viana Teixeira , Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani , Silvio Santana Dolabella , Sona Jain , Ana Andréa Teixeira Barbosa

{"title":"Nisin variants: What makes them different and unique?","authors":"Weslei da Silva Oliveira , César Roberto Viana Teixeira , Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani , Silvio Santana Dolabella , Sona Jain , Ana Andréa Teixeira Barbosa","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nisin A is a lantibiotic bacteriocin typically produced by strains of <em>Lactococcus lactis</em>. This bacteriocin has been approved as a natural food preservative since the late 1980 s and shows antimicrobial activity against a range of food-borne spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The therapeutic potential of nisin A has also been explored increasingly both in human and veterinary medicine. Nisin has been shown to be effective in treating bovine mastitis, dental caries, cancer, and skin infections. Recently, it was demonstrated that nisin has an affinity for the same receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to enter human cells and was proposed as a blocker of the viral infection. Several nisin variants produced by distinct bacterial strains or modified by bioengineering have been described since the discovery of nisin A. These variants present modifications in the peptide structure, biosynthesis, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. Given the importance of nisin for industrial and therapeutic applications, the objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of the nisin variants, highlighting the main differences between these molecules and their potential applications. This review will be useful to researchers interested in studying the specifics of nisin A and its variants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140756519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attachment-like behavioral expressions to humans in puppies are related to oxytocin and cortisol: A comparative study of Akitas and Labrador Retrievers 幼犬对人类的类依恋行为表现与催产素和皮质醇有关：对秋田犬和拉布拉多寻回犬的比较研究。

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171224

Miho Nagasawa, Sakiko Tomori, Kazutaka Mogi, Takefumi Kikusui

{"title":"Attachment-like behavioral expressions to humans in puppies are related to oxytocin and cortisol: A comparative study of Akitas and Labrador Retrievers","authors":"Miho Nagasawa, Sakiko Tomori, Kazutaka Mogi, Takefumi Kikusui","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the relationship between urinary hormone concentrations and attachment-related behaviors in two dog breeds, the Akitas and Labrador Retrievers, to elucidate the hormonal and behavioral mechanisms underlying domestication and interspecies attachment to humans. By measuring cortisol and oxytocin concentrations, and conducting the Strange Situation Test (SST), we aimed to investigate breed differences in endocrine secretions associated with domestication and how these differences influence dog behavior toward humans. Our results showed significant breed differences in urinary cortisol concentrations, with Akitas exhibiting higher levels than Labrador Retrievers. This suggests a breed-specific stress response related to genetic proximity to wolves. However, oxytocin concentrations did not differ significantly, which suggests a complex interplay between factors influencing the domestication process and the formation of attachment behaviors. Behavioral observations during the SST revealed breed-specific patterns, with Labrador Retrievers showing more playful and attachment-like behaviors and Akitas showing more exploratory and passive behaviors. The study found correlations between hormones and behaviors within breeds, particularly in Labrador Retrievers, where oxytocin concentrations were associated with attachment-like behaviors, and cortisol concentrations reflected individual differences in physical activity rather than stress responses to social situations. These findings contribute to the understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive processes underlying the ability of domestic dogs to form close relationships with humans while highlighting the role of hormonal mechanisms in mediating attachment behaviors and the influence of breed-specific genetic backgrounds on these processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuropeptides affecting social behavior in mammals: Oxytocin 影响哺乳动物社交行为的神经肽：催产素

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171223

Hong Zhou , Rui Zhu , Yuqing Xia , Xinming Zhang , Zixu Wang , George H. Lorimer , Reza A. Ghiladi , Hasan Bayram , Jun Wang

{"title":"Neuropeptides affecting social behavior in mammals: Oxytocin","authors":"Hong Zhou , Rui Zhu , Yuqing Xia , Xinming Zhang , Zixu Wang , George H. Lorimer , Reza A. Ghiladi , Hasan Bayram , Jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oxytocin (OXT), a neuropeptide consisting of only nine amino acids, is synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Although OXT is best known for its role in lactation and parturition, recent research has shown that it also has a significant impact on social behaviors in mammals. However, a comprehensive review of this topic is still lacking. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the effects of OXT on social behavior in mammals. These effects of OXT from the perspective of five key behavioral dimensions were summarized: parental behavior, anxiety, aggression, attachment, and empathy. To date, researchers have agreed that OXT plays a positive regulatory role in a wide range of social behaviors, but there have been controversially reported results. In this review, we have provided a detailed panorama of the role of OXT in social behavior and, for the first time, delved into the underlying regulatory mechanisms, which may help better understand the multifaceted role of OXT. Levels of OXT in previous human studies were also summarized to provide insights for diagnosis of mental disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19765,"journal":{"name":"Peptides","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 171223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Functional role of immunoglobulin G as an oxytocin-carrier protein 免疫球蛋白 G 作为催产素载体蛋白的功能作用

IF 3 4区医学

Peptides Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171221

Emilie Lahaye, Sergueï O. Fetissov

引用次数: 0