Sungwon An, John J. McInnis, Dongin Kim, Yihang Li, Ozge Tasdemir-Yilmaz, Jinhyung Ahn, Brian C. Mackness, Seung-Hwan Kwon, Julia Maeve Bonner, Miran Yoo, Simon Dujardin, Donghwan Kim, Jinyoung Park, Hyesu Yun, Yi Tang, Laurent Pradier, Sumin Hyeon, Daehae Song, Byungje Sung, Rajaraman Krishnan, Brian Spencer, Robert A. Rissman, Jagdeep K. Sandhu, Arsalan S. Haqqani, Jung-Won Shin, Donghwan B. Kim, Hyeran Lee, Jinwon Jung, Weon-Kyoo You, Alexandra T. Star, Christie E. Delaney, Danica B. Stanimirovic, Sergio Pablo Sardi, Sang Hoon Lee, Can Kayatekin
{"title":"A brain-shuttled antibody targeting alpha synuclein aggregates for the treatment of synucleinopathies","authors":"Sungwon An, John J. McInnis, Dongin Kim, Yihang Li, Ozge Tasdemir-Yilmaz, Jinhyung Ahn, Brian C. Mackness, Seung-Hwan Kwon, Julia Maeve Bonner, Miran Yoo, Simon Dujardin, Donghwan Kim, Jinyoung Park, Hyesu Yun, Yi Tang, Laurent Pradier, Sumin Hyeon, Daehae Song, Byungje Sung, Rajaraman Krishnan, Brian Spencer, Robert A. Rissman, Jagdeep K. Sandhu, Arsalan S. Haqqani, Jung-Won Shin, Donghwan B. Kim, Hyeran Lee, Jinwon Jung, Weon-Kyoo You, Alexandra T. Star, Christie E. Delaney, Danica B. Stanimirovic, Sergio Pablo Sardi, Sang Hoon Lee, Can Kayatekin","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01117-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01117-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy are members of a class of devastating neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies, which are characterized by the presence of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) rich aggregates in the brains of patients. Passive immunotherapy targeting these aggregates is an attractive disease-modifying strategy, which must not only demonstrate target selectivity towards α-Syn aggregates, but also achieve appropriate brain exposure to have the desired therapeutic effect. Here we present preclinical data for SAR446159, a next-generation antibody for the treatment of synucleinopathies. SAR446159 is a bispecific antibody composed of an α-Syn-binding immunoglobulin and an engineered insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 binding single-chain variable fragment, acting as a shuttle to transport an antibody across the blood-brain barrier. SAR446159 binds tightly and preferentially to α-Syn aggregates and prevents their seeding capacity in vitro and in vivo. The binding properties of SAR446159 combined with its brain-shuttle technology make it a potent immunotherapeutic for treating synucleinopathies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unraveling morphological brain network disparities Parkinsonian tremor from essential tremor: an artificial intelligence approach for clinical differentiation","authors":"Moxuan Zhang, Siyu Zhou, Huizhi Wang, Pengda Yang, Jinli Ding, Xiaobo Wang, Xuzhu Chen, Chaonan Zhang, Anni Wang, Yuan Gao, Qiang Liu, Yueping Li, Tianqi Xu, Zeyu Ma, Yin Jiang, Lin Shi, Chunlei Han, Yuchen Ji, Guoen Cai, Tao Feng, Jianguo Zhang, Fangang Meng","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01107-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01107-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease (TD) and Essential Tremor (ET) are the two most common types of tremors, posing huge challenges in diagnosis. This study was to investigate the pathogenesis of tremors using brain morphology and employ artificial intelligence techniques for distinguishing them. The cortical thickness differences in TD were primarily centered on the right precuneus, while in ET were mainly observed in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex. Subcortical analysis revealed that TD patients primarily exhibited an increase in pallidum, whereas ET patients showed a significant reduction in thalamus. Causal network analysis indicated that in TD, the right temporal lobe exhibited the highest out-degree, and gradually extended to motor control regions. In contrast, ET primarily exhibits initial changes in the prefrontal and occipital visual cortices. Finally, by incorporating these specific characteristics, we developed a machine learning model capable of accurately distinguishing between different tremor types, providing valuable insights for clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association between anxiety disorder, anxiolytic drugs, and risk of incident Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Xiaoyan Hao, Zhiyun Wang, Yanmei Feng, Mengjie Li, Chenwei Hao, Yuanyuan Liang, Chunyan Zuo, Xuhong Yang, Dongrui Ma, YangYang Wang, Shuangjie Li, Shasha Qi, Yuemeng Sun, Chengyuan Mao, Shilei Sun, Yuming Xu, Changhe Shi","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01104-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01104-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this prospective cohort study, we analysed data from 502,364 participants (ages 40–69) in the UK Biobank, with follow-up until 2024. Logistic and Cox regression analysis identified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as independent risk factors for Parkinson’s disease (PD), with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients under 71 also at increased risk. Panic disorder (PAD) showed no association with PD. Further analysis of anxiolytic drug use revealed that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), benzodiazepines (BDZs), medium-to-high frequency use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) were linked to PD incidence, while low-frequency use of TCAs and SNRIs was not. Mediation analysis indicated that GAD influenced PD risk through the thalamus, brainstem, and left putamen, while OCD and PTSD affected PD risk via brain regions including the angular gyrus, thalamus, and postcentral gyrus. These findings provide novel insights into PD mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A report of the Iranian Parkinson’s disease registry","authors":"Mehri Salari, Masoud Etemadifar, Alireza Vakilian, Ahmad Chitsaz, Kaveh Shafiei, Seyed Masoud Nabavi, Afshin Samaei, Atiye Riasi, Fatemeh Hojjatipour","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01108-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01108-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Millions of people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s disease (PD), which has a varying distribution and features in each country. Since there is a shortage of data regarding PD patients in Iran, we present a registry-based study to deepen our understanding of Iranian PD patients’ characteristics, distribution, and clinical differences between genders and different ages of onset. In six years, 4048 patients were interviewed, who had a mean age of 67.66 years, and consisted of 1474 (36.4%) females and 2571 (63.5%) males. Men suffered more from apathy, speech, handwriting, and salivation, while women experienced more anxiety, depression, pain, and psychosis, after multivariable regression. Early-onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD) and late-onset Parkinson’s disease (LOPD) were divided based on the 50-year-old cut-off age. They were represented by 989 (24.6%) and 2834 (70%) of the total, respectively, and EOPD patients had a higher duration of the disease and a higher positive family history.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Rennie, Milan Nemy, Cene Jerele, Iñigo Rodríguez-Baz, Victor Montal, Alexandre Bejanin, Milica G Kramberger, Dag Aarsland, Juan Fortea, Alberto Lleó, Eric Westman, Daniel Alcolea, Daniel Ferreira
{"title":"Regional associations between cerebrovascular disease and cholinergic white matter pathways in the Lewy body continuum","authors":"Anna Rennie, Milan Nemy, Cene Jerele, Iñigo Rodríguez-Baz, Victor Montal, Alexandre Bejanin, Milica G Kramberger, Dag Aarsland, Juan Fortea, Alberto Lleó, Eric Westman, Daniel Alcolea, Daniel Ferreira","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01118-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01118-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cerebrovascular disease is common in patients on the Lewy body (LB) continuum (dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and prodromal-DLB). White matter signal abnormality (WMSA) volume is higher in patients with LB than controls, both globally and in cholinergic white matter. However, it remains unknown if the higher WMSA in cholinergic white matter reflects selective cholinergic vulnerability or results from higher global WMSA. We modelled cingulate and external capsule cholinergic white matter pathways using MRI and segmented WMSA overlapping cholinergic pathways and per brain lobe. We found that patients on the LB-continuum (<i>n</i> = 33) had higher volume and proportion of WMSA in the cholinergic white matter compared to controls (<i>n</i> = 36), independent of global WMSA. Cholinergic WMSA was associated with neurodegeneration in the basal forebrain, decreased integrity of cingulate and external capsule pathways and attention and memory performance. These findings may suggest a selective vulnerability of cholinergic pathways in patients with LB.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro Rodríguez-Molinero, Carlos Pérez-López, Nuria Caballol, Mariateresa Buongiorno, María Asunción Ávila Rivera, Núria López Ariztegui, Lydia López-Manzanares, Jorge Hernández-Vara, Àngels Bayes-Rusiñol, Alexandre Gironell Carreró, María Álvarez Saúco, Elisabet Franquet Gomez, David A. Pérez-Martínez, Sonia Escalante Arroyo, Silvia Martí-Martínez, Pablo Mir, José Mª Salom Juan, Juan Carlos Martínez-Castrillo, Cristian Tebé
{"title":"Parkinson’s disease medication adjustments based on wearable device information compared to other methods: randomized clinical trial","authors":"Alejandro Rodríguez-Molinero, Carlos Pérez-López, Nuria Caballol, Mariateresa Buongiorno, María Asunción Ávila Rivera, Núria López Ariztegui, Lydia López-Manzanares, Jorge Hernández-Vara, Àngels Bayes-Rusiñol, Alexandre Gironell Carreró, María Álvarez Saúco, Elisabet Franquet Gomez, David A. Pérez-Martínez, Sonia Escalante Arroyo, Silvia Martí-Martínez, Pablo Mir, José Mª Salom Juan, Juan Carlos Martínez-Castrillo, Cristian Tebé","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-00977-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-00977-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor fluctuations, with alternating periods of good (“ON”) and poor (“OFF”) motor function. Monitoring these fluctuations is crucial for optimizing treatment, yet traditional methods rely on subjective patient reports. This multicenter, single-blind, cluster-randomized trial evaluated the effectiveness of three monitoring approaches in real-world clinical practice. Neurologists from 35 centers were randomized into three groups: one using clinical visit data alone, another incorporating Hauser diary entries, and a third integrating Parkinson’s Holter (STAT-ON®) reports. A total of 156 patients were recruited. Changes in ‘OFF time’ from baseline to 26 weeks were minimal and non-significant across groups. Secondary outcomes, including ‘ON time,’ dyskinesia, and quality-of-life scores, showed no significant differences. These findings suggest that the choice of motor fluctuation monitoring method may not significantly impact clinical outcomes, underscoring the need for a broader understanding of how these monitoring tools are integrated and utilized in real-world settings. Trial registration: NCT04176302 (November 21, 2019 - ClinicalTrials.gov).</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revamping Parkinson’s disease therapy using PLGA-based drug delivery systems","authors":"Jude Majed Lababidi, Hassan Mohamed El-Said Azzazy","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01081-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01081-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parkinson’s Disease (PD) involves degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction, alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and gut-brain axis disturbances. Despite the availability of pharmacological treatments, these interventions fail to prevent disease progression due to their limited ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and systemic side effects. Phytochemicals, known for their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, offer a complementary approach to PD treatment. However, their therapeutic potential is limited by rapid metabolism and poor bioavailability. Several nanoparticles were suggested to enhance the stability and bioavailability of therapeutic agents while enabling controlled release and improved BBB penetration. This review is focused on the use of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanosystem as advanced drug delivery carriers for PD due to its versatility, safety, biodegradability, and extensive studies which evaluated the use of PLGA for drug delivery. It also evaluates their use for encapsulating pharmacological drugs such as dopamine agonists, dopamine precursors, COMT inhibitors, and MAO-B inhibitors, addressing the limitations of conventional therapies. Additionally, the review highlights the utility of PLGA nanoparticles in delivering phytochemicals with neuroprotective effects such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and coumarins to overcome challenges associated with their solubility and stability and ultimately enhance their activities for managing PD.</p><figure></figure>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144899397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spontaneous eye blink-based machine learning for tracking clinical fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Noriko Nishikawa, Shin Tejima, Daiki Kamiyama, Mitsumasa Kurita, Koshi Yamamoto, Satoki Imai, Wataru Sako, Genko Oyama, Taku Hatano, Nobutaka Hattori","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01094-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41531-025-01094-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this uncontrolled, open-label exploratory clinical study, the authors explore the potential of blink data as a digital biomarker for estimating clinical indices of Parkinson's disease (PD) using a machine learning approach. Blink data were collected from 20 patients with PD before and after (up to 4 h) L-dopa/decarboxylase inhibitor administration. Concurrent assessments of patient diary-based ON/OFF and dyskinesia, L-dopa plasma concentration, and MDS-UPDRS Part III scores were conducted at 30 min intervals. The models were developed to predict clinical symptoms based on blink data collected at 3 min intervals. The most effective post-processing models accurately predicted the ON/OFF states (mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC<sub>ROC</sub>) = 0.87) and the presence of dyskinesia (mean AUC<sub>ROC</sub> = 0.84). They also moderately predicted MDS-UPDRS Part III scores (mean Spearman's correlation ρ = 0.54) and plasma L-dopa concentrations (ρ = 0.57). Our findings highlight the potential of the spontaneous eye blink as a noninvasive, real-time digital biomarker for PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"11 1","pages":"247"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144874476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haiying Zhang, Yang Zhao, Yi Chen, Yuanyuan Feng, Bo Shen, Shuangshuang Dong, Jun Zhu, Xu Jiang, Dongfeng Li, Yaning Chen, Feng Han, Li Zhang
{"title":"Association of the number of minor hallucinations and well-structured visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Haiying Zhang, Yang Zhao, Yi Chen, Yuanyuan Feng, Bo Shen, Shuangshuang Dong, Jun Zhu, Xu Jiang, Dongfeng Li, Yaning Chen, Feng Han, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01106-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41531-025-01106-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Minor hallucinations (MH), comprising three subtypes (presence hallucinations, passage hallucinations, and visual illusions), typically emerge during the early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) and precede the onset of well-structured visual hallucinations (VH). Whether the number of MH is associated with VH in PD patients remains unclear. We investigated the association between the number of MH and VH in 372 PD patients. Log-binomial regressions showed that individuals with multiple MH had a significantly higher prevalence of VH (RR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.11-3.90 for 2 MH; RR = 6.20, 95% CI: 3.40-11.31 for 3 MH), while those with only one MH had a similar VH prevalence compared to those without MH (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.53-2.21). Women exhibited stronger associations than men. These findings emphasize the importance of quantifying MH subtypes when assessing hallucinations, though their potential utility as predictive markers of disease progression and targets for early intervention requires validation through longitudinal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"11 1","pages":"244"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144874473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaitai Yang, Ruitian Zeng, Yiling Zheng, Siqi Zhong, Jiani Wang, Xinxi Yu, Huilin Zhong, Xuanjie Chen, Yisen Shi, Fabin Lin, Qinyong Ye, Ning Sun, Guoen Cai
{"title":"Associations of digestive diseases exposure and lifestyle factors with Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Kaitai Yang, Ruitian Zeng, Yiling Zheng, Siqi Zhong, Jiani Wang, Xinxi Yu, Huilin Zhong, Xuanjie Chen, Yisen Shi, Fabin Lin, Qinyong Ye, Ning Sun, Guoen Cai","doi":"10.1038/s41531-025-01098-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41531-025-01098-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging evidence highlights the importance of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). While inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to PD, the association with other GI conditions remains unclear. This study analyzed data from 501,483 participants, including 907 PD cases. Cox models revealed that digestive diseases were significantly associated with an increased PD risk (HR = 1.43). Eleven digestive diseases were linked to PD, with lifestyle factors such as sleep patterns and diet reducing PD risk. Notably, interactions between Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and sleep (P-int = 0.0119), and Crohn's disease and dietary diversity (P-int = 0.0081) were observed. Population attributable fraction (PAF) analysis indicated that eliminating exposure to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis and duodenitis, and gallbladder and biliary diseases could reduce PD cases by approximately 8.9%, 7.9%, and 3.8%, respectively. These findings emphasize the role of digestive diseases and lifestyle in PD risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":19706,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Parkinson's Disease","volume":"11 1","pages":"245"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144874474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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