Ontogenez最新文献

{"title":"[Phenomenon of “Siamese Embryos” in Cereals in vivo and in vitro: Cleavage Polyembryony and Fasciations].","authors":"G E Titova,&nbsp;O A Seldimirova,&nbsp;N N Kruglova,&nbsp;I R Galin,&nbsp;T B Batygina","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genesis of wheat microsporial polyembryoids in vitro was analyzed in detail. The nature of different\u0000phenotypes of cereal polymeric embryos was identified. They represent the class “multiple shoot meristems,”\u0000which results from a cleavage polyembryony and is accompanied by organ fasciations of all known\u0000types (radial, flat, or ring). The morphological nature of cereal embryonic organs has been clarified: shoot\u0000meristem—axial organ; scutellum—lateral outgrowth of this axis; coleoptile—derivative of shoot meristem\u0000but fused with scutellum; terminality of scutellum—the result of linear fasciation that occurred historically.\u0000An explanation is given on how the structural model of an auxin polar transport works during the establishment\u0000of bilateral symmetry in a cereal embryo that is associated with the inverted polarization of the carrier\u0000protein PIN1 on cell membranes and, correspondingly, with the inverted auxin transport performed by this\u0000carrier (Fischer-Iglesias et al., 2001; Forestan et al., 2010).</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 3","pages":"152-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36538989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Exogenous IAA and ABA Stimulate Germination of Petunia Male Gametophyte by Activating Ca(2+)-Dependent K(+)-Channels\u0000and by Modulating the Activity of Plasmalemma H(+)-ATPase and Actin Cytoskeleton].","authors":"L V Kovaleva,&nbsp;A S Voronkov,&nbsp;E V Zakharova,&nbsp;Yu V Minkina,&nbsp;G V Timofeeva,&nbsp;I M Andreev","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the osmoregulation of pollen grains (PGs) related\u0000to the maintenance of their water status and allowing pollen tubes (PTs) to regulate concentrations in them\u0000of osmolytes and transmembrane water transport remain to be not so far characterized. In the present work,\u0000the data on the participation of IAA and ABA in the osmoregulation of germinating in vitro petunia male\u0000gametophyte were obtained. It has been established that the growth-stimulating effect of these phytohormones\u0000is due to their action on intracellular pH (pHc), the membrane potential of plasmalemma (PM), the\u0000activity of PM H(+)-ATPase, K(+)-channels in the same membrane and organization of actin cytoskeleton (AC).\u0000Two possible targets of the action of these compounds are revealed. These are represented by (1) PM\u0000H(+)-ATPase, electrogenic proton pump responsible for polarization of this membrane, and (2) Ca(2+)-dependent\u0000K+-channels. The findings of the present work suggest that the hormone-induced pHc shift is involved\u0000in cascade of the events including the functioning of pH-dependent K+-channels. It was shown that the hormoneinduced\u0000hyperpolarization of the PM is a result of stimulation of electrogenic activity of PM H(+)-ATPase and the\u0000hormonal effects are mediated by transient elevation in the level of free Ca(2+) in the cytosol and generation of\u0000reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results on the role of K(+) ions in the control of water-driving forces for\u0000transmembrane water transport allowed us to formulate the hypothesis that IAA and ABA stimulate germination\u0000of PGs and growth of PTs by activating K(+)-channels. In addition, the studies performed showed that\u0000the AC of male gametophyte is sensitive to the action of exogenous phytohormones, with to more extent to\u0000the action of IAA. As judged by the action of latrunculin B (LB) the AC may serve as the determinant of the\u0000level of endogenous phytohormones that most likely participate in the regulation of the polar growth of PTs\u0000impacting on the pool of F-actin in their apical and subapical zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 3","pages":"138-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36539065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Long Sperm Storage in the Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus Pallas): Analysis of Paternity and Relatedness\u0000under Artificial Insemination].","authors":"E A Mudrik,&nbsp;T A Kashentseva,&nbsp;D V Politov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using ten microsatellite loci, paternity analysis has been conducted for 71 individuals of the Siberian\u0000crane (Grus leucogeranus Pallas) obtained under artificial insemination in Oka Crane Breeding Center in\u00002001–2014. The fathers of 39 chicks were the sires whose sperm was used for insemination directly before fertilized\u0000egg laying. Paternity of 23 fertilizations belonged to the sires whose sperm was used in the beginning or\u0000middle of insemination cycle. Nine cases of fertilization resulted from natural copulation of artificially inseminated\u0000females with their social partners. The terms of sperm storage in the female’s reproductive ducts before\u0000fertilization were 0–6 days in the case of paternity of the last sperm donor and 2–15 days in the case of competing\u0000sperm by previous donors. Genetic relatedness by microsatellite loci between breeders of the captive\u0000Siberian crane population does not prevent fertilization and does not always lead to inbreeding depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 3","pages":"131-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36539064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Reparative Neurogenesis in the Brain and Changes in the Optic Nerve of Adult Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after Mechanical Damage of the Eye].","authors":"E V Puschina,&nbsp;A A Varaksin,&nbsp;D K Obukhov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reparative proliferation and neurogenesis in the brain integrative centers after mechanical eye injury in an adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have been studied. We have found that proliferation and neurogenesis in proliferative brain regions, the cerebellum, and the optic tectum were significantly enhanced after the eye injury. The cerebellum showed a significant increase in the proliferative activity of the cells of the dorsal proliferative zone and parenchymal cells of the molecular and granular layers. One week after the injury, PCNA-positive radial glia cells have been identified in the tectum. We have found for the first time that the eye trauma resulted in the development of local clusters of undifferentiated cells forming so called neurogenic niches in the tectum and cerebellum. The differentiation of neuronal cells detected by labeling cells with antibodies against the protein HuC/D occurred in the proliferative zones of the telencephalon, the optic tectum, cerebellum, and medulla of a trout within 2 days after the injury. We have shown that the HuC/D expression is higher in the proliferative brain regions than in the definitive neurons of a trout. In addition, we have examined cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis caused by the eye injury in the contra- and ipsilateral optic nerves and adjacent muscle fibers 2 days after the trauma. The qualitative and quantitative assessment of proliferation and apoptosis in the cells of the optic nerve of a trout has been made using antibodies against PCNA and the TUNEL method.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 1","pages":"15-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34459740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Variability of Quantitative Morphogenetic Parameters during Early Morphogenesis of the Loach, Missgurnus fossilis L].","authors":"V G Cherdantsev,&nbsp;E G Korvin-Pavlovskaya","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analysis of normal variation in quantitative morphological characters during the early embryonic development of the loach, based on fixed material and individual developmental trajectories of living embryos, shows that the dorsoventral differentiation of the blastoderm proceeds in two stages. Initially, at the onset of epiboly, the sagittal (short) and transverse (long) blastoderm meridians are marked off, and only then, upon germ ring (GR) formation, differentiation between the opposite poles of the sagittal meridian takes place. The embryonic shield (ES) usually appears in the segment of the blastoderm where the radius of its external curvature reaches a maximum and, therefore, the active surface tension at the blastoderm boundary with the YSL (peri-blast) and yolk is the highest. In this case, the convergence of inner cells toward the future dorsal segment (leading to ES formation) is a mechanical consequence of surface tension anisotropy. The normal course of epiboly is associated with periodic changes in the curvature of the blastoderm external surface, with new structures (the dorsal segment, GR, and ES) are marked off only when the surface curvature becomes maximally uniform. Although the ES in most embryos appears within the initial dorsal segment, individual developmental trajectories have been traced where the GR starts to form at the dorsal pole of the blastoderm but the ES develops on its opposite site, at the point of GR closure. In both cases, GR formation is initiated at the point of convergence of centrifugal cell migration flows that arise in the marginal zone of the blastoderm upon GR initiation or closure.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 1","pages":"57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34522600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Role of GAGA Factor in Drosophila Primordial Germ Cell Migration and Gonad Development].","authors":"N V Dorogova,&nbsp;A S Khrushcheva,&nbsp;E V Fedorova,&nbsp;A A Ogienko,&nbsp;E M Baricheva","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The GAGA protein of drosophila is a factor involved in epigenetic transcription regulation of a large gene group controlling developmental processes. In this paper, the role of GAGA factor in germ cell migration is demonstrated as well as its effect on the gonad development in drosophila embryogenesis. Mutations in the Trl gene, encoding GAGA factor, prematurely induces the active migration program and relocation of the primordial cells inward the embryo before the beginning of gastrulation. The germ cells that prematurely separated from the main group migrate ectopically, lose orientation, and stay out of gonad development. Expression pattern of the Trl gene suggests its activity in epithelial cells of the embryonic blastoderm, part of which contact primordial cells. Thus, GAGA factor influences migration of these cells in an indirect manner via their somatic environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 1","pages":"40-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34522598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Acceleration of Embryonic Development of Pinus sibirica Trees with a One-Year Reproductive Cycle].","authors":"I N Tret'yakova,&nbsp;N V Lukina","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of the formation of embryonic structures in Pinus sibirica forms with a one-year reproductive cycle showed that the acceleration of the embryonic process manifested itself as a reduction of the coenocytic stage of the female gametophyte development (1.5 months instead of 1 year). The egg was not fertilized because of the asynchronous maturation of male and female gametophytes. Seeds without embryos were formed. We assumed that the acceleration of the reproductive process in Pinus sibirica was caused by a mutation in the female generative organs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 1","pages":"49-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34522599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Surface Microdeformations and Regulation of Cell Movements in Xenopus Development].","authors":"A Yu Evstifeeva,&nbsp;L V Belousov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The velocities and directions of movements of individual outer ectodermal cells of Xenopus embryos in the course of normal development from the blastula to the early tail-bud stage, as well as after mechanical relaxation in the early gastrula, were measured. An alternation of the periods of directed movements of large cell masses and local cell wanderings was detected. In both cases, the trajectories of individual cells consisted primarily of orthogonal segments. Cell movements were measured on two scales. At a small-scale consideration (time intervals of the order of several hours and distances of the order of tens of microns), fairly slight linear stretching and compressive deformations were detected, which looked like gentle smooth gradients along which the upward morphogenetic movements of cells were directed. At a large-scale consideration (time intervals of the order of tens of minutes and distances of the order of microns), quasi-periodic fluctuations of velocities of individual cells partly correlated in time were found. The differences between these velocities generated microdeformations, which reached several tens of percent and developed within time intervals not more than 10 min. Measurements of relative magnitudes of mechanical forces influencing the cell walls suggests that microdeformations generate local stretching and compressive deformations modulating smoother tension gradients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"47 1","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34459739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Septic Shock: Innate Molecular Genetic Mechanisms of the Development of Generalized Inflammation].","authors":"O V Kurmyshkina,&nbsp;A A Bogdanova,&nbsp;T O Volkova,&nbsp;A N Poltoraka","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The capacity for immune surveilance and protection against genetically alien agents is a basic property of multicellular organisms, and increasing significance in realizing this, capacity is assigned to mechanisms of innate immunity. The data accumulated to date show that many components of these mechanisms have a very wide spectrum of biological functions and play essential roles at different stages of ontogeny. An illustrative example is the signal system activated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which is responsible for the inflammation process. Analysis of its structural organization has shown that signaling mechanisms initiating inflammation largely overlap with mechanisms of programmed cell death. This is why hypersecretion of TNFα may lead to systemic inflammatory reation, or septic shok, and, hence, have a fatal outcome. Although studies on the TNFα-dependent mechanism have long history, many aspects of its regulation remain obscure. In particular, this concerns the nature of interspecific differences in the sensitivity of mammals to TNFα action and the ability of TNFα to activate oppositely directed cell programs depending on cell type or ambient conditions. The numerous data obtained in studies on different experimental systems need generalization and critical analysis. This review is an attempt at such an analysis. Its scope is concentrated on modern views on the divergence of TNFα-induced signal at the level of intracellular receptor-associated proteins. A description is given to potential \"molecular triggers\" responsible for switching between the main TNFα-dependent signaling pathways: inflammation, apoptosis, and necroptosis. The contribution of necroptosis (genetically programmed necrotic cell death) to the development of systemic inflammation and the lethal effect of TNFα are described. Consideration is also given to various lines of mice possessing natural resistance or sensitivity to TNFα, which hold much promise as models for deciphering the molecular genetic bases of the regulation of innate immune reactions and other TNFα-dependent processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"46 4","pages":"225-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34166719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Life Forms of Lampreys (Petromyzontidae) as a Manifestation of Intraspecific Diversity of Ontogenesis].","authors":"A A Makhrova,&nbsp;I Yu Popov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Some lamprey genera include the forms that have significantly different life cycles (the most well-known are the \"anadromous\" and \"resident,\" or the \"parasitic\" and \"nonparasitic\" forms). The analysis of data on the genetic characteristics of these forms shows that, in some cases, the nonparasitic lampreys independently derived from the parasitic ones in different aqueous systems. These data, together with the results of morphological analysis as well as data on the distribution, ecology, hybridization, and observations ofjoint spawning of parasitic and nonparasitic forms show that these forms belong to the same species (except the resident forms that were isolated long ago).</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"46 4","pages":"240-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34166720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}