{"title":"[Early Peripheral Sensory Neurons in the Development of Trochozoan Animals].","authors":"L P Nezlin, E E Voronezhskaya","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal development of the majority of trochozoan animals with biphasic pelago-bentic life\u0000cycle starts from transient peripheral neurons, which do not belong to the central nervous system and are\u0000mainly located in the apical sensory organ and in the hyposphere. Some of these neurons are pioneer and send\u0000neurites that form a scaffold upon which the adult central nervous system later develops. In representative\u0000species of molluscs and polychaetes, immunolabelling with the antibodies against neurotransmitters serotonin\u0000and FMRFamide, and acetylated α-tubulin revealed that the structure of almost all early peripheral\u0000neurons is typical for sensory, most probably chemosensory cells: flask shape, and cilia at the end of the apical\u0000dendrite or inside the distal ampoule. Morphology, transmitter specificity, location and projections of the\u0000early sensory cells differ in trochophores of different species thus suggesting different origin of these cells. In\u0000polychaete larvae, pharmacological inhibition of serotonin synthesis in early peripheral neurons did not affect\u0000the development, whereas its increase resulted in developmental arrest and neural malformations, suggesting\u0000that early peripheral sensory neurons are involved in developmental regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"149-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36591092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Dynamics of Reaching Imago Stage by F1 Animals after Terahertz Irradiation of Parental Drosophila].","authors":"N Ya Vaisman, V I Fedorov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terahertz radiation (0.1–10 THz) is increasingly becoming a factor of human habitat. The study\u0000of the consequences of radiation allows one to estimate its possible biological danger. Our data indicate that\u0000the terahertz irradiation of parental Drosophila shortens the period of embryonic development of their first\u0000generation descendants. Significant deviations of data from the control were found, when both females and\u0000males were experimental parents. The highest portion of animals with accelerated hatching as compared with\u0000the control was found in progenies from irradiated females. The shift of maximal hatching peak to an earlier\u0000period was found in descendants of both sexes. Thus, it was for the first time found on the model object (Drosophila)\u0000that the terahertz irradiation of parents can have positive or negative consequences in the first generation\u0000descendants.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"165-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36591093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Onthogenetic Polyvariaty in the Representatives of Trifolium L. Genus Lupinaster (Fabr.) Ser. Section].","authors":"V A Kalinkina","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The progress of ontogenesis is analyzed in four members of the genus Trfolium, Lupinaster section\u0000and it is shown that the ecological conditions have a guiding influence on the course of individual development\u0000of the species. The most important among them are: soil mechanical composition, distance from the\u0000seashore, regime and intensity of moistening. Six variants of the ontogenesis, having two subvariants for three\u0000of them, were allocated for the members of the section. The initial stages of the ontogenesis are similar, but\u0000the main differences begin to manifest from the virginal age. Evolutionary transformation within the section\u0000are expressed in reduced leaflets of compound leaves, weakened functioning of the main root, rhizome development,\u0000and the transition of perennial forms to vegetative biennials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"172-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36591095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Yu Brusentsev, M A Tikhonova, Yu E Herbeck, D S Ragaeva, I N Rozhkova, S Ya Amstislavsky
{"title":"[Developmental Aspects of Senescence].","authors":"E Yu Brusentsev, M A Tikhonova, Yu E Herbeck, D S Ragaeva, I N Rozhkova, S Ya Amstislavsky","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different types of senescence and major theories of aging are reviewed, and mechanisms of this\u0000complex biological phenomenon are discussed. Emphasis is placed on changes in the nervous systems of\u0000mammals and humans with age. Experimental animal models for studying aging and modern approaches to\u0000the correction of age-related deterioration are considered. Chemicals and other factors that may alleviate age-related\u0000disorders and slow down senescence are critically reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"107-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36542138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L V Kovaleva, E V Zakharova, A S Voronkov, G V Timofeeva
{"title":"[Auxin Abolishes Inhibitory Effects of Methylcyclopropen and Amino Oxyacetic Acid on Pollen Grain Germination, Pollen Tube Growth, and the Synthesis of ACC in Petunia].","authors":"L V Kovaleva, E V Zakharova, A S Voronkov, G V Timofeeva","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As established by us earlier, ethylene behaves as a regulator of germination, development, and\u0000growth of male gametophyte during the progamic phase of fertilization. However, the mechanisms of the regulation\u0000of these processes remain so far unstudied. It is believed that the main factor providing variety of the\u0000ethylene responses is its interaction with other phytohormones. According to our working hypothesis, ethylene\u0000controls germination of pollen grains (PGs) and growth of pollen tubes (PTs) by interacting with auxin,\u0000which, as the available data indicate, is likely a key regulator of plant cell polarization and morphogenesis and\u0000one of the factors modulating the biosynthesis of ethylene at the level of ACC-synthase gene expression. In\u0000the present work, on germinating in vitro male gametophyte and the pollen-stigma system for petunia (Petunia\u0000hybrida L.) effects of phytohormones (ethylene and IAA) and known blockers repressing ethylene reception\u0000(1-methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP), the synthesis of ACC (amino oxyacetic acid, AOA) and transport IAA\u0000(triyodbenzoynaya acid, TYBA) on PGs germination, PTs growth and the synthesis of ACC were investigated.\u0000According to the data obtained, exogenous ethylene and IAA stimulated both PGs germination and\u0000PTs growth. 1-MCP and TYBA completely inhibited the first process, whereas IAA abolished the inhibitory\u0000action of 1-MCP and AOA on both the above processes. Etrel only partially weakened the inhibitory effect of\u0000TYBA. Examination of ACC synthesis modulation with AOA showed that IAA does not affect the level of\u0000ACC in germinating in vitro male gametophyte and nonpollinated stigmas, while this phytohormone insignificantly\u0000raised the level of ACC and abolished the inhibitory effect of AOA on its synthesis in the pollenstigma\u0000system. Pollination of stigmas with the pollen preliminarily treated with 1-MCP led to 2.5-fold decline\u0000in both the rate of PT growth and the level of ACC. At the same time, IAA abolished the inhibitory action of\u00001-MCP recovering the synthesis of ACC and growth of PTs to the control values. All these results, taken\u0000together, provide evidence for the interaction of the signal transduction pathways of ethylene and auxin at the\u0000level of ACC biosynthesis in the course of germination and growth of petunia male gametophyte during the\u0000progamic phase of fertilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"140-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36591091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I V Volokhina, Ye M Moiseeva, Yu S Gusev, O V Gutorova, M I Chumakov
{"title":"[Analysis of the Gamete-Fusion Genes in the Haploid-inducing ZMS-P Maize Line].","authors":"I V Volokhina, Ye M Moiseeva, Yu S Gusev, O V Gutorova, M I Chumakov","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article is devoted to the study of the double fertilization mechanism in plants, in particular of\u0000the maize gamete membrane fusion genes. We detected and analyzed for the first time gamete-fusion genes\u0000in the maize genome. Using the BLAST program, we searched for the hap2 gene (generative cell specific 1\u0000(gcs1)) homologs from Arabidopsis in the maize genome. The ZM_BFb0162K03 maize transcript was found,\u0000which had 67% identity to the Athap2 gene and contained a conserved region similar to the Athap2 gene fragment.\u0000In mRNA samples from the haploid-inducing and control maize lines, an PCR was conducted by using\u0000primers specific to the ZM_BFb0162K03 sequence fragment. Sequences of the PCR products from a fragment\u0000(1467 bp) of the Zm_hap2 gene of the haploid-inducing and the control maize lines were identical and\u0000also were identical to the maize sequences from the GenBank (ZM_BFb0162K03). PCR products (656 bp\u0000region of Zm_hap2) for the ZM_BFb0162K03 (1925 bp) maize sequence were observed for the cDNA of pollen\u0000grains, ovary, leaves, and roots of the haploid-inducing and control maize lines. Using the Blastx program,\u0000we found significant homology of the maize translated proteins to the GEX2, TET11, and TET12 proteins,\u0000involved in Arabidopsis gamete-fusion contacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"134-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36591094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Environmental factors inducing the transformation of polyp into medusae in Aurelia aurita (Scyphozoa)].","authors":"A V Sukhoputova, Yu A Kraus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The transformation of polyp into medusa is one of the most interesting processes in the life cycle\u0000of cnidarians. In the polyps of the class Scyphozoa this transformation occurs in the form of strobilation,\u0000which is the transverse fission of polyps with the formation of discoidal ephyrae. At present, the endogenous\u0000regulation of strobilation in one of scyphozoans, Aurelia aurita, is being investigated by the methods of molecular\u0000biology (Fuchs et al., 2014). However, it is still unclear which key environmental factors induce this process.\u0000The main purposes of this review are to summarize the literature data on the conditions in which strobilation\u0000in A. aurita occurs in nature and in the laboratory and to try to identify the environmental factors that\u0000are most likely to play a signaling role in strobilation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"122-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36591090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Ya Amstislavsky, V V Kozhevnikova, V V Muzika, E A Kizilova
{"title":"[Reproductive Biology and a Genome Resource Bank of Felidae].","authors":"S Ya Amstislavsky, V V Kozhevnikova, V V Muzika, E A Kizilova","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main achievements in applying modern reproductive technologies to the banking of the\u0000genetic resources of the Felidae family are reviewed. The classification of felids at the level of species and subspecies\u0000is revised in the light of recent molecular data. Special emphasis is made on such mainstream technologies\u0000as semen collection and cryopreservation followed by artificial insemination, as well as on in vitro\u0000maturation and fertilization of oocytes combined with the culture of in vitro-derived felid embryos.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 2","pages":"93-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36542137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R A Shafei, A G Syrkasheva, A Yu Romanov, N P Makarova, N V Dolgushina, M L Semenova
{"title":"[Blastocyst Hatching in Humans].","authors":"R A Shafei, A G Syrkasheva, A Yu Romanov, N P Makarova, N V Dolgushina, M L Semenova","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human oocyte is surrounded by the zona pellucida—an elastic, transparent extracellular\u0000matrix consisting of specific glycoproteins. The zona pellucida is preserved after fertilization and surrounds\u0000the developing human embryo for a few days. The embryo needs to get out of the zona pellucida before\u0000implantation to establish cell contacts between the trophectoderm and endometrial epithelium. The release\u0000of the embryo from the zona pellucida is carried out at the stage of the blastocyst and called zona hatching.\u0000During zona hatching the blastocyst breaks the zona pellucida and performs active movements to escape\u0000through a gap formed in the zona. While microscopic description of zone hatching is well known, biochemical\u0000and cytological basis of zone hatching remains poorly understood. The break of the zona pellucida occurs\u0000under the influence of two forces: mechanical pressure of the growing blastocyst on the zone and chemical\u0000dissolution of the zone material with secreted lytic enzymes. There is only one paper (Sathananthan et al.,\u00002003), which describes the specialized cells in the trophectoderm that locally dissolve the zona pellucida, promoting\u0000the emergence of the hole for blastocyst release. Taking into account the singleness of the paper and\u0000the absence of further development of this subject by the authors in the following decade, the existence of specialized\u0000cells for zone hatching should be assumed with great care. Lytic enzymes, secreted by cells of the trophectoderm\u0000for dissolving the zona pellucida, are different. Depending on the species of the mammal, different\u0000classes of proteases participate in the zone hatching process: serine proteases, cysteine proteases, metalloproteinases.\u0000Proteases, secreted by human trophectoderm, are not described. The mechanisms of the active\u0000movement during blastocyst hatching are investigated to a lesser degree. Only the involvement of the cytoskeleton\u0000of trophectoderm cells in the mechanism of blastocyst compression was shown, and the participation\u0000of desmosomes in the coordinated change in the form of trophectoderm cells during compression is suggested.\u0000This review summarizes literature data on the possible mechanisms of zone hatching in the development\u0000of human embryos, obtained in experiments in vitro, as well as in animal models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 1","pages":"8-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36540104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Morphomechanical Factors in Gastrulation Process and Differentiation of Embryonic Tissue of Xenopus laevis].","authors":"Yu I Vasilegina, S V Kremnev, D A Nikishin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effect of mechanical stretch on the differentiation of axial anlages and Chordin gene expression\u0000was studied in sandwich explants prepared from embryonic tissues of Xenopus laevis at the early gastrula stage\u0000in two variants: with dissected or intact dorso-medial region. In the first case, convergent cell movements\u0000were suppressed and properly organized axial organs (notochord and somites) were almost completely absent.\u0000However, they developed if the explants of such type were artificially stretched in the ventro-dorsal direction.\u0000In this case, axial organs elongated in the line of stretching, that is in the direction vertical to their normal\u0000orientation. Segmented mesoderm was always in contact with the chord anlage. In situ hybridization revealed\u0000that the area of Chordin gene expression was also extended in the direction of stretching. PCR showed that\u0000Chordin gene expression in stretched explants with disrupted dorso-medial region was statistically at the same\u0000level as in the explants with intact dorso-medial region. At the same time, the corresponding gene expression\u0000in unstretched explants with disrupted dorso-medial region was statistically higher. The obtained data indicate\u0000that mechanical stretch and associated cell movements are a necessary and sufficient condition for the\u0000formation of proper histological structure of axial organs and regulation of Chordin gene expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":19673,"journal":{"name":"Ontogenez","volume":"48 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36540342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}