Ophthalmology and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Surgical Techniques for Cosmetic Eye Color Change: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Francesco D'Oria, Jorge L Alio","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01177-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-025-01177-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The desire for permanent cosmetic change of eye color has driven the development of various surgical techniques aimed at achieving this transformation, pursuing more enduring solutions. This demand has led to the emergence of three primary surgical approaches: cosmetic iris implants, laser iris depigmentation, and cosmetic keratopigmentation (KTP). Each technique presents distinct advantages, yet also entails specific limitations and potential risks. Cosmetic iris implants, originally designed for congenital or traumatic iris defects, have been repurposed for aesthetic use. However, they come with severe risks, including glaucoma, corneal endothelial cell loss, and even permanent vision impairment. As a result of these complications, they are not approved by major regulatory bodies and are widely considered unsafe. Laser iris depigmentation offers a less invasive approach, using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser to remove melanin from the anterior iris stroma. While it provides a natural-looking result, it lacks customization and has potential complications like patchy pigmentation, photophobia, and temporary intraocular pressure spikes. Additionally, there is limited long-term data on its safety. Cosmetic KTP, an advanced version of corneal tattooing, has emerged as the safest and most effective option. It involves embedding micronized mineral pigments into the cornea, allowing for precise, customizable, and long-lasting results. Studies show high patient satisfaction and minimal risks when properly performed. Among these techniques, KTP appears to be the best choice owing to its safety and aesthetic flexibility, while cosmetic iris implants should be avoided because of their high risk of complications, and laser iris depigmentation deals with limitations in color selection and long-term reliability. While KTP currently seems the safest option for cosmetic eye color change, this is largely based on limited single-center data and should be confirmed by larger studies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic Effects of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy: A Review of Safety across Organ Systems.","authors":"Mousumi Banerjee, Sikshya Moharana, Srikanta Kumar Padhy","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01157-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-025-01157-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies have transformed the management of retinal diseases such as diabetic macular edema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. However, concerns about their systemic absorption and potential adverse effects on overall health remain. In this review, we systematically aggregate existing literature on the systemic impact of anti-VEGF therapy, with a detailed analysis of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of individual drugs. By examining their metabolism, clearance, and systemic exposure, we aim to clarify the extent of their effects beyond the eye. We further explore their influence on renal and cardiovascular health, with evidence suggesting a generally safe profile in the short term but potential risks in high-risk patients, particularly those with preexisting kidney or heart conditions. Additionally, this review addresses the critical concerns surrounding anti-VEGF use in special populations, including pregnant and lactating women and neonates with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We discuss the potential risks, the safest options available, and precautionary measures that should be taken when administering these therapies in these groups. While anti-VEGFs remain an essential tool in ophthalmology, careful patient selection, monitoring, and individualized treatment approaches are necessary to mitigate potential systemic risks. Further research is needed to refine our understanding of long-term safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red Light Versus 0.01% Atropine Treatment on Axial Length and Choroidal Parameters in Children with Myopia.","authors":"Xuena Pang, Aicun Fu, Guangying Zheng, Weiqun Wang, Mei Zhong, Lili Shang, Minghang Chang, Xuemin Jin","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01169-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-025-01169-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This research was designed to compare the effectiveness of repeated low-level red light (RLRL) and 0.01% atropine on axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and choroidal parameters in children with myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective, randomized, and single-blind controlled trial. Ninety-one children aged 6-12 years old were selected, with cycloplegic SER ≥ - 5.00 D and ≤ - 0.75 D. Participants were randomly assigned to the RLRL group and 0.01% atropine group. The primary outcomes included changes in AL, SER, and choroidal parameters after a duration of 6 months. Choroidal parameters specifically including the foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal choroidal thickness (ChT) and the foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal choroidal vessel volume (CVV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 6-month follow-up, the AL and SER changes were - 0.09 mm (- 0.18, 0.01) compared to 0.13 mm (0.05, 0.24) (p < 0.001) and 0.25 D (0, 0.50) compared to - 0.25 D (- 0.53, 0) (p < 0.001) in the RLRL and 0.01% atropine groups. The foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal ChT changes were 36.38 µm (14.05, 65.39), 31.04 µm (4.09, 59.35), and 28.48 µm (5.35, 55.15), compared to 0.94 µm (- 9.20, 9.36), 3.52 µm (- 10.24, 14.45), and 6.14 µm (- 5.21, 15.69) (all p < 0.001) in the RLRL and 0.01% atropine groups. The foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal CVV changes were 0.01 μm³ (0.00, 0.02), 0.05 μm³ (0.02, 0.09), and 0.20 μm³ (0.05, 0.30) compared to 0.00 μm³ (- 0.00, 0.01), 0.01 μm³ (- 0.02, 0.03), and 0.01 μm³ (- 0.06, 0.09) (p < 0.001) in the corresponding two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After 6 months of treatment, RLRL was more effective than 0.01% atropine in controlling axial elongation and myopic progression among children with myopia. The foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal ChT and foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal CVV changes in the RLRL group were significantly higher than those in the 0.01% atropine group.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lissamine Green in Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic and Clinical Applications.","authors":"Stefano Barabino, Pasquale Aragona, Stefano Bonini, Emilia Cantera, Antonio Di Zazzo, Giuseppe Giannaccare, Andrea Leonardi, Giancarlo Montani, Alessandro Mularoni, Vincenzo Orfeo, Edoardo Villani, Fabrizio Zeri, Maurizio Rolando","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01168-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-025-01168-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lissamine green (LG), a diagnostic dye that stains devitalized or damaged epithelial cells, is widely used to assess ocular surface integrity, enabling the detection of inflammation, epithelial defects, and conjunctival irregularities. To explore the diagnostic and clinical applications of LG in ophthalmology, focusing on its use for ocular surface diseases, a group of experts in ophthalmology and optometry participated in an advisory board to share their clinical practice experience with the use of LG. Building on the advisory board contents, this narrative review was based on a combination of expert opinions from the roundtable discussion and a comprehensive review of the current literature. This review highlights the clinical relevance of LG as a diagnostic tool in ocular surface disease and underscores the potential of newer formulations to enhance diagnostic accuracy. In particular, the review highlights the historical development of LG use in ophthalmology and its advantages over other dyes, especially in terms of patient comfort and safety, as well as specific clinical protocols for using LG in assessing dry eye disease severity and inflammatory responses. Additionally, the review examines recent advancements in LG formulations, which enhance their utility in clinical practice, and addresses safety considerations. Potential areas for future research are also discussed, particularly in developing standardized evaluation procedures using artificial intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Anatomical and Functional Outcomes of Faricimab in Recalcitrant Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Retrospective Real-World Study in an East-Asian Population.","authors":"Yen-An Lai, Mei-Chi Tsui, Shuo-Fang Cheng, Yi-Ting Hsieh, Tso-Ting Lai, Yun Hsia, Shih-Wen Wang, I-Hsin Ma, Kuo-Chi Hung, Chang-Pin Lin, Chang-Hao Yang, Chung-May Yang, Tzyy-Chang Ho","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01163-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-025-01163-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of vision loss, with some eyes showing recalcitrant disease despite standard anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. While clinical trials have demonstrated promising efficacy and safety of faricimab in treatment-naïve patients, only 9% of participants were Asian, and real-world data on its effectiveness in pretreated Asian populations remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and longitudinal response of intravitreal faricimab in patients with recalcitrant nAMD in Taiwan by analyzing visual acuity, anatomical outcomes, and treatment interval extension over a 6-month period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective observational study at National Taiwan University Hospital. Patients switched to intravitreal faricimab (6 mg/0.05 mL; Vabysmo™) from July 2023 to May 2024 with 6 months follow-up identified via electronic medical records. Injections were administered without a loading phase. Retreatment was guided by the presence of retinal fluid on optical coherence tomography (OCT), with or without visual decline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 33 eyes from 28 patients were analyzed. Visual acuity remained stable over 6 months (p = 0.147). Central retinal thickness significantly improved from 267 to 235 μm at 3 months (p = 0.002) and remained stable at 6 months (p = 0.003). Subretinal fluid resolved in 36.4% of eyes at 3 months (p < 0.001) and 48.5% at 6 months (p = 0.002), while changes in intraretinal fluid (IRF) and pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height were not significant. Treatment intervals were extended in 52% of eyes, with 56% reaching ≥ 16 weeks (Q16W) intervals. No serious ocular or systemic adverse events were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intravitreal faricimab demonstrated improved anatomical outcomes with stable visual acuity and extended treatment intervals in patients with recalcitrant nAMD in Taiwan, addressing a key evidence gap. Future studies with longer follow-ups are needed to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes in Acute Ocular Surface Chemical Injury-Role of pH Measurement on Presentation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Emma Spowart, Sayali Pradhan, Charlotte Bruce, Borja Salvador-Culla, Gustavo Figueiredo, Francisco C Figueiredo","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01155-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-025-01155-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chemical eye injury is an ophthalmic emergency which can lead to loss of vision. We aimed to determine the prognostic value of tear film pH on presentation in acute chemical eye injuries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographics, pH values, causative chemical, injury circumstances, injury severity, and clinical and visual outcomes were assessed from previously collated data from patients presenting to the emergency eye department (EED) in a UK tertiary hospital. All patients who had pH measured before irrigation in the EED were included. Associations with injury severity and clinical and visual outcomes were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pre-irrigation pH was recorded in 135 eyes (113 patients, 66.4% male, mean age 35.5 years [range 2-78; standard deviation (SD) 15.4]; 15 acid, 108 alkali, 12 unknown). The pH within 24 h of injury (n = 108 eyes) correlated significantly with injury severity (r_s = 0.20, p = 0.02). In patients with abnormal pH on presentation (n = 26 eyes), pH correlated strongly with injury severity (r_s = 0.72, p < 0.01). There was no significant correlation with visual outcome at follow-up (n = 70 eyes, 60 patients, follow-up 1-3929 days, mean 579.4 days, SD 1206.0 days; r_s = 0.12, p = 0.11). Presenting pH below 6.5 or above 7.5 was a significant predictive factor for the presence of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) (univariate binary logistic regression analysis, p = 0.026, Nagelkerke R-squared = 0.090).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Deranged pH correlated with burn severity in patients presenting within 24 h of injury and was a significant predictive factor for LSCD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Corneal Graft Failure with Glaucoma Drainage Device Placement in the Anterior Chamber Compared to the Ciliary Sulcus.","authors":"Emmeline J Kim, Monica K Ertel, Jennifer L Patnaik, Maxwell Mayeda, Deidre St Peter, Galia A Deitz, Jeffrey R SooHoo, Mina B Pantcheva, Malik Y Kahook, Leonard K Seibold, Karen L Christopher, Cara E Capitena Young","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01145-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40123-025-01145-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the rate of corneal graft failure in eyes with glaucoma drainage device (GDD) placed in the anterior chamber (AC) versus the ciliary sulcus (CS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective chart review of eyes with coexisting corneal transplant and GDD between January 2014 and December 2021 at an academic medical center. The primary outcome was incidence of corneal transplant failure. Groups were compared with logistic regression modeling utilizing generalized estimating equations with an unstructured correlation to account for patients with two eyes included. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence limits were determined for the primary outcome. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to demonstrate the time to failure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 58 eyes, the graft failure rate for GDDs placed in the AC versus CS was 42.5% and 10.5%, respectively (p = 0.05). Male patients had higher odds of failure, OR 3.5 (95% CI 1.1, 10.4, p = 0.03). Maximum intraocular pressure, topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor use, and type of corneal graft were not significantly associated with failure. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve demonstrated higher corneal transplant failure probabilities for eyes with GDD in the AC versus CS (p = 0.06). GDD location, after adjusting for sex, was not significantly associated with failure, OR 3.0 (95% CI 0.8, 11.6, p = 0.10).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Corneal transplant failure rates were four times higher in eyes with GDDs in the AC compared to the CS, but the difference was not statistically significant. Further studies with larger sample sizes and follow-up are needed to fully explore differences in failure rates by GDD placement.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":"14 6","pages":"1297-1309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% Early Experience Program (LEEP): A Canadian Initiative for Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension.","authors":"David Yan, Cindy M L Hutnik, Paul Harasymowycz","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01132-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40123-025-01132-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Here we report the intraocular pressure (IOP) changes following treatment with latanoprostene bunod (LBN) 0.024% in patients in Canadian ophthalmology practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This real-world, open-label, 6-week, observational study collected data from 59 Canadian ophthalmologists and a total of 653 patients. Eligibility was open to all patients treated with LBN 0.024% instilled once daily for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. IOP was assessed prior to initiating LBN and after a planned 6 weeks of treatment. Patient demographics, prior treatment(s), IOP, and patient/physician satisfaction ratings were recorded. Subgroup analyses included (1) patients naïve to prior IOP-lowering medication (with or without prior selective laser trabeculoplasty [SLT]) initiating LBN; (2) patients switching from a pre-existing medication to LBN; and (3) patients adding LBN to existing medications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 653 patients included, 251 were naïve to previous medical antihypertensive therapy, 369 were switched to LBN from a previous medication, and 26 added LBN on top of existing medications (seven patients did not indicate status). Mean baseline IOP was 19.5 mmHg in the overall cohort and follow-up occurred over a period of 37.9 ± 7.9 days. Mean IOP was reduced by 16.3% (95% confidence interval 14.9-17.7) across all included patients. Overall IOP reduction from baseline was largest for naïve patients with no prior SLT (29.3%), with age and baseline IOP key determinants of outcomes in this group. Patient and physician satisfaction scores were high.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This initial Canadian clinical experience of LBN in diverse patient and physician populations reflected its use in a real-world context, and demonstrated a significant IOP-lowering effect with LBN across patient groups seen in routine practice. Patient and physician satisfaction scores were high and in notable agreement.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":"14 6","pages":"1311-1323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and Functional Insight into Intracameral Cefuroxime Ocular Toxic Syndrome (ICOTS) in Eyes with Disrupted Intraocular Barrier.","authors":"Andrea Cusumano, Marco A Pileri, Benedetto Falsini, Massimo Cesareo, Michele D'Ambrosio, Fabian D'Apolito, Francesco Martelli, Marco Lombardo","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01137-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40123-025-01137-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Intracameral cefuroxime is commonly used as a prophylaxis against endophthalmitis following cataract surgery. While its effectiveness is well-documented, concerns remain regarding potential toxicity. Intracameral cefuroxime ocular toxic syndrome (ICOTS) is characterized by acute, extensive, and serous retinal detachment that usually resolves spontaneously. However, the long-term effects of ICOTS have not yet been studied. This study aims to provide new insights into ICOTS using multimodal imaging, retinal electrophysiology, and perimetry to assess both acute and chronic functional and structural changes in eyes with a disrupted intraocular vitreous barrier.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective case series included four patients affected by ICOTS who underwent cataract surgery with standard-dose intracameral cefuroxime (1.0 mg/0.1 ml). Three patients had previously undergone pars-plana vitrectomy and one patient had undergone anterior vitrectomy. Patients were followed up to 1 year after surgery. Evaluations included optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultra-wide-field (UWF) OCT-angiography (OCTA), automated perimetry, and multifocal electroretinography (ERG) at the preoperative visit (T0) and at 1 day (T1), 1 week (T2), 1 month (T3), 6 months (T4), and 1 year (T5) after cataract surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At T1, all patients had acute extensive serous retinal detachments. UWF-OCTA revealed increased superficial vessel density during the acute phase, with only partial restoration at follow-up. Two cases had permanent structural damage to the outer retina. Functional assessments showed transient changes in multifocal ERG responses, returning to near-normal levels within T3. Best-corrected visual acuity worsened at T1 and improved after the subretinal fluid resolution (T2).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intracameral cefuroxime ocular toxic syndrome may induce persistent retinal changes despite fluid resolution in eyes with a disrupted intraocular barrier due to prior vitrectomy. Early OCT assessment can help to identify this condition. Further investigation, incorporating UWF-OCTA and ERG for a comprehensive assessment of ICOTS, along with revised informed consent protocols for patients undergoing cataract surgery with this antibiotic prophylaxis, may be indicated when risk factors are identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":"14 6","pages":"1337-1347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Language Models: Pioneering New Educational Frontiers in Childhood Myopia.","authors":"Mohammad Delsoz, Amr Hassan, Amin Nabavi, Amir Rahdar, Brian Fowler, Natalie C Kerr, Lauren Claire Ditta, Mary E Hoehn, Margaret M DeAngelis, Andrzej Grzybowski, Yih-Chung Tham, Siamak Yousefi","doi":"10.1007/s40123-025-01142-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40123-025-01142-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the performance of three large language models (LLMs), namely ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4o (o1 Preview), and Google Gemini, in producing patient education materials (PEMs) and improving the readability of online PEMs on childhood myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LLM-generated responses were assessed using three prompts. Prompt A requested to \"Write educational material on childhood myopia.\" Prompt B added a modifier specifying \"a sixth-grade reading level using the FKGL (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level) readability formula.\" Prompt C aimed to rewrite existing PEMs to a sixth-grade level using FKGL. Reponses were assessed for quality (DISCERN tool), readability (FKGL, SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook)), Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT, understandability/actionability), and accuracy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> ChatGPT-4o (01) and ChatGPT-3.5 generated good-quality PEMs (DISCERN 52.8 and 52.7, respectively); however, quality declined from prompt A to prompt B (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013). Google Gemini produced fair-quality (DISCERN 43) but improved with prompt B (p = 0.02). All PEMs exceeded the 70% PEMAT understandability threshold but failed the 70% actionability threshold (40%). No misinformation was identified. Readability improved with prompt B; ChatGPT-4o (01) and ChatGPT-3.5 achieved a sixth-grade level or below (FGKL 6 ± 0.6 and 6.2 ± 0.3), while Google Gemini did not (FGKL 7 ± 0.6). ChatGPT-4o (01) outperformed Google Gemini in readability (p < 0.001) but was comparable to ChatGPT-3.5 (p = 0.846). Prompt C improved readability across all LLMs, with ChatGPT-4o (o1 Preview) showing the most significant gains (FKGL 5.8 ± 1.5; p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ChatGPT-4o (o1 Preview) demonstrates potential in producing accurate, good-quality, understandable PEMs, and in improving online PEMs on childhood myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19623,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmology and Therapy","volume":"14 6","pages":"1281-1295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12069199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}