Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Bacterial Dacryoadenitis With Abscess: Meta-Analysis of Features and Outcomes of a Rare Clinical Entity.","authors":"James Pietris, Clare Quigley, Lydia Lam, Dinesh Selva","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Bacterial dacryoadenitis with abscess is rare. There is limited evidence examining the clinical course, and there is no consensus on evidence-based management protocols. The authors aim to systematically review the current literature on bacterial dacryoadenitis with abscess, examining etiology, clinical and radiological features, management, and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL was performed to July 2024, prior to data collection and risk of bias analysis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-one cases of bacterial dacryoadenitis complicated by abscess were identified, mean age 34.5 ± 22.3 years including n = 17 females (40.4%, subgroup with full demographic data, n = 42). Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was identified as the most common causative organism (25.4%), followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (17.9%) and Haemophilus influenzae (12.8%). Clinical features included upper eyelid swelling (74.5%) and pain (39.2%), along with extraocular movement restriction (58.8%), gaze-evoked pain (39.2%), erythema (45%), chemosis (41.1%), and lacrimal gland protrusion (19.6%). A well-defined, rim-enhancing lesion within an enlarged lacrimal gland was typical on imaging (seen in 33.3%). The majority were managed with abscess drainage with concurrent intravenous antibiotics (66.6%). Only 1 patient among the included studies suffered a recurrence. Abscess drainage was not associated with patient age (p = 0. 8) or with Staphylococcus aureus as the causative organism (p = 0.7).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bacterial dacryoadenitis with abscess is a rare but potentially sight-threatening entity. Requirement for abscess drainage in bacterial dacryoadenitis was not associated with patient age, nor with the most common causative bacteria. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for compressive optic neuropathy, and alert to signs that may indicate surgical drainage, in particular, inadequate response to antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143409495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Silicone Gel Versus Placebo for Postsurgical Scars of the Eyelids: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blinded Study.","authors":"Troy S Karanfilian, Tobin Thuma, Tiffany Cheng, Ricky Paramo, Jee-Young Moon, Sruti Akella, Anne Barmettler","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>While silicone has been shown to be effective on scars on the sternum, foot, and other areas with thicker skin, the effect of silicone on scars in the thin periocular skin has not yet been evaluated in a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded fashion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study enrolled patients undergoing bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty or bilateral upper eyelid ptosis repair. Subjects were randomized to apply silicone gel to 1 eyelid incision site and placebo (petrolatum ointment) to the other side twice daily postoperatively. Outcome measures were physician-graded scar erythema, elevation, and pigmentation, as well as patient-reported satisfaction, itching, pain, and firmness. These were assessed postoperatively at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 192 eyelids from 96 patients, there were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in any outcomes between silicone gel and placebo across any measure or time point. Patient satisfaction and blinded doctor and patient appearance preferences did not show any significant difference between the 2 treatments at any time point. Average follow-up was 11 weeks (range: 1-136 weeks).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This clinical trial suggests that topical silicone may not offer significant advantages over petrolatum ointment in improving eyelid scar healing. Overall results indicate similar efficacy between treatments. These results underscore the importance of evidence-based medicine in choosing beneficial and cost-effective interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Kinetic, Automated, Tangent Screen, and Novel Disposable Perimetry for the Evaluation of Dermatochalasis and Blepharoptosis.","authors":"Nicole P Rebollo, Catherine J Hwang, Julian D Perry","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare a novel disposable ptosis visual field device to conventional perimetry devices for the evaluation of dermatochalasis and/or blepharoptosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty patients from a single academic center participated in this prospective, observational study. Patients with dermatochalasis (skin resting on the eyelashes) and/or blepharoptosis (marginal reflex distance 1 ≤2 mm) were included. Each subject underwent untaped and taped perimetry using 4 visual field devices in random order: Goldmann visual field (GVF), automated Humphrey visual field (HVF), tangent screen (TS), and the novel visual field device (NVF). One eye was randomly selected, and McNemar tests and paired t tests were used to establish comparisons between devices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean difference between untaped and taped central perimetry (in °) in the GVF, NVF, HVF, and TS was 26.5° ± 14.0°, 12.4° ± 8.5°, 9.6° ± 6.5°, and 9.6° ± 5.8°. The novel device detected a mean 2.9° greater difference than both the HVF (p = 0.083) and the TS (p = 0.062). The GVF, NVF, HVF, and TS detected a ≥12° difference in 90%, 50%, 39%, and 32.5% of eyes, respectively. The GVF detected a mean 14.1° greater difference than the novel device (p < 0.001). The GVF, NVF, HVF, and TS detected a ≥30% superior field occlusion in 98%, 73%, 55%, and 50% of eyes, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the ability of the NVF to detect a >12° difference or ≥30% superior field restriction compared with HVF or TS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The NVF is as reliable as the commonly used HVF and TS for the evaluation of visual obstruction due to blepharoptosis and dermatochalasis. The GVF is more sensitive than the other 3 devices. The novel disposable visual field device could allow for virtual visual field testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orbital and Ocular Venous Congestion: A Rare Manifestation of Hypervascular Paget Disease of the Bone.","authors":"Melissa Yuan, Carolina A Chiou, Jennifer C W Hu, Seyedeh Maryam Zekavat, Dean Eliott, Aman B Patel, Daniel R Lefebvre","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 73-year-old male with a history of incidentally diagnosed Paget disease of bone affecting the skull and left orbit 2 years prior presented with 3 months of vision loss, proptosis, and periorbital swelling of the OS. Examination showed best-corrected Snellen visual acuity of 20/150 in the affected eye, intact motility, 7 mm of relative proptosis, significant dilated and tortuous \"corkscrew\" conjunctival vessels, serous choroidal and retinal detachments, optic nerve hyperemia, and venous tortuosity and dilation. Although the bony lesions in the left orbit were stable from 1 year prior on imaging, the diagnostic angiogram demonstrated osseous blush and hypervascularity of the lesion. It was thus determined that the abnormal bone of the left orbit with enhanced blood flow was adversely affecting the blood flow in the orbit and eye. The patient underwent coil embolization of the feeding vessels and external blood supply to the lateral orbital wall and hyperostotic Paget lesion via coil embolization of the left internal maxillary artery and left middle meningeal artery with improvement of the choroidal effusions and subretinal fluid, followed by bony orbital decompression with improvement in the proptosis. This is a novel case of orbital and ocular vascular congestion due to Paget disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Epidemiology and Treatment Outcomes of Facial Nerve Palsy Using a Population-Based Method.","authors":"Christopher J Hwang, Sarah Alshami, David O Hodge, Elizabeth A Bradley","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To update the epidemiological patterns of facial nerve palsy (FNP) in Olmsted County, MN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective chart review using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database was conducted. Patients aged ≥18 years receiving a diagnosis of FNP within the Rochester Epidemiology Project database from the years 2000 to 2010 were included in the study. Data collected included age, gender, cause of FNP, degree of paralysis, medical and/or surgical management, and outcomes. Overall incidence rates were determined using gender-specific population figures for Olmsted County. Incidence trends were compared with previous Rochester Epidemiology Project studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common cause for FNP was Bell palsy (70.3% of cases). The overall incidence rate for Bell palsy in Olmsted County from 2000 to 2010 was 39.9 (95% CI, 36.1-43.7) per 100,000 person-years. This is an absolute increase of 14.9 per 100,000 person-years and a 60% relative increase in Bell palsy compared with a previous study performed at Mayo Clinic using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database population data from 1968 to 1982. Patients were infrequently evaluated by an ophthalmologist (8.4% of cases), and surgical intervention to address ophthalmic sequelae was rare (1.7% of cases).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of Bell palsy has increased dramatically over previous studies, which has occurred in the setting of declining herpes simplex virus type 1 seropositivity trends and increasing herpes zoster incidence in the United States. Few patients with FNP are referred to ophthalmologists, which may represent a gap in care for both acute and long-term ophthalmic sequelae.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lacrimal Sac CLL: A Review of Clinical Features, Investigations, and Management.","authors":"Oliver Reigler, Meydan Ben Ishai, Huw Oliphant","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study reviews all reported cases of lacrimal gland chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to identify patterns in clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management to aid in early recognition and treatment of this uncommon occurrence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of medical literature databases was performed to identify studies reporting lacrimal sac involvement in CLL from 1970 to 2024. Data were extracted regarding demographics, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment, and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-three cases of CLL lacrimal sac infiltration were identified. The median age was 71, with a slight female predominance of 54.5%. The most common symptoms were epiphora (63.6%) and pseudo-dacryocystitis or symptoms of dacryocystitis (48.5%). A significant proportion of patients (87.9%) had a known history of CLL at presentation. Chemotherapy combined with surgery was the most frequent treatment, 48.4%, with a positive response in 93.3% of patients. Local recurrence occurred in 10.3% of cases, predominantly in those treated with chemotherapy and surgery, or surgery alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lacrimal sac CLL, though rare, should be considered in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction, especially those with a prior CLL diagnosis. Early diagnosis can be aided by imaging and histopathological evaluation, and treatment typically results in favorable outcomes with low recurrence rates. Tailoring treatment based on individual patient factors is essential for optimal management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate Stentless Lacrimal Sac to Conjunctiva Reconstructive Ostomy for Cancer and Trauma Defects: LACROS (Conjunctivodacryocystostomy).","authors":"Francisco J Villegas-Alzate","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe and evaluate the efficacy and safety of lacrimal sac to conjunctiva reconstructive ostomy for proximal lacrimal system reconstruction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 41 patients (32 cancer and 9 trauma; 36 primary and 5 secondary) who underwent lacrimal sac to conjunctiva reconstructive ostomy. The technique involves creating a direct connection between a surgical opening in the lacrimal sac, which maintains its bony attachments to prevent ostomy occlusion, and the medial conjunctiva (medial fornix, bulbar, and palpebral). Interrupted 7-0 polyglactin 910 sutures were used to form a 3- to 5-mm-diameter lined conduit. Stenting was not employed. When necessary, oral mucosa or mucoperiosteal grafts and local flaps were utilized for reconstruction. Outcomes were assessed by epiphora prevention, the functional patency of the lacrimal ostomy, and the patient-reported nasolacrimal duct obstruction symptom score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On examination, all patients demonstrated canalization of the lacrimal sac to the conjunctival reconstructive ostomy, as evidenced by unobstructed tear drainage. Complications occurred in 17% of cases, including periorbital edema, chemosis, diplopia, and conjunctival granuloma. The average nasolacrimal duct obstruction symptom score for lacrimal-ocular symptoms was 3.1/10 and for nasal symptoms was 2.3/10 (0 best, 10 worst). Tearing was the least prominent complaint (0.8/10), with 1 patient reporting permanent tearing (6/10).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lacrimal sac to conjunctiva reconstructive ostomy proves to be a valuable procedure for immediate and delayed proximal lacrimal system reconstruction in cancer and trauma cases due to its straightforward and stent-free approach and its favorable 8-year outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multicentric Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of Bilateral Eyelids.","authors":"Nicholas W Nakasian, Llwyatt K Hofer, Kaila A Buckley, Jill A Foster","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 59-year-old female patient presented with a purple, fluid-filled lesion on her left upper eyelid that contained a solid component. Excisional biopsy revealed a diagnosis of mucinous adenocarcinoma. Extensive oncological workup was negative for a distant primary tumor or metastasis and confirmed a diagnosis of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma. Further excision and eyelid reconstruction were required. One year later, another suspicious, fluid-filled lesion was excised from the patients' left lower eyelid. Biopsy and subsequent oncological workup confirmed a mucinous adenocarcinoma in situ, a known precursor of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma. This case contributes to the limited literature reporting multicentric primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the eyelids and suggests that there may be underlying factors that heighten a patient's risk for developing these tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T-Shaped Wedge Resection of the Upper Eyelid: An Alternative to the Pentagonal Wedge.","authors":"Larissa K Ghadiali, Christine Zemsky, Austin Gerber, Benjamin C Campbell, Marycon C Jiro, Daniel S Casper, Hui Bae Harold Lee, William R Nunnery, Richard Burgett, Kendall Burgett, Bryan J Winn","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the experience with an alternative to the upper eyelid pentagonal wedge resection technique which results in improved cosmesis due to a greater alignment of incisions with relaxed skin tension lines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of all patients who underwent the T-shaped wedge resection by the authors from 2009 to 2017. A horizontal eyelid crease incision is made across the upper eyelid skin. A rectangular full-thickness excision extending to the eyelid crease anteriorly, with an additional superior triangle of posterior lamellar excision is performed. The anterior lamella above the eyelid crease is left intact and the eyelid crease incision is used to distribute the relative excess anterior lamellar tissue above the eyelid crease to the horizontally shortened tissue below the crease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred and four eyelids of 102 patients were included. The mean patient age was 57 and the procedure was performed on 49 right upper eyelids and 55 left upper eyelids. The indications for eyelid resection were benign lesions (n = 57), basal cell carcinoma (n = 27), trichiasis (n = 15), and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3). Two patients experienced mild postoperative lagophthalmos, which did not require surgical repair. All patients were satisfied with their postoperative appearance. No patients required reoperation related to their procedure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The T-shaped wedge resection is an alternative to the traditional pentagonal wedge resection of the upper eyelid. This technique uses the natural upper eyelid crease to redistribute the relative excess skin above the defect, rather than extending the excision superior to the eyelid crease which can alter the contour of the crease and potentially create a vertical scar above the crease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laudable Pus, Cocaine, and the Evolution of Wound Management.","authors":"Philip L Custer","doi":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000002893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To review the long history of wound management, including the methods of skin closure, asepsis, and anesthesia. Periocular techniques will be emphasized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Literature searches and cross-referencing were used to identify historic reports addressing the management of wounds. Foreign language manuscripts were translated using online resources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The first written description of suturing dates to around 3000 BC and involved the repair of an eyebrow wound. A wide variety of materials have since been used as ligatures or stitches, including animal intestines, tendons, hair, silk, linen, plant fibers, and metal wire. For much of recorded history, sutures were a primary cause of wound infection and morbidity. There was a time when the resultant drainage was viewed as being beneficial (laudable pus). Many of the discoveries that ultimately led to the practice of asepsis were coincidental. Prior to the development of infiltrative anesthesia in 1894, patients had to endure the discomfort of surgery, occasionally with the sedative effects of wine or cannabis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The history of wound closure is a fascinating tale. While there has been a constant evolution, silk and catgut sutures, ligatures, surgical knots, and layered closure have been used for several millennium. Advances in asepsis, in addition to the development of anesthesia, antibiotics, and synthetic sutures, ushered in the modern age of surgery. A knowledge of the past will give us, as oculofacial surgeons, a greater understanding and appreciation of the techniques we use today.</p>","PeriodicalId":19588,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}