Open Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance","authors":"Suhaib J. Shbailat, Raghad Majeed Rasheed, Rahim J. Muhi, Akeel Abdullah Mohammed","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0471","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Two box-type solar cooker (BTSC) prototypes were tested to examine thermal performance under identical conditions. The first box solar cooker used an absorber plate fabricated from copper, and the second box solar cooker used 40 pores per inch (PPI) of copper foam sheets. Many experiments on solar cookers were carried out in September 2022 in Baghdad, Iraq, where the solar cookers were directed to the south and situated at latitude 33.3°N and longitude 44.4°E. In the experimental testing, copper metal foam 40 PPI is used as a heat absorber plate at various absorber plate heights (1, 3, 5, and 7 cm). The results showed that the solar cooker with a 40 PPI copper foam absorber experienced a stagnation temperature of roughly 17° higher compared to a BTSC with a standard absorber. A copper foam 40 PPI absorber plate can reduce cooking time in a BTSC by as much as 23% compared to a standard flat absorber plate. The percentage of increase in the solar cooker’s internal temperature with an increase in absorber plate height from 1 to 7 cm for 40 PPI copper foam absorber plate is approximately 16.1%. The acceptable range for the equation of cooking power indicates that the cooker can be relied upon for consistently cooking food and boiling water.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135844732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers","authors":"Ali K. Muneam, Ragheed F. Makki","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0457","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the effect of using recycled steel fibers (RSFs) extracted from cut tires with dimensions of 0.8 and 40 mm in diameter and length, respectively. Different percentages of fibers were used, which are 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%. Ten beams with dimensions of 150 mm × 240 mm and a length of 1,700 mm were tested, two of which are control beams without stirrups and using stirrups at a distance higher than the upper limit ( d /2), which is a distance of 250 mm. In the case of using steel fibers without a stirrup, it is noticed that shear resistance increases gradually, but the type of failure remains shear. When using a minimum stirrup with steel fibers, the shear resistance increased significantly by 11.1, 23.7, 33.3, and 41.4%, respectively, compared to the reference beam without steel fibers so that the increased shear capacity in the presence of the minimum stirrups and optimal ratio of steel fibers of 2% reaches 122%, compared to the reference beam without stirrup and steel fibers, as well as converting the type of failure from shear failure to pure bending failure. When using a stirrup, this effect will be greater. The presence of RSF reduces deflection at cracking load, while increasing deflection at the ultimate load. Therefore, the stiffness and ductility ratio increased with the presence of steel fibers by 41.5 and 50.3%, respectively. Also, steel fibers delayed the appearance of beam cracks and reduced their widths.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136302754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete","authors":"Samir Saify, Mohammed Sattar Radhi, Samer A. Al-Mashhadi, Basim Mareai, Sarah Fadel Jabr, Zainab Adel Mohammed, Zainab Al-Khafaji, Fatimah Al-Husseinawi","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0479","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pozzolanic materials, glass powder, and silica fume (SF) have all been used in concrete recently as a partial cement substitution to increase the strength of the concrete. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of waste glass powder (WGP) and SF combination on high-strength concrete (HSC) characteristics. The working methodology of the current research consists of using SF passed through sieve No. 200, and WGP particles that passed through sieve No. 400 (particle size less than 38 µm), maximum size of aggregate (14, 20) mm and W/C + p (0.25, 0.35, and 0.45). The used waste materials were in three different amounts of SF and WGP (5, 10, and 15%) by weight of cement. HSC was tested for compressive strength, density, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) with various glass powder and SF contents. The obtained results show that after 7 and 28 days, concrete specimens containing 15% glass powder and SF demonstrated an increase in density, UPV, and compressive strength, depending on the test results. Conversely, concrete specimens with 5% SF and WGP had decreased compressive strength, UPV, and density. It was detected that WGP gave high mechanical (compressive strength) and physical properties (density and UPV) than SF with a ratio of 15% and lower properties with a ratio of 5%. In HSC manufacturing, glass powder may be used instead of SF.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134883169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq","authors":"Wafaa Khudhair Luaibi, Lee Vien Leong, Hamid Athab Al-jameel","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0531","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recurring congestion on highways is the primary cause of traffic congestion in the urban traffic system while jams on merging sections are the worst section along the expressway. Due to the presence of heavy congestion in the site of University of Technology, this study aims to discover the traffic characteristics of this site to determine the appropriate solutions. Therefore, this study selects a merging section on Mohammed Al-Qassim expressway to investigate some characteristics of such a section in Iraq. Field data have been collected from this site for 4 h. The data were collected from video cameras installed along the expressway in Baghdad city which is called Mohammed Al-Qassim Expressway. These data present flow of upstream and ramp. The Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non-Urban Networks (AIMSUN) program was also adopted to investigate other characteristics which are difficult to get such as speed and occupancy for the current case. The results showed that the simulated and real data significantly corresponded. In this study, the AIMSUN program received recognition by utilizing Geoffrey E. Havers a method for comparing two sets of traffic volumes that are used in traffic engineering, traffic forecasting, and traffic modeling as it was discovered to be comparable to reality, and the road management was then enhanced by the addition of ramp metering and cycle (green) time control.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135158564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq","authors":"Ahmed Sagban Khudier, Ahmed Naseh Ahmed Hamdan","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, the analysis was carried out concerning previous changes in land use/land cover (LULC) for 2 years, 2000 and 2020, and their impact on water resources in the Diyala River Watershed in Iraq was assessed. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is a hydrological model used to perform the hydrological modeling process for LULC maps. The data for LULC were collected using the Landsat satellite with a resolution of 30 m, and it was classified using geographical information systems (ArcGIS). Using the confusion matrix, the accuracy of the maps for the years 2000 and 2020 was evaluated, the overall accuracy was more than 90%, and the kappa coefficient (ka) was more than 88%, which indicates the accuracy of the classification and is ideal for use in modeling work. SUFI-2 included with the SWATCUP program was used to perform the calibration and the results were validated for the outflow of the two gauging stations within the study area of Hemren station and Derbendikhan station as a monthly time step for a baseline map LULC 2000, in the period 1996–2020 with 4 years as warm up. Coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (Pbias) were used, which were the most common indicators for evaluating the performance of the statistical model. The results indicated that the values of R 2 during the calibration and validation processes were (0.84–0.88) and (0.85–0.87), respectively; the NSE was (0.87–0.85), and the Pbias was (4.2–6.8)% and (5.8 to −4.1)%, respectively. Therefore, the calibration and verification results were good and satisfactory. In addition to the two LULC maps for 2000 and 2020, the parameters of the modified SWAT model were utilized to estimate the effects on the Diyala River Basin. The study found that LULC change affects basins and sub-basins differently. At the basin, hydrological parameters were largely unaffected by LULC changes. However, at the sub-basin level, the water yield and the surface runoff were changed between (−6.45 to 4.67)% and (−2.9 to 9.88)%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136209790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of numerical models to simulate 2D hydrodynamic/water quality model of contaminant concentration in Shatt Al-Arab River with WRDB calibration tools","authors":"M. Mawat, Ahmed Naseh A. Hamdan","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0416","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The hydrodynamic model is essential for building a water quality model for rivers, lakes, estuaries, and other water systems. Most model software, such as HEC-RAS, can perform a complex hydrodynamic surface water body and limitations to represent water quality for the corresponding area. In contrast, other models, like WASP, can simulate a wide range of contaminants in a multidimensional geometry of rivers, estuaries, lakes, and reservoirs. Still, it requires flow information from separate hydrodynamic models. This article aims to develop a comprehensive water quality model of the Shatt Al Arab River south of Iraq by linking HEC-RAS with WASP. A variety of software techniques has sequentially been used. This software includes GIS for DEM modification, HEC-RAS for the hydrodynamic model, Python code with PyCharm to run the external coupler, WASP software for advective and dispersive contaminant transport, and finally, WRDB software for full calibration process and results display. The results showed successful transportation of flow information had been achieved. Moreover, the article described an effective calibration process by plotting comparison graphs and statistical summaries to make the appropriate decision. Another goal of this work is to collect the equations and associated reaction rates of source/sink kinetic for eutrophication’s state variables.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48161888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Powered education based on Metaverse: Pre- and post-COVID comprehensive review","authors":"M. Alfiras, J. Bojiah, M. N. Mohammed, Firas Mohammed Ibrahim, Husham M. Ahmed, Oday I. Abdullah","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0476","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, an increasing interest has been in applying the Metaverse to create unique educational settings. This article reports a review of the literature on Metaverse and its application in higher educational settings to understand its definitive features, evolution from ideation to higher educational use cases, accessibility and affordability, ethical issues, current trends, and future research needs for effective and efficient Metaverse application in higher educational settings. A total of 58 publications between 1992 and 2022 retrieved from Google Scholar and other online portals were reviewed. The review was carried out using Nvivo software for qualitative data analysis to identify and extract the main themes from the reviewed papers, which were then organized thematically, discussed, and presented in the current article. The findings from this review provide an overview of the development of the Metaverse and its application in higher education from a pre-Covid and post-Covid perspective. It highlights the current state of research on applications of the Metaverse in higher education and the development of ten Metaversities funded by Meta, formerly Facebook. Furthermore, the article discusses the main concerns around adopting the Metaverse, which is mainly ethical issues such as data privacy, network security, netiquette, digital citizenship, copyright, and policies.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48225955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating hydraulic parameters in clays based on in situ tests","authors":"Mariusz Lech, Marek Bajda, Katarzyna Markowska-Lech, Simon Rabarijoely","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0483","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The permeability of soil is an important factor controlling the flow of water through the subsoil. The article presents the results of studies of hydraulic parameters for overconsolidated clays using in situ tests. Using the excess pore pressure normalization technique, both in the case of monotonic and dilatory dissipation tests, and the time at which 50% dissipation of excess pore water pressure takes place, as well as taking into account the rigidity index of the analyzed soil, it was possible to estimate the permeability and consolidation coefficients for the analyzed clays. Based on these studies, simple relationships between the permeability coefficient and the soil behavior-type index are proposed. Proposed formulas may be applied for overconsolidated cohesive soils with soil behavior-type index values within the range of 2.05–3.30 and described in Robertson’s chart as overconsolidated silty clays, clays and heavily overconsolidated and cemented fine-grained soils. Although our proposal of determining flow parameters has been calibrated only for two analyzed cases, its utility for wider use in other overconsolidated fine-grained soils may also be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":"08 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the role of different stabilizers of PVCs by using a torque rheometer","authors":"Sawsan D. A. Shubbar, Asmaa H. Dhiaa, H. Egzar","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0423","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of the versatile thermoplastic materials that have tremendous applications almost everywhere but it is thermally unstable at high temperatures. Processing of PVC at elevated temperatures requires the use of thermal stabilizers that are considered crucial additives for the protection of PVC during both processing and useful life usage. Several thermal stabilizers are available commercially that mostly obstruct the dehydrochlorination reaction. Choosing appropriate stabilizer systems for a specific application is cumbersome. A Brabender torque rheometer at a constant temperature of 180°C and variable shear stress was used to evaluate the stabilizing efficiency of 12 different stabilizer systems combined with PVC. Fusion time, induction period, minimum torque, and rheological stability time were determined in order to evaluate the investigated stabilizer systems. It was found that dibutyl tin mercaptide was the best stabilizer, while the mixture of lead stabilizers was the worse one.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45082428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and simulation study on a rooftop vertical-axis wind turbine","authors":"Malek Ali, A. Gherissi, Y. Altaharwah","doi":"10.1515/eng-2022-0465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0465","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, a small vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) was successfully designed and tested to produce electrical energy using renewable wind energy after being installed on the roof of buildings. The VAWT was constructed according to the existing wind source in the Tabuk region in Saudi Arabia. The use of VAWT on roofs is a sustainable solution for producing clean electricity and contributing to a portion of the local electricity consumption. A rooftop wind turbine test was performed to determine the behavior and output of a VAWT under non-constant wind speeds under natural conditions. To verify the resistance of the shear stress and pressure, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation on the airfoil was conducted. The experimental test results showed that the VAWT can reach its rated power at 9 m/s. The minimum wind speed needed for power production was 3 m/s. The maximum power coefficient obtained during testing was approximately 0.45 at a tip speed ratio of around 1.94. The simulation mesh is constructed with Ansys mesh. Two dimensional (2-D) mapped face meshing, fine, high smoothing mesh was constructed with 50 division numbers and a bias factor of about 150. The grid with 15,000 cells generated the same results as the higher number of cell grids. The simulation equivalent force was about 2.8 N for a single blade, such as 8.5 N in total, which presents an error of about 3%. The CFD simulation and experimental tests on existing forces confirm that the VAWT structure’s resistance can be guaranteed at high wind speeds.","PeriodicalId":19512,"journal":{"name":"Open Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41524222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}