Nutrients最新文献

{"title":"Serum vs. Dietary Magnesium and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Saudi Adolescents.","authors":"Sobhy M Yakout, Malak Nawaz K Khattak, Abdullah M Alnaami, Shaun Sabico, Nicola Veronese, Mario Barbagallo, Nasser M Al-Daghri","doi":"10.3390/nu18193302","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Magnesium (Mg) is an essential micronutrient that participates in more than 300 enzymatic reactions, with well-established functions in glucose and lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. Although serum Mg is routinely used in clinical practice, circulating concentrations may not accurately represent total body Mg status because of tight physiological regulation. The present study evaluated the associations of serum Mg concentration and dietary Mg intake with cardiometabolic outcomes in a cohort of Saudi adolescents. <b>Methods</b>: This cross-sectional study involved 234 Saudi adolescents (166 girls, 68 boys; mean age 14.8 ± 1.7 years) who were assessed for anthropometrics, biochemical parameters and dietary intake. Hypomagnesemia was classified as serum Mg <0.75 mmol/L, while inadequate dietary Mg intake was based on age- and sex-specific cutoffs for children. <b>Results</b>: Hypomagnesemia was present in 87 participants (37.2%) and was more common among boys than girls (50% vs. 31.9%, <i>p</i> = 0.011). No significant differences in the assessed cardiometabolic measurements were observed across serum Mg tertiles. Absolute dietary Mg intake was strongly correlated with total energy and other dietary intakes and was inversely associated with body mass index. Associations based on absolute dietary Mg intake were attenuated after energy adjustment for overweight/obesity. For elevated triglycerides, the highest vs. lowest tertile of residual-adjusted Mg showed a nominal inverse association in the age- and sex-adjusted model (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.17-0.96). However, the corresponding trend did not remain statistically significant after false discovery rate correction. <b>Conclusions</b>: Serum Mg showed limited associations with cardiometabolic outcomes, while associations between dietary Mg and cardiometabolic outcomes were sensitive to energy adjustment and multiple-comparison correction. The inverse association between residual-adjusted Mg and elevated triglycerides should therefore be considered exploratory. These findings highlight potential differences between serum and dietary Mg as indicators of Mg status and underscore the importance of accounting for total energy intake when examining dietary Mg in relation to cardiometabolic health in adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily Patterns in the Timing of Medication and Supplement Intake.","authors":"Tyler Tran, Shweta Varshney, Laura van Rosmalen, Jordan L Levy, Kyla L Laing, Emily N C Manoogian, Michael T Y Lam, Satchidananda Panda","doi":"10.3390/nu18193291","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The timing of medication intake can influence therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects, yet little is known about when medications are actually taken in daily life. We aimed to characterize real-world temporal patterns of medication and dietary supplement use at the population level. <b>Methods:</b> We analyzed time-stamped medication and dietary supplement records from 26,069 adults enrolled in the myCircadianClock smartphone application, generating a population-scale atlas of real-world intake timing. <b>Results:</b> Across more than 200,000 intake events, medication use exhibited daily patterns, with most therapeutic classes following one of two dominant patterns: morning- or evening-predominant intake. In contrast, dietary supplements displayed four distinct temporal patterns, largely corresponding to morning, meal-associated, or bedtime use. Medication timing was highly consistent across age and sex, although the types of medications consumed varied substantially with age. While the timing of many medications aligned with general chronotherapy recommendations, every therapeutic class exhibited considerable variability, with a substantial proportion of intake events occurring several hours outside the predominant intake window. <b>Conclusions:</b> This population-scale atlas provides the first comprehensive description of real-world medication and dietary supplement timing. These findings suggest that temporal adherence may be considered an important dimension of medication-taking behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic Profiling of Sea Buckthorn (<i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> L.) Juice Intervention in 3D hAESC Spheroids: Implications for Cellular Plasticity and Tissue Regeneration.","authors":"Munkhzul Ganbold, Kazunori Sasaki, Kazutoshi Okawa, Makoto Kobayashi, Hiroko Isoda","doi":"10.3390/nu18193285","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Sea buckthorn contains an exceptionally rich profile of bioactive nutrients and metabolites, with established systemic therapeutic benefits across diverse pathological models. However, comprehensive data bridging these systemic outcomes with specific tissue responses are still lacking. This descriptive transcriptomic study establishes a predictive framework to guide the future application of sea buckthorn and its isolated derivatives in targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized a 3D spheroid culture of normal human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) to evaluate the bioactivity effects of sea buckthorn juice (SBJ) treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Microarray analysis validated spheroid structural growth by revealing the upregulation of key upstream markers of proliferation. This SBJ-induced proliferation was supported by a coordinated upregulation of mitochondrial machinery, including oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial RNA processing, the TCA cycle, and mitochondrial membrane organization. Cell type signature analysis revealed that treated cells acquired highly proliferative and active extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling traits. Furthermore, tissue database mapping showed that the cells shared strong transcriptional similarity with human embryo and Wharton's jelly proliferative states. Muscle-type signatures, including cardiomyocyte, myoblast, and smooth muscle lineages, were consistently enriched.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, these findings provide a transcriptomic signature-based predictive model for the biological effects of SBJ. Based on gene ontology and tissue-specific enrichment profiles, our data offer hypothesis-generating predictions suggesting a potential role for SBJ in supporting cellular regeneration via stem cell proliferation. Furthermore, tissue-specific analysis indicates a putative capacity to modulate smooth muscle integrity, inferred from transcriptomic similarities with muscle-type gene signatures. While pure extracted compounds demonstrate beneficial effects, evaluating the whole SBJ matrix provides a broader understanding of its full, unique profile of bioactive properties. These in vitro findings highlight the potential value of the complete juice matrix, forming a predictive baseline for future in vivo and clinical evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149196067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Health Is in the Air\": Visual and Olfactory Nudges and Food Choices at University Vending Machines.","authors":"Simone Chiarelli, Chiara Casiraghi, Alessandra Cecilia Jacomuzzi, Valeria Micheletto, Vincenzo Russo, Margherita Zito, Giuseppina Gifuni","doi":"10.3390/nu18193292","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Ambient sensory cues can influence food choice, yet their role in everyday environments remains underexplored, with much of the existing evidence derived from laboratory studies. This is particularly relevant in university settings, where students often make rapid, convenience-driven choices that may be nudged toward healthier options by sensory cues (e.g., images or scents). <b>Methods</b>: A quasi-experimental field study was conducted across three consecutive one-week conditions: control, visual (a nature-themed poster), and olfactory (jasmine fragrance). Snacks were classified according to perceived healthiness ratings from a pre-study questionnaire. After predefined exclusions, purchases were analyzed using binary logistic regression, with condition as the main predictor and price and time of day examined as additional factors. <b>Results:</b> Among <i>N</i> = 1043 purchases, products classified as healthy were more frequent during the olfactory week than during the control and visual weeks. The visual condition did not differ significantly from control. Higher prices were associated with lower odds of purchasing a product classified as healthy, whereas time of day was not significantly associated with purchasing behavior. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings provide field-based evidence suggesting that olfactory cues may be associated with a shift toward food choices perceived as healthier in vending-machine environments, pointing to their potential as a low-cost sensory nudging strategy while highlighting the need for confirmation through randomized or counterbalanced designs and replication across diverse real-world food-choice settings beyond university contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-Room Indirect Calorimetry in the Study of Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Flexibility: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Andrii Zahorodnii, Alicja Jelska, Paulina Głuszyńska, Layth Majeed Mhayyal Almltashe, Hady Razak Hady","doi":"10.3390/nu18193287","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity and insulin resistance are characterized by substantial heterogeneity in energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Whole-room indirect calorimetry (WRIC) enables continuous assessment of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and substrate oxidation under controlled conditions. This narrative review examines the physiological interpretation, methodological strengths, limitations, and applications of WRIC in obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic flexibility, and weight-loss interventions. By enabling prolonged observation during resting, postprandial, exercise, and sleep periods, WRIC complements short-term indirect calorimetry and free-living energy expenditure measurements obtained using doubly labeled water. Validation studies generally demonstrate high technical accuracy and reproducibility for respiratory gas exchange and 24 h energy expenditure measured using WRIC. In contrast, estimates of the thermic effect of food, short-term changes in RER, and substrate oxidation are more sensitive to protocol design, energy balance, physical activity, and analytical procedures. Available studies demonstrate substantial interindividual variability rather than a uniform metabolic pattern associated with obesity or insulin resistance. Direct WRIC evidence concerning contemporary anti-obesity pharmacotherapy and metabolic and bariatric surgery remains limited. Standardized protocols and complementary assessments of body composition, insulin sensitivity, and free-living energy expenditure are needed to improve the comparability and interpretation of findings across studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Physical Activity Measurement Modality and Gut Microbiome in Breast Cancer Survivors.","authors":"Whitney N Neal, Keri M Kemp, Rebecca B Little, Stephen J Carter, Erica A Schleicher, Robert W Motl, Jin Lu, Elliot J Lefkowitz, Robert A Oster, Lyse A Norian, Gary R Hunter, Helen Krontiras, Bulent Turan, Laura Q Rogers","doi":"10.3390/nu18193286","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Physical activity (PA), physiological fitness, and the gut microbiome have each been linked to health outcomes among breast cancer survivors (BCS); however, these associations have been inconsistent. Few studies have directly compared the associations of self-reported PA, accelerometer-derived PA, and physiological fitness with the gut microbiome within the same population. This study evaluated whether associations with gut microbiome outcomes vary by PA and fitness measurement modality in post-primary treatment BCS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Baseline data from 69 BCS enrolled in a randomized controlled trial were analyzed. PA was assessed using self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and accelerometer-derived light PA (LPA), MVPA, and sedentary behaviors. Physiological fitness was evaluated using peak oxygen uptake (V˙O₂peak) and related fitness metrics. Gut microbiome outcomes included α-diversity, β-diversity, and exploratory taxa-level analyses derived from 16S rRNA sequencing. Associations were evaluated using correlation and regression analyses, with adjustment for relevant clinical covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Accelerometer-derived PA, particularly MVPA, demonstrated the strongest and most consistent associations with α-diversity and β-diversity, whereas physiological fitness measures showed only weak associations. Sedentary behavior was inversely associated with both diversity metrics, while self-reported MVPA was not associated with diversity indices. Medication burden and comorbidity status attenuated several PA-microbiome associations, and no taxa-level associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Associations between PA, fitness, and gut microbiome outcomes varied according to measurement modality. Accelerometer-derived MVPA demonstrated more consistent associations with microbiome diversity and composition than self-reported MVPA or physiological fitness. Future studies should incorporate multiple complementary measures of PA and fitness when examining PA-microbiome relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Codonopsis tangshen</i> Attenuates Age-Related Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Senescence and Gut-Lung Axis Modulation.","authors":"Yi Zhao, Yumeng Gong, Han Zhu, Weide Zhang, Mingrui Cai, Changxin Yang, Olga Silva, Lingxia Xu, Yongmei Guan, Weifeng Zhu","doi":"10.3390/nu18193289","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cellular senescence is a critical driver of chronic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and progressive fibrosis during the aging process. <i>Codonopsis tangshen</i> Oliv. is a widely used medicinal and edible homologous plant in traditional Chinese medicine; however, its pharmacological effects on natural aging and age-related pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are still not fully elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: young control (YCtrl), natural-age control (OCtrl), high-dose CT (H-O-CT, 20.8 g/kg), low-dose CT (L-O-CT, 10.4 g/kg), and positive drug YPF (O-YPF, 20.8 g/kg), with <i>n</i> = 10 per group. A bleomycin-induced cellular senescence model in A549 cells was established in vitro to provide complementary evidence. Additionally, the composition of gut microbiota and the expression of intestinal barrier markers were analyzed to explore potential gut-lung axis involvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrated that <i>C. tangshen</i> extract significantly decreased the histological and molecular markers of pulmonary senescence, ameliorated multiple lung function parameters, and attenuated age-related pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice. Transcriptomic analysis and protein validation further revealed that these protective effects were associated with modulation of the FBXW7/TPP1 and HSF1/HSP70 signaling pathways. Moreover, the extract reshaped the gut microbiota composition and enhanced the expression of intestinal MUC2 and tight-junction proteins, which supports possible involvement of the gut-lung axis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results highlight the potential of <i>Codonopsis tangshen</i> Oliv. as a promising preclinical treatment for the intervention and management of aging and age-related fibrotic lung injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sunflower Receptacle Extract Alleviates Acute Gouty Arthritis via HMGB1-TLR4-NLRP3 Inflammatory Pathway.","authors":"Zhiman Li, Zhilong Li, Xiaohui Huo, Xinyuan Wang, Yinshi Sun","doi":"10.3390/nu18193290","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) is an auto-inflammatory disorder characterized by dysregulated innate immune activation and overactive NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inflammatory signaling. While adverse effects limit current therapies, the mechanism by which sunflower receptacle extract (SPE) alleviates gout remains unclear. <b>Methods:</b> This study investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SPE in a male SPF-grade SD rat model of AGA induced by intra-articular monosodium urate crystals. Rats were orally administered SPE or colchicine, and ankle joint swelling, synovial histopathology, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and synovial protein expression were assessed. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1), TLR4, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, as well as the activation of NLRP3. <b>Results:</b> Compared to the AGA group, treatment with colchicine and SPE significantly reduced ankle joint swelling, improved inflammatory infiltration in synovial tissue, and lowered serum levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>p</i> < 0.01). They also markedly decreased the expression of HMGB-1 and proteins in the TLR4, nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-ĸB), and MAPK pathways in joint synovial tissue (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>p</i> < 0.01, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> SPE markedly reduced joint swelling and synovial inflammatory infiltration, lowered serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, and decreased synovial expression of HMGB-1, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and NF-ĸB. Moreover, SPE suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and MAPK pathway activation. These results indicate that SPE mitigates AGA by inhibiting the HMGB-1-TLR4-NLRP3 inflammatory axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Milk-Derived Versus Bovine Protein-Based Fortifiers for Preterm Infants Fed Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Luling Lin, Nicholas D Embleton, Chris H P Van Den Akker, Julie Brown, Lilia Delgado Paramo, Barbara E Cormack","doi":"10.3390/nu18193288","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Human milk-derived fortifiers (HumBMF) are an alternative to bovine protein-based fortifiers (BovBMF) for preterm infants, but their comparative effectiveness and safety remain uncertain. We evaluated the effects of HumBMF versus BovBMF in preterm or very low birth weight infants. <b>Methods:</b> Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing use of HumBMF versus BovBMF to fortify human milk were identified through four databases and three trial registries (to 11 May 2026). At least two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Fixed-effect meta-analyses and GRADE assessments were performed. Prespecified analyses separated trials comparing fortifier type alone, in which any mother's own milk (MOM) shortfall was supplemented with donor human milk (DHM) in both arms; and dual-intervention trials, in which MOM shortfall was also randomised to DHM in the HumBMF arm or preterm formula in the BovBMF arm. <b>Results:</b> Nine RCTs were included. In trials comparing fortifier type alone, there was no evidence that HumBMF reduced mortality (RR 0.60 (95% CI 0.29-1.23), low-certainty) or necrotising enterocolitis (NEC; RR 0.83 (0.39-1.78), very low-certainty). In dual-intervention trials, where MOM shortfall was supplemented with DHM rather than formula, NEC was lower (RR 0.45 (0.20-0.99), moderate-certainty). <b>Conclusions:</b> Current evidence does not demonstrate clinical advantages of HumBMF over BovBMF when added to the same human milk diet. Reductions in NEC occurred only where DHM also replaced preterm formula and cannot be attributed to fortifier type alone. Future research should distinguish the independent effects of fortifier composition from those of an exclusive human milk feeding strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproducibility of Water Diuresis: Implications for Establishing the Beverage Hydration Index of a Sugar-Free Caffeinated Electrolyte Beverage.","authors":"Scott D Bassett, Brian Hack, Alec Harp, Melinda Millard-Stafford","doi":"10.3390/nu18193279","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nu18193279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The Beverage Hydration Index (BHI) compares fluid retention of beverages relative to water based upon urine output over time. We examined the reliability of diuresis from water ingestion and its potential impact on the BHI of a sugar-free energy drink with electrolytes (CAF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four adults completed two trials consuming either one liter of water or CAF over 30 min with urine output measured over 4 h. In a sub-group (<i>n</i> = 15), water trials were repeated twice (~6 months apart) to compare the impact on BHI of CAF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Urine mass was not different (<i>p</i> = 0.46) between repeated water trials; however, intraclass correlations indicated poor reliability (r = 0.11, r = 0.31) at 2 and 4 h. Mean (±SD) BHI of CAF based upon two water trials did not differ (<i>p</i> = 0.44) at 2 h (0.90 ± 0.17 versus 0.97 ± 0.22) and 4 h (0.99 ± 0.18 versus 1.01 ± 0.21). The BHI for CAF at 60 min (0.75 ± 0.21; 0.83 ± 0.23) was the only time point lower (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.008, respectively) than a BHI of 1.0 (water control). The BHI of CAF for all participants had similar results: no difference between CAF and water from 2 to 4 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the mean diuretic action of water ingestion appeared similar across repeated trials, the reproducibility of diuresis within individuals was poor. Despite low reliability, the impact on establishing the BHI of CAF was not significant. CAF provided similar hydration benefits as water from 2 to 4 h (varying by 1-7%) despite increased diuresis only in the first hour, suggesting that a sugar-free electrolyte beverage containing caffeine supports long-lasting hydration. Moreover, the establishment of BHI metrics is robust to interference from potential differences in individuals' pre-test free-living conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19486,"journal":{"name":"Nutrients","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}